၁၅. ေမတၱာစြမ္ းအားႏွင္ ့ဗုဒၶါႏုႆတိစြမ္ းအင္ PDF

arwåmpGrf;tm;ESifh Ak'¨gEkówdpGrf;tif
(ok
okblwdaw¬&ty'gef)
zm;atmufawm&q&mawmf
oAÁ'geH "r®'geH Zdemwd?
oAÁ&oH "r®&aom Zdemwd/
oAÁ&wð "r®&wd Zdemwd?
wPSu©a,m oAÁ'ku©H Zdemwd/
'getm;vkH;udk "r®'geu atmifEdkif\/

t&omtm;vkH;udk w&m;t&omu atmifEdkif\/
arGUavsmfzG,ftm;vkH;udk w&m;ü arGUavsmfjcif;u atmifEdkif\/
'ku©tm;vkH;udk wPSmukefjcif;u atmifEdkif\/
pd&H wd|wk o'är®m? "ar® a[mEÅ K o*g&0g/

bk&m;&Sif\ tqHk;tr omoemawmfonf
t"GefY&SnfpGm wnfygapownf;/
o'¨r®oHk;jzmü ½kdaoav;pm;jcif; &SdMuygapukefownf;/
" u
rmwdum
taMumif;t&m pmrsufESm
ed'geuxm ................................ i
arwåm\ pGrf;tifrsm; .......................... i
Ak'¨gEkówdur®|mef;\ pGrf;tm; .................... Z
arwåmpGrf;tm;ESifh Ak'¨gEkówdpGrf;tif (okblwdaw¬&ty'gef) . 1
t&Sifokblwdrax&fjrwf\ O'gef;pum; ............... 3
a&S;jzpfa[mif; atmufarhzG,fZmwfvrf; ............... 3
y'krkwå&bk&m;&Sifukd zl;awGUcGifh &&SdMujcif; .............. 4
&aohwkdY\ opfoD;qGrf;'getvSL .................... 6
&[ef;oHCmawmf wpfodef; <uvmawmfrljcif; ............ 7
yef;arGU&mxkdifcif;wkdYjzifh ylaZmfMujcif; ................. 8
eda&m"ormywf 0ifpm;awmfrlMujcif; ................. 9
eE´&aohBuD;\ ckdifrmonfh pdwf"mwfpGrf;&nf ............ 12
£aÈíg;&yf - Avig;wef ....................... 13
vuftkyfcsDrkd;um &yfwnfaeMuw,f ................ 15
yDwd-okcjzifh tcsdefukd ukefvGefapjcif; ............... 16
t&P0d[m&-'u©daP,s0d[m& &[ef;awmf\
tEkarm'emw&m; ......................... 17
t&[wåzkdvfokdY qkdufa&mufawmfrlMuNyD .............. 19
eE´&aohBuD;\ qkawmif; yw¬em .................. 19
t0dZÆmç wPSmç Oyg'gefç ocFg&ç uH ................. 22
eE´&aohBuD; wpfyg;wnf; usef&pfcJhjcif; .............. 24
Ak'¨gEkówdur®|mef;ukd yGm;rsm;jcif; ................. 25
Ak'¨gEkówdur®|mef;\ xl;jcm;aom tusKd;tmedoifrsm; .... 26
c " rmwdum
0dZÆmrsKd;aphESifh p&PrsKd;aphyg&rDrsm; ................. 28

aemufqHk;b0 --- &[ef;jyKawmfrljcif; ................ 32
t&[wåzkdvfokdY qkdufa&mufawmfrlNyD ................ 33
odu©m (3)&yf tusifhjrwf ....................... 34
pdwå0dok'¨d = or®morm"d ....................... 35
or®m'd|d ................................. 37
Oyg'geu©E¨m 'ku©opömw&m;[lonf ................ 38
ork',opömw&m; ........................... 38
orm"d xlaxmifyg ........................... 39
yg&d[m&d,ur®|mef;ESifh oAÁw¬uur®|mef; ............. 40
uokdPf;psmefESifh arwåmpsmef ..................... 42
"mwfur®|mef; tusOf;enf; ...................... 43
yx0D"mwfoabmw&m; (6)rsKd; ................... 44
awaZm"mwfoabmw&m; (2)rsKd; .................. 45
