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Free Space Optics
Free Space Optics
Free Space Optics
Technology Overview
The connections in
between are typically
a lot slower
• 0.3-1.5 Mbps
Flexibility of
Speed of fiber
Wireless
• No interference
• Unlicensed
• Easy to install
• Through the window
(or from the rooftop)
• No trenching, no permits
• Fiber-like data rates
• Many deployment options
• Fungible equipment
Network Network
Device Device
2 − a ∗R
drx 10
Prx = Ptx ∗ ∗ 10
[ ]
2
dtx + (D ∗ R )
2
Where:
P = the transmit power,
dt = transmit aperture diameter in meters
dr= receive aperture diameter in meters,
D = the beam divergence in mrad (1/e for the Gaussian beam),
R = the distance between optical transmitter and receiver in km,
a = the atmospheric attenuation factor in db/km based on the environment condition.
λd 2λ
w0 = θ=
wπ wπ
1 mrad 1m
1 km
Calculate the divergence angle and spot size of a Gaussian beam whose
collimated spot size is 1mm and wavelength of 0.8µm if these beam is aimed
directly at the moon.
Building
Motion
Scintillation Alignment
Range
Obstructions
Low Clouds
• Low Clouds
– Very similar to fog
– May accompany rain and
snow
• Rain
– Drop sizes larger than fog
and wavelength of light
– Extremely heavy rain (can’t
see through it) can take a
link down
– Water sheeting on windows
• Heavy Snow
– May cause ice build-up on
Engineering Reviewers of Asia
Copyright © 2002 Terabeam Corporation. All rights reserved. windows 22
WAM
2 – 10 mrad divergence
=2 to 10 meter spread at 1 km
• 5% of buildings move
more than 6 mrad
• 1% of buildings move
more than 10 mrad
Budget:
Transmit Power 1000 mW 30 dB
Receive Sensitivity (-36 dBm) 36 dB
Geometric Loss w/o fog at 0.4 km -2.0 dB
Window attenuation (2 x 5.0 dB) -10.0 dB
Mispoint Loss -1.0 dB
Total Optical System Losses -9.0 dB
Total Remainder for Weather 44.0 dB
Therefore, the maximum allowed weather attenuation is:
44 dB/ 0.40 km = 110 dB/km
Copyright © 2002 Terabeam Corporation. All rights reserved. 29
2
3 2 Point-to-point connection
1
3 Campus connection
5 4 Diverse lateral
6 5
4 Backhaul or ring closure
6 Multi-tenant building
5
and more…
• Mobile network extensions
• Mobile network backhaul
• Spatial diversity
• Retina
– Wavelengths below 1400 nm
(close to visible light) focused
onto the retina, so power levels
must be lower to ensure safety Retina
Class One
Eye-Safe (all conditions) aided I 1 1
Eye-Safe w/o Optical Aids unaided -- 1 1M
Class Two
(Visible only 400 to 700 nm)
< 0.25 sec (eye aversion) aided II 2 2
< 0.25 sec unaided -- 2 2M
Class Three “a” or “R”
Minor Hazard aided IIIa (visible only) 3a 3R
(5 times Class 1) unaided -- 3a --
Class Three “b” - Eye Hazard any IIIb 3b 3B
Class Four
Eye Hazard any IV 4 4