The Fourier Transform: Examples, Properties, Common Pairs The Fourier Transform: Examples, Properties, Common Pairs

Magnitude and Phase

Remember: complex numbers can be thought of as (real,imaginary)

The Fourier Transform: or (magnitude,phase).
Examples, Properties, Common Pairs  1/2
CS 450: Introduction to Digital Signal and Image Processing Magnitude: |F | = <(F )2 + =(F )2
Phase: φ (F ) = tan−1 =(F )
<(F )

Bryan Morse Real part How much of a cosine of that frequency you need
BYU Computer Science Imaginary part How much of a sine of that frequency you need
Magnitude Amplitude of combined cosine and sine
Phase Relative proportions of sine and cosine

The Fourier Transform: Examples, Properties, Common Pairs The Fourier Transform: Examples, Properties, Common Pairs

Example: Fourier Transform of a Cosine Example: Fourier Transform of a Cosine

f (t) = cos(2πst)
Z ∞
Spatial Domain Frequency Domain
−i2πut
F (u) = f (t) e dt
1
Z
−∞
∞
cos(2πst) 2 δ(u − s) + 12 δ(u + s)
−i2πut
= cos(2πst) e dt
−∞ 1
Z ∞
1

= cos(2πst) [cos(−2πut) + i sin(−2πut)] dt 0.5

0.8
−∞
Z ∞ Z ∞ 0.6

= cos(2πst) cos(−2πut) dt + i cos(2πst) sin(−2πut) dt 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 0.4

−∞ −∞
Z ∞ Z ∞ -0.5 0.2
= cos(2πst) cos(2πut) dt − i cos(2πst) sin(2πut) dt
−∞ −∞ -1 -10 -5 5 10
0 except when u = ±s 0 for all u
1 1
= δ(u − s) + δ(u + s)
2 2

The Fourier Transform: Examples, Properties, Common Pairs The Fourier Transform: Examples, Properties, Common Pairs

Odd and Even Functions Sinusoids

Even Odd Spatial Domain Frequency Domain

f (−t) = f (t) f (−t) = −f (t) f (t) F (u)
Symmetric Anti-symmetric
Cosines Sines cos(2πst) 1
[δ(u + s) + δ(u − s)]
2
Transform is real∗ Transform is imaginary∗
1
sin(2πst) 2i [δ(u + s) − δ(u − s)]
∗
for real-valued signals
The Fourier Transform: Examples, Properties, Common Pairs The Fourier Transform: Examples, Properties, Common Pairs

Constant Functions Delta Functions

Spatial Domain Frequency Domain

Spatial Domain Frequency Domain
f (t) F (u)
f (t) F (u)
1 δ(u)
δ(t) 1
a a δ(u)

The Fourier Transform: Examples, Properties, Common Pairs The Fourier Transform: Examples, Properties, Common Pairs

Square Pulse Square Pulse

Spatial Domain Frequency Domain

f (t) F (u)

1 if −a/2 ≤ t ≤ a/2 sin(aπu)
sinc(aπu) =
0 otherwise aπu

The Fourier Transform: Examples, Properties, Common Pairs The Fourier Transform: Examples, Properties, Common Pairs

Triangle Comb

Spatial Domain Frequency Domain Spatial Domain Frequency Domain

f (t) F (u) f (t) F (u)

1 − |t| if −a ≤ t ≤ a δ(t mod k) δ(u mod 1/k )
sinc2 (aπu)
0 otherwise
The Fourier Transform: Examples, Properties, Common Pairs The Fourier Transform: Examples, Properties, Common Pairs

Gaussian Differentiation

Spatial Domain Frequency Domain Spatial Domain Frequency Domain

f (t) F (u) f (t) F (u)
2 2 d
e−πt e−πu dt 2πiu

The Fourier Transform: Examples, Properties, Common Pairs The Fourier Transform: Examples, Properties, Common Pairs

Some Common Fourier Transform Pairs More Common Fourier Transform Pairs

Spatial Domain Frequency Domain Spatial Domain Frequency Domain

f (t) F (u) f (t) F (u)
Cosine cos(2πst) Deltas 12 [δ(u + s) + δ(u − s)] 1 if −a/2 ≤ t ≤ a/2
Square Sinc sinc(aπu)
Sine sin(2πst) Deltas 12 i [δ(u + s) − δ(u − s)] 0 otherwise
Unit 1 Delta δ(u) 1 − |t| if −a ≤ t ≤ a
Triangle Sinc2 sinc2 (aπu)
Constant a Delta aδ(u) 0 otherwise
2 2
Delta δ(t) Unit 1 Gaussian e−πt Gaussian e−πu
Comb δ(t mod k) Comb δ(u mod 1/k ) d
Differentiation dt Ramp 2πiu

The Fourier Transform: Examples, Properties, Common Pairs The Fourier Transform: Examples, Properties, Common Pairs

Properties: Notation Properties: Linearity

Let F denote the Fourier Transform: Adding two functions together adds their Fourier Transforms together:

F = F(f ) F(f + g) = F(f ) + F(g)

Let F −1 denote the Inverse Fourier Transform: Multiplying a function by a scalar constant multiplies its Fourier
Transform by the same constant:
f = F −1 (F )
F(af ) = a F(f )
The Fourier Transform: Examples, Properties, Common Pairs The Fourier Transform: Examples, Properties, Common Pairs

Properties: Translation Change of Scale: Square Pulse Revisited

Translating a function leaves the magnitude unchanged and adds a

constant to the phase.
If
f2 = f1 (t − a)
F1 = F(f1 )
F2 = F(f2 )
then
|F2 | = |F1 |
φ (F2 ) = φ (F1 ) − 2πua
Intuition: magnitude tells you “how much”, phase tells you “where”.

The Fourier Transform: Examples, Properties, Common Pairs

Rayleigh’s Theorem

Total “energy” (sum of squares) is the same in either domain:

Z ∞ Z ∞
2 2
|f (t)| dt = |F (u)| du
−∞ −∞