0ga,m"mwfoabmw&m; (2)rsKd; .................. 46
tmayg"mwf oabmw&m; (2)rsKd; .................. 47
tjzLjyifESifh tMunfjyif ........................ 49
(32)aum|mookdY ............................ 58
tbdbm,wepsmef + 0darmu©psmef ................ 60
tjzLa&mifuokdPf;okdY ......................... 63
yxrpsmeform"dokdY ........................... 64
'kwd,psmefokdY .............................. 66
wwd,psmefokdY ............................. 66
pwkw¬psmefokdY .............................. 67
arwåmur®|mef;ukd pwif tm;opfyHk ................. 67
rmwdum " *
yd,*½kbm0eD,yk*d¾Kvf ......................... 68
tvGef cspfcifonfh twdyÜd,yk*¾dKvf ................. 73
rcspf-rrkef; tv,ftvwf rZÑwåyk*¾dKvfESifh rkef;ol ........ 73
oDrmoarÇ' = yk*¾dKvftykdif;tjcm;ukd NzdKjcif; ............ 74
0dyæm& = jyefYum; BuD;us,f jrifhjrwfaom arwåm ......... 75
teEÅpMu0VmokdY ............................ 78
owå0gtcsif;csif; tEÅ&m,f uif;&Sif; ................ 80
Ak'¨gEkówdur®|mef; .......................... 81
t&[H*kPfawmf ............................. 82
o'dolypm& --- Oypm&orm"d .................... 83
eE´&aohBuD; ............................... 84
'd|d0dok'd̈pcef;okdY ............................ 86
arwåmpsmefrS "mwfur®|mef;okdY .................... 88
blw½kyf + Oyg'g½kyfrsm;ukd odrf;qnf;yg .............. 89
emrfw&m;rsm;ukd odrf;qnf;yg .................... 92
arwåmpsmef emrfw&m;rsm; ...................... 92
emrfur®|mef; odrf;qnf;enf; (3)enf; ............... 93
arwåmyxrpsmefemrfw&m; (34)vHk; ................. 93
vkyfief;cGif av;qifh .......................... 97
t&Sifokblwdrax&fjrwf\ twdwfaMumif; ........... 100
twdwf\ twdwfESifh tem*wfokdY ................ 102
tdyfruf\twGif;üaomfvnf; r&SdcJhpzl;yg ............ 103
ork', + 0,"r®mEkyóD ..................... 104
vu©P-&o-ypöKy|mef-y'|mef .................. 106
0dyóemykid ;f .............................. 107
C " rmwdum
t&[wåzkdvf qkdufNyD ......................... 107
AdrÁdom&rif;BuD;\ arhavsmhrI .................... 108
t&Sifokblwdrax&fjrwf\ O'gef;pum;awmf .......... 109
t&P0d[m& + 'u©daP,s0d[m& ................ 110
rSwfom;zG,f&m tu©&mpOftñTef; ................. 115
] i
earm wó b*0awm t&[awm or®morÁK'¨ó/
ed'geuxm
arwåm\ pGrf;tifrsm;
bk&m;&Sifonf t*FkwådK&fygVdawmf {um'ouedygwf arwåokwfü
arwåmtusKd; (11)rsKd;ukd þokdY a[mMum;xm;awmfrlcJh\/ ---
arwåm, bdua© 0 apawm0drw
k ,
då m tmao0dwm, bm0dwm,
A[kvDuwm, ,meDuwm, 0w¬Kuwm, tEk|dwm, y&dpdwm,
okorm&'¨g, {um'omedoHom yg#ducFg/ ---
uwar {um'o ------
1/ okcH okywd?
2/ okcH y#dAkZÑwd?
3/ e ygyuH okydeH yówd?
4/ rEkómeH yda,m a[mwd?
5/ trEkómeH yda,m a[mwd?
