1 DC Analysis of PWM Boost converter for CCM :

Figure 1.1 PWM boost converter and its ideal equivalent circuit for CCM. (a) Circuit.
(b) Equivalent circuit when the switch is ON and the diode is OFF. (c) Equivalent circuit
when the switch is OFF and the diode is ON.

1.1 Circuit description

The circuit of the PWM boost dc-dc converter is shown in Figure 1.1 (a).Its output

voltage V0 is always higher than the input voltage Vi for steady-state operation. It
’boosts’ the voltage to a higher level. The converter consists for an inductor L, a power

MOSFET, a diode D, a filter capacitor C, and a load resistor R .The switch S is turned

1
 on and off at the switching frequency f s = 1/ TS with the ON duty ratio D = ton / Ts ,

where ton is the time interval when the switch S is on. Figure 1.1 (b)-(c) shows
equivalent circuit of the boost converter for CCM when the switch S is ON and the
diode is OFF, and when the switch is off and the diode is ON , respectively. For the

time interval 0<¿ t ≤ DTs , the switch is ON. Therefore, the voltage across the

diode is VD = -V0 .The voltage across the inductor is VL = Vi .As a result, the inductor

current increases linearly with a slope of Vi / L .Consequently, the magnetic energy also

increases. The switch current is equal to the inductor current. At t = DTs , the switch is
turned off by the gate-to-source voltage. The inductor acts as a current source and turns

the diode on. The voltage across the inductor is VL = Vi - V0 < 0 . Hence, the inductor

current decreases with a slope of (Vi - V0 ) / L .The diode current equals the inductor
current. During this time interval, the energy is transferred from the inductor L to the

filter capacitor C and the load resistance R .At time t = Ts , the switch is turned on again,
terminating the cycle.

1.2 Finding the equations of V L , IC and IL

1.2.1 When switch is ON :

-VL + Vi = 0 � VL = Vi 11Equation Section

(Next)212\* MERGEFORMAT (.)

IC + I0 = 0 � Ic = - I0 313\* MERGEFORMAT
(.)

dI L V
L = VL = Vi � I L (t ) = i t + I L (0)
dt L 414\* MERGEFORMAT
(.)

1.2.2 When switch is OFF :

-VL - V0 + Vi = 0 � VL = Vi - V0 515\*
MERGEFORMAT (.)

2
 Ii = I 0 + I c � I c = Ii - I 0 616\* MERGEFORMAT
(.)

dI L (V - V )
L = VL = (V - V0 ) � I L (t ) = i 0 t + I L (0)
dt L 717\* MERGEFORMAT
(.)

V0
1.3 Voltage gain Vi (ideal)

From the inductor volt-second balance principle we get:

VL �TON = -VL �TOFF

VL �DTs = -VL (1 - D ) Ts

Vi �DTs = -(Vi - V0 )(1 - D) Ts

Vi = V0 (1 - D )

V0 1
=
Vi (1 - D) 818\*
MERGEFORMAT (.)

Figure 1.2 Inductor voltage waveforms in the PWM boost converter for CCM

I0
1.4 Current gain I i (ideal)

3
 From the capacitor Amp-second balance principle we get:

I c �TON = - I c �TOFF

I c �DTs = - I c (1 - D) Ts

- I 0 �DTs = -(Ii - I0 )(1 - D) Ts

I 0 = I i (1 - D)

I0
= (1 - D)
Ii 919\*
MERGEFORMAT (.)

Figure 1.3 Capacitor current waveforms in the PWM boost converter for CCM

From equations (1.7) and (1.8) we get:

V0 I i 1 T
= = = S
Vi I 0 (1 - D ) TON 10110\*
MERGEFORMAT (.)

DI L
1.5 Inductor current ripple I L

From the Figure 1.4 we get:

DI L = I L (DTs ) - I L (0) 11111\*

MERGEFORMAT (.)

We have from equation (1.3):

4
 Vi V
I L (t ) = t + I L (0) � I L ( DTs ) = i DTs + I L (0)
L L

Vi
I L ( DTs ) - I L (0) = DTs
L

Vi
DI L = DTs
L 12112\*
MERGEFORMAT (.)

We have from equation (1.7):

Vi = Vo (1 - D)

Replace Vi in equation (1.11) with Vo (1 - D) we get:

Vo (1 - D )
DI L = DTs
L 13113\*
MERGEFORMAT (.)

We divide on I L :

DI L Vo (1 - D)
= DTs
IL L �I L 14114\*
MERGEFORMAT (.)

From equation (1.8) we have:

Io
Ii =
(1 - D)

Note from Figure 1.4:

Io
I L = Ii � I L =
(1 - D) 15115\*
MERGEFORMAT (.)

Vo
) (
We Replace (1.14) in (1.13) and replace I o by R we get:

� � � �
DI L �T � �T �
= Vo (1 - D) �� s �
2
k = �s �
IL L L
� � � �
�R � ; �R � 16116\*
MERGEFORMAT (.)