6/ a'0wm &u©EÅd?
7/ emó t*¾d 0g 0doH 0g ow¬H 0g urwd?
8/ wk0#H pdwåH orm"d,wd?
p ] zm;atmufawm&q&mawmf
9/ rkc0aPÖm 0dyÜoD'wd?
10/ tor®LaV§m umvH ua&mwd?
11/ Owå&d tyÜ#d0dZÑaEÅm jA[®avmulya*g a[mwd/
arwåm, bdua© 0 apawm0drw
k ,
då m tmao0dwm, bm0dwm,
A[kvDuwm, ,meDuwm, 0w¬Kuwm, tEk|dwm, y&dpdwm,
okorm&'¨g, {um'omedoHom yg#ducFg/ (tH?3?542/)
cspfom;&[ef;wkdY ... owå0gwkdYukd zsufqD;vkdonfh Asmyg' =
a'go ponfh qefu Y sib f uf udavomwkrYd S vGwaf jrmufaMumif;jzpfonfh
arwåmapawm0drkwåd trnf&onfh arwåmpsmefukd rSD0JcJhonf&Sdaomfç
yGm;rsm;cJoh nf&adS omfç Burd zf efrsm;pGm tavhtvmjyKco hJ nf&adS omfç pD;eif;
vku d yf gtyfaom ,mOfuo hJ Ydk jyKxm;cJo
h nf&adS omfç rS&D m0w¬Kuo hJ Ydk jyKxm;-
cJo
h nf&adS omfç pGpJ jJG rjJ rJ aqmufwnf usio hf ;Hk xm;cJo
h nf&adS omfç xuf0ef;-
usifrS jynfhjynfhpkHpkH qnf;yl;xm;cJhonf&Sdaomfç aumif;pGm yGm;rsm;
tm;xkwx f m;tyfcNhJ y;D onf&adS omf (11)rsK;d ukeaf om tusK;d tmedoo H -
wkuYd dk rcRw{f uef &vdrrhf nf[k arQmv f ifth yfuek \f / tb,f (11)rsK;d wk-Yd
enf;[lrl ---
1/ csrf;ompGm tdyfpuf&\/
2/ csrf;ompGm tdyf&mrS Ekd;&\/
3/ tdyfrufqkd;ukd rjrifruf&ay/
4/ vlom;awGu cspfjrwfEkd;tyf\/
5/ ewfawGu cspfjrwfEkd;tyf\/
6/ ewfwkdYu apmifha&Smufay;Muukef\/
7/ xkad rwåmpsmef 0ifpm;Ekid o
f \
l oEÅmefü rD;vnf; ravmifEidk ?f tqdyf
vnf; roifhEkdif? vufeufvnf; rusa&mufEkdif/
ed'geuxm ] q
8/ pdwfonf vsifvsifjrefjref aumif;pGm wnfMunf\/

9/ rsufESmta&miftqif;onf MunfvifoefY&Sif;\/
10/ rawGra0 ao&\/
11/ arwåmpsmefxuf omvGejf rifjh rwfonfh t&d,r*fÓPf zkv d Ó f Pfudk
xkd;xGif; rodEkdifcJhonf&Sdaomf aoonf\tjcm;rJhü jA[®mhjynfokdY
vm;a&muf&\/
cspfom;&[ef;wkdY ... owå0gwkdYukd zsufqD;vkdonfh Asmyg' =
a'go ponfh qefu Y sib f ufuad vomwkrYd S vGwaf jrmufaMumif;jzpfonfh
arwåmapawm0drkwåd trnf&onfh arwåmpsmefukd rSD0JcJhonf&Sdaomfç
yGm;rsm;cJoh nf&adS omfç Burd zf efrsm;pGm tavhtvmjyKco hJ nf&adS omfç pD;eif;
vkud yf gtyfaom ,mOfuo hJ Ydk jyKxm;cJo
h nf&adS omfç rS&D m0w¬Kuo hJ Ydk jyKxm;-
cJo
h nf&adS omfç pGpJ jJG rjJ rJ aqmufwnf usio hf ;Hk xm;cJo
h nf&adS omfç xuf0ef;-
usirf S jynfjh ynfph pHk Hk qnf;yl;xm;cJo h nf&adS omfç aumif;pGm yGm;rsm;tm;-
xkwfxm;tyfcJhNyD;onf&Sdaomf þ (11)rsKd;ukefaom tusKd;tmedoHo
wkdYukd rcRwf{uef &vdrfhrnf[k arQmfvifhtyfukef\/ (tH?3?542/)
þtusK;d tmedoif (11)rsK;d wku Yd m; t*Fw
k &å edum,f {um'ou-
edygwf arwåowk üf vm&Sod nfh pGpJ jJG rjJ rJ aqmufwnf usio hf ;Hk xm;tyfNy;D -
onfh arwåmpsmefukd &&Sdxm;onfh olawmfaumif; wpfOD; &&SdEkdifonfh
tusKd;tmedoifwkdYyif jzpfMuayonf/
þ,ck wifjyxm;aom t&Sio f bk wl t
d y'gefwiG f vm&So
d nfh t&Sif
okbw l rd ax&f jrwf\ tavmif;tvsmjzpfonfh eE´&aohBu;D onfum;
y'krwk &å bk&m;&Si\f omoemawmfwiG f --- t&P0d[m&ç 'u©ad P,s-
0d[m&[lonfh {w'*fbUJG xl;ukd &nfoefawmifw h awmfru l m yg&rDawmf-
wkdYukd jznfhusifhqnf;yl;awmfrlcJhpOf --- arwåmur®|mef;ç Ak'¨gEkówd
ur®|mef;wkdYukd OD;pm;ay;um yg&rDwkdYukd jznfhusifhqnf;yl;awmfrlcJh\/
Z ] zm;atmufawm&q&mawmf
eE´&aohBu;D um; uokP d ;f (10)yg;ç avmuDpsmeformywf (8)yg;ç avm-
uDtbdnmPf (5)yg;wku Yd vdk nf; uRr;f usiaf wmfro
l nfh olawmfaumif;-
Bu;D vnf; jzpfawmfrcl \ hJ / orx orm"dpcef;wGif aygufajrmuf atmif-
jrifNyD;ol jzpfcJh\/ &Hcg y'krkwå&bk&m;&Sif\xHawmfokdY oGm;a&mufum
w&m;em,lvsuf 0dyóembm0emur®|mef;wkdYukdvnf; pD;jzef;cJhol
jzpfayonf/
ty&d[DeZÑmaem0 umvuFwGm jA[®avmau edAÁawåm/
(ax&*gxm?|?1?22/ tH?|?1?174/)
rdr&d &Sx
d m;Ny;D onfph smefrsm;ukd ravsmusatmif yGm;rsm;xm;Ekid cf -hJ
onft h wGuf aoonf\ tjcm;rJüh jA[®mjh ynfov Ydk nf; vm;a&mufc&hJ -
ayonf/ okdYaomf t&Sifokblwd tavmif;tvsmjzpfonfh xkdolawmf-
aumif;um; Ak'¨gEkówdur®|mef; ukdvnf; txl; tav;*½kjyKum
yGm;rsm;tm;xkwfcJhol jzpfayonf/
Ak'¨gEkówdur®|mef;\ pGrf;tm;
þ Ak'¨gEkówdur®|mef;ukd yGm;rsm;tm;xkwfaom &[ef;awmf-
onfum; ---
1/ bk&m;&Sit
f ay:ü ½kad oav;pm; MunfnKd jrwfE;dk aom pdwx
f m;&S\
d /
2/ o'¨g\ Bu;D us,jf yefaY jymjcif;ç owd\ Bu;D us,jf yefaY jymjcif;ç ynm-
\ Bu;D us,jf yefaY jymjcif;ç aumif;rIuo
k v
dk \
f Bu;D us,jf yefaY jymjcif;-
ukdvnf; &&SdEkdif\/
3/ ESpfouf0rf;ajrmufjcif; yDwdygarmZÆw&m; rsm;jym;\/