5
 The inductor current is not perfectly constant, it has a ripple DI L .This DI L / I L is related

to the switching period Ts and the circuit time constant ( L / R ) . Note if k is very small
it is possible to make this current ripple as small as possible.so this non-ideality of
inductor current ripple can be reduce to any small level by selecting a switching period

Ts which is very small or selecting a switching frequency which is very high, so the

condition for this low ripple current is that the switching period has to be very small

compare to the circuit time constant ( L / R ) .

Figure 1.4 Inductor current waveforms in the PWM boost converter for CCM

DV0
1.6 Capacitor voltage ripple V0

The voltage across the capacitor:

dV
Ic �C=޴=c I c dt C dVc
dt
1
� dVc = �
C
I c dt

We have seen previously that the inductor current is not perfectly constant, it has a

ripple, so this current has the ideal value I L plus a ripple DI L .the ripple current is high
frequency current, they will go through the capacitance. Any change in the capacitance
voltage will be because of the current ripple that is passing through the capacitor. So,

the charge that is flowing into the capacitor which is the area -DQ in Figure 1.3, is

what is responsible for the capacitor voltage ripple DV0 , and if you integrate that area

6
will give you the voltage across the capacitor. During the time [ 0 DT s ] capacitor is

discharging, the voltage decreases from Vmax to Vmin .

dV
C=޴=0
Ic � I c dt C dV0
dt
VMIN DTs
1
�V0 =
VMAX
C �- I
0
0

I0
Vmin - Vmax = - DTS
C
17117\*
MERGEFORMAT (.)

From Figure 1.5 we extract that:

DV0 = V0 Max - V0 Min

So the equation (1.16) becomes:

I0 I
-DV0 = - DTS � DV0 = 0 DTS
C C

V0 / R DV V / R
DV0 = DTS � 0 = 0 DT
C V0 C �V0

DV0 �T �
= D� s �
V0 �RC �
18118\*
MERGEFORMAT (.)

The voltage ripple appears as a ratio of switching period Ts and the circuit time

constant ( RC ) , if this ratio Ts / RC is very much less than 1. Then we will find voltage
ripple is also very small. So the condition for this low ripple voltage is that the

switching period has to be very small compare to the circuit time constant ( RC ) .

7
 Figure 1.5 Output voltage waveforms in the PWM boost converter for CCM

1.7 Non-ideality

1.7.1 Non-ideality of switches

The switches in the converter are not really ideal, when current is flowing through a

transistor switch there is a small voltage drop Vs across the transistor (MOSFET), and

similarly when current is flowing through a diode there is a voltage drop VD across the
diode.

From the inductor volt-second balance principle we get:

VL �TON = -VL �TOFF

VL �DTs = -VL (1 - D ) Ts

(Vi - Vs ) �DTs = -(Vi - V0 - VD )(1 - D) Ts

Vi - Vs D - VD (1 - D) = V0 (1 - D)

Vi VD V (1 - D)
- s - D = V0
(1 - D) (1 - D) (1 - D)

V0 1 � Vs D VD (1 - D ) �
= 1-
� - �
Vi (1 - D) � Vi Vi �
19119\*
MERGEFORMAT (.)

8
 We have from equation (1.7):

V0 1 1 (1 - D )
= � =
Vi (1 - D ) V0 Vi

V0 1 � Vs D VD �
= 1-
� - �
Vi (1 - D) � Vi V0 �

� Vs D VD �
h1 = �
1- - �
� Vi V0 �

The expression results is same as the ideal multiplied by a correction factor, this a
correction factor less than 1 because from 1 have to subtract 2 ratios. The first ratio

VS D / Vi will be small if Vs is very much less compared to Vi . The second ratio VD / V0

will be small if VD is very much less compared to V0 , so in order to get high efficiency

Vs has to be very much less than Vi and VD has to be very much less than V0 .

1.7.2 Non-ideality of inductor

The inductor in reality has resistance of the winding RL , so if we apply the inductor
volt-second balance principle we get:

VL �TON = -VL �TOFF

VL �DTs = -VL (1 - D ) Ts

(Vi - I L R L ) �DTs = -(Vi - V0 - I L R L )(1 - D) Ts

Vi = I L RL + V0 (1 - D)

Vo
) (
We replace I L by equation (1.14) and replace R by I o

V0 �RL � �RL �
Vi = � �+ V0 (1 - D ) � �= a
1 - D �R � ; �R �

9
 � �
V0 1 � 1 �
= � �
Vi 1 - D � a �
1+
� �
� (1 - D )
2
� 20120\*
MERGEFORMAT (.)

� �
� 1 �
h2 = � �
� a �
1+
� �
� (1 - D )
2
�

Note if we want to get high efficiency, a / (1 - D ) has to be very much less than 1
2

this means RL has to be very much less than R .

1.7.2.1 Maximum voltage gain

10
11