4/ xdwv f efaY Mumuf&UHG zG,f ab;toG,o
f ,
G u
f dk onf;cHEidk \
f ? qif;&J-
'ku© t00ukdvnf; onf;cHEkdifaom pGrf;tm; &Sd\/
ed'geuxm ] ps
5/ bk&m;&SifESifh twlwuG aexkdif& jcif; trSwfonmukd &&SdEkdif\/

6/ Ak'¨gEkówd pdwfxm;jzifh vTrf;rkd;vsuf aexkdifaeaom a,m*D-
yk*¾dKvf\ cE¨mukd,fonfvnf; apwDtdrfuJhokdY ylaZmfxkduf\/
7/ bk&m;tjzpfwnf;[laom Ak'¨bkHü pdwf"mwfonf ñGwfukdif;½Idif;-
wwf\/
8/ oDvukd vGefusL;zkdY&ef taMumif;0w¬KESifh qkHpnf;rdaomtcg xkd-
a,m*Doal wmfaumif;\ rsuaf rSmuf0,f bk&m;&Siu f dk zl;jrif&ouJ-h
okdYjzpfum oDvukd csKd;azmufzkdY&ef &Sufjcif;-aMumufjcif; [d&d -
MowåyÜw&m;onf a&SU½Iwnfvm\/
9/ txufjzpfaom t&d,r*fÓPf zkv d Ó f Pfudk xk;d xGi;f í rodao;-
cJhaomf oHo&mc&D;ukd quf&ef &Sdaeao;vQif ok*wd oHo&m-
c&D;u xkdolawmfaumif;ukd qD;BudK zdwfac:vsuf &Sdayonf/
(0dok'¨d?1?206/)
t&Sio f b k w
l d tavmif;tvsmjzpfonfh olawmfaumif;um; Ak'g¨ -
Ekówdbm0emur®|mef;ukdvnf; txufwef;usus rsufESmyef;vSvS
tm;yg;w& yGm;rsm;tm;xkwfcJholvnf; jzpfayonf/ ol\ Ak'¨gEkówd
bm0emur®|mef;ukd yGm;rsm;ykHukdvnf; þusrf;pmi,fwGif wpfpdwf-
wpfa'o wifjyxm;ayonf/ olarQmv f ifh awmifwh xm;onfh t&P-
0d[m&ç 'u©daP,s0d[m&ac:onfh {w'*fbGJUxl; ESpfwefwkdY txGwf-
wyfxm;onfh t&[wår*fÓPf zkv d Ó
f Pfudk yg&rD r&ifah nmif; rpkn H -D
ao;ojzifh r&&Sad o;cif oHo&mwpfciG üf usiv f nf&cku d f xkAd 'k g¨ Ekówd-
bm0em\ pGr;f tm;aMumifh jzpfay:vmonfh ukov dk wf &m;wku Yd txuf
wef;usonfh vlcsrf;omç ewfcsrf;omawGukd jzpfay:vmatmif &Guf-
aqmifay;cJhayonf/ vlrif;pnf;pdrfç ewfrif;pnf;pdrfç pMu0aw;rif;
pnf;pdrw
f u
Ydk vdk nf; Burd zf efrsm;pGm xyfumxyfum cHpm; pHpm;&atmif
Ú ] zm;atmufawm&q&mawmf
xkAd 'k g¨ Ekówdaumif;rIuo
k v
dk u
f wnfaxmif zefqif;ay;vku
d af yonf/
okaYd omf xkad umif;rIuok v
dk w
f uYdk wnfaxmifzefqif;ay;vku
d o
f nfh
xkv
d cl sr;f omç ewfcsr;f omç jA[®mch sr;f omwkt
Yd ay:ü wG,w
f mrufarmrI-
um; r&SdcJhay/ olarQmfvifhxm;onfrSmum; ---
1/ t&P0d[m& = udavom uif;uif;&Sif;&Sif;jzifh aexkdifEkdifjcif;ç
2/ 'u©ad P,s0[ d m& = jrwfaom tvSLukd cH,x l u
dk o
f nfh 'u©ad P,s
*kPfESifh jynfhjynfhpkHpkH aexkdifEkdifjcif; ---
[lonfh {w'*fbUJG xl;ESpwf efwYdk txGww f yfxm;onfh t&[wå-
zkdvfyef;ukd qifjref;Ekdif&efom jzpfayonf/ xkduJhokdY oHo&m0#frS
vGwfajrmufvkdonfh rGefjrwfaom OD;wnfcsufjzifh yg&rDukokdvfwkdYukd
qnf;yl;cJhonfjzpfaomaMumifh yg&rD r&ifhanmif;ao;onfhtwGuf
oHo&mc&D;ü wpfaxmufem;um apmifhqkdif;ae&ckduf MuHKBudKufvm&-
onfh vlcsr;f omç ewfcsr;f omç jA[®mch sr;f omwkt
Yd ay:ü Niu
d yf wG,w
f m
rIum; vkH;0 r&SdcJhay/
xkdaMumifh rdrd arQmfvifhxm;onfh t&[wåzkdvfyef;ukd qifjref;-
&awmhrnfh tcGifhtvrf;ESifh MuHKBudKufvmonfh aemufqkH;b0wGifum;
rdrd &&Sdxm;onfh ykdifqkdifxm;onfh ouf&SdoufrJh umr0w¬KtpkpkwkdYukd
wHawG;avmufrQ iJu h uG rf rI &Sd ,wdjywf pGev
Yf w
T u
f m omoemabmifoYdk
0ifa&mufí &Sif&[ef;jyKcJhayonf/ rdrd arQmfvifhawmifhwxm;onfh
t&[wåzkdvfyef;ukdvnf; qifjref;EkdifcJhayonf/
þusrf;pmi,fwGifum; MunfndKzG,f&m aumif;vSaom t&Sif-
okbw
l rd ax&fjrwf\ usio hf mG ;cJah om xk;H a[mif;ukd twk,u
l m vku
d -f
emusifhMuHvkdMuonfh olawmfaumif;wkdYtwGuf ---
ed'geuxm ] #
1/ "mwfur®|mef;tusOf;enf; tm;xkwfykHç
2/ tjzLa&mifuokdPf; tm;xkwfykHç
3/ arwåmur®|mef; tm;xkwfykHç
4/ Ak'¨gEkówdur®|mef; tm;xkwfykHç
5/ arwåmpsmefukd tajccHí 0dyóembm0emur®|mef; pD;jzef;ykH ---
þokdYponfh orx-0dyóembm0em yGm;rsm;ykH tpDtpOfrsm;ukd
tusOf;csKyfum a&;om;wifjyxm;ayonf/
þ t&SifokblwdtaMumif;ukd wpfcsdefu a[mpOftjzpf w&m;
wpfyk'f a[mcJhzl;\/ xkda[mpOfukd tajccHí w&m;a[mwdwfacGrS
pmrltjzpfoaYdk &mufatmif pDpOfum pmzwfow l \
Ydk vuf0,foYdk a&muf-
&Sad tmif ykaYd qmifay;vku
d jf cif; jzpfayonf/ t&Sio f b
k w
l \
d xk;H a[mif;-
ukd twk,lum oHo&m0#frS xGufajrmufaMumif; tusifhaumif;wkdYukd
usifhMuHBudK;ukwf yGm;rsm;tm;xkwfEkdifMuygapaom0f ...[k yw¬emrI
cgcgjyKvsuf ---
zm;atmufawm&q&mawmf
'gaMumifh
ol UrSm o'¨gç 0D&d,ç owdç orm"dç ynmvdk Y
ac:qdkwJh £aÈíg;yg;u pkH nDaew,f/
cGeftm;BuD;ig;ck pkH nDaeNyD jzpfygw,f/
'D £aÈíg;yg;u rdrd&J U pdwftpOfudk
rdrd vdkvm;awmifhwaewJh
t&[wår*fç t&[wåzkdvf
txGwfwyfxm;wJh t&P0d[m&ç
'u©daP,s0d[m&vdk Y ac:qdktyfwJh
{w'*fbGJ Uxl; ESpfqifhudk &&Sdr,fh
om0uaAm"dÓPfodkY a&mufatmif
xdef;csKyfNyD; qGJac:oGm;r,fh pGrf;tm;BuD; ig;ck
jzpfygw,f/
tJ'D pGrf;tm;BuD;ig;ck jzifh
rdrd&J U pdwftpOfudk xdef;csKyfxm;EkdifwJhtwGuf
'D eE´&aohBuD;onf urÇmwpfodef; tcsdefumvudk
jzwfausmfvmcJh&muae bkef;BuD;wdk Y
bk&m;&SifvufxufrSm ol vdkvm;awmifhwaewJh
om0uaAm"dÓPfudk &&Sdawmfrljcif; jzpfygw,f/
okblwdaw¬&ty'gef) ] 1
arwåmpGrf;tm;ESifh Ak'¨gEkówdpGrf;tif (ok
(ok
okblwdaw¬&ty'gef)
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f m,mNrKd Uopfü wnf-
xm;ud;k uG,t
f yfaom apwDawmfjrwf xD;awmfwif vSL'gef;ylaZmfz&Ydk ef
twGuf jyifqifonfh tcrf;tem;ü a[mMum;tyfaom okbw l ad w¬&-
ty'gef w&m;a'oemawmf ---
bk&m;&Sif&JU apwDawmfudk ylaZmfwJhyGJjzpfwJhtwGuf bk&m;&Sifudk
ylaZmfonfhae&mrSm pHwifxkdufwJh t&Sifokblwdrax&f jrwfudk xkH;jyK-
NyD;awmh a&S;OD;pGm bk&m;&Sifudk &Sdckd;ylaZmf uefawmhMu&atmif ---
rkedEáuúm a,aum ',k',½kaPm ÓP0dw¬dPÖAdarÁm?
0dae,syÜgaPmCH urvuxdwH "r®&HoD0a&[d/
okaAma"od oka'¨ wdb0uk[a& AsmydwuúdwådeÍö?
wdavmauupöu©KH 'kcro[eH wH ra[oð ermrd/
',k',½kaPm = r[mu½kPmawmf ormywfwnf;[laom
wufopfp aet½kPfvnf; &Sdawmfrlxaom/ ÓP0dw¬dPÖAdarÁm =
oAÁnKwÓPfawmfjrwfwnf;[laom us,fjyefYaom puf0ef;awmf-
vnf; &Sdawmfrlxaom/ {aum = aomif;avmu"mwfwpfcGif0,f
2 ] zm;atmufawm&q&mawmf
wkbufrjyL wpfqw l nf;om yGix hf eG ;f ay:aygufí vmawmfral yaom/
a,m rkedEáuúm = tMuif bk&m;wnf;[laom aerif;onf/ oka'¨ =
oefY&Sif;jzLpif at;jrMunfvifvSayaom/ wdb0uk[a& = umr ½ly
t½lywnf;[laom b0ok;H xyf bko H ;Hk &yf Mumtkid üf / «ededAÁwHå = yg&rDuH
pDrHvIHUaqmfojzifh toifh jzpfxGef;ay:aygufí aeayaom??» urv-
uxdwH = Mum[lí ac:qko d rkwt f yfaom/ 0dae,sygÜ aPmCH = uRw-f
xkud of ol ewfvjl A[®m a0ae,sMum owå0gtaygif;uk/d "r®&o H 0D a&[d
= r*faygufzkdvf0if edAÁmefukd jrifodapwwfonfh olawmfaumif;w&m;
wnf;[laom jrwfaom a'oema&mifjcnfawmfwkdYjzifh/ okaAma"od
= opömav;&yf w&m;jrwfukd xGif;azmufodjrifapvsuf aumif;pGm
yGifhapawmfrlcJhavNyD/
AsmydwuúdwådeÍö = aomif;avmu"mwf wpfcGif0,f olrwlaom
oDv-orm"d-ynm*kPo f uufaMumifh jA[®mbh w Hk idk f jyefv
Y idI af usmMf um;
xif&Sm;awmfrlayxaom/ wdavmauupöu©KH = jA[®mewfvl okH;bkHol
wk\Yd wpfv;Hk wnf;aom rsupf o
d zG,v f nf; jzpfawmfral yxaom/ 'kcr-
o[eH = r[myx0DajrBu;D ESihf wlpmG onf;cHEidk cf aJ omt&mukd onf;cH
awmfrlwwfxaom/ ra[ ra[ooð = oDvu©E¨ç orm"du©E¨ç ynmu©E¨ç
0drkwådu©E¨ç 0drkwådÓP'óeu©E¨wnf;[laom *kPfaus;Zl;txl;wkdYukd
qnf;yl;&SmrSD; avhusufawmfrlNyD;aom/ wH rkedEúúH = xkdbk&m;wnf;
[laom aerif;ukd/ t[H = w&m;a[m w&m;em[k ac:qko d rkwt f yf-
aom wynfah wmfonf/ ermrd = um,0pD raemcsv D suf ok;H vDapwem
okH;jzm'Gg& yPmrjzifh o'¨g½kdusKd; rmefpG,fcsKd;vsuf &Sdckd;OD;ñTwfyg\
jrwfpGmbk&m; jrwfpGmbk&m;/ (om"k om"k om"k)
t&Sifokblwdrax&
ax&ff jrwf\ O'gef;pum;
qEém ar uk#dum okcg ed0gwm? 0ó a'0 ,xmokcH/
pdwåH ar okorm[dwH 0drkwåH? tmwmyD 0d[&mrd 0ó a'0/
(ax&*gxm?19/)
ar = ig\/ uk#u d m = ausmif;ud/k qEém = rk;d vkaH tmifr;dk í xm;tyf
cJhavNyD/ ed0gwm = avr0ifatmif aumif;pGm ydwfum xm;tyfonfh
twGuaf Mumif/h okcg = csr;f omíaeay\/ wo®m = xkaYd Mumif/h a' a'00 =
yZÆKEé = rd;k ewfrif;/ ,xmokcH = tvk&d Sw d ikd ;f / 0ó = &GmoGe;f ygavawmh/
ar = ig\/ pdwHå = pdwo f nf/ okorm[dwH = t&d,r*fEiS , hf OS af om
jrwfaom wnfMunfjcif;jzifh wnfMunfí aeay\/ 0drkwåH = udav-
om[l tylcyfodrf;rS t&Sif;uRwfí uif;vGwf xGufajrmufvsuf &Sday
\/ tmwmyD = t&P0d[m&ç 'u©daP,s0d[m&wnf;[laom jrwf-
aom aexdik jf cif;jzifh aexkid Ef idk &f eftvdiYk mS tjyif;txef BuKd ;pm;tm;-
xkwfaom vkHYv0D&d,ESifh jynfhpkHonfjzpfí/ 0d[&mrd = aexkdifay\/
wo®m = xkaYd Mumif/h a'0 = yZÆKEé = rd;k ewfrif;/ ,xmokcH = tvk&d dSwikd ;f /
0ó = &GmoGef;ygavavmh/
'D*gxmuav;uawmh t&Sifokblwdrax&f jrwf &[EÅmjzpfNyD;wJh
aemufydkif;rSm O'gef;usL;&ifhawmfrlwJh *gxmuav;wpfck jzpfygw,f/
'D*gxma'oemawmfuav;u b,fyHk b,fyef; b,fenf;vrf;tm;jzifh
jzpfay:vm&ovJvYkd ar;vQiaf wmh taMumif;t&m tw¬Kyw Ü u
f av;udk
ed'gef;csDNyD; ajymrS oabmaygufrSm jzpfygw,f/
a&S;jzpfa[mif; atmufarhzG,fZmwfvrf;
bkef;BuD;wdkY 'DurÇmuae jyefNyD; a&wGufcJhaomf urÇmwpfodef;-
xufrSm y'krkwå&jrwfpGmbk&m;&Sif ryGifhrD tcsdeftcgumv qkdMupdkY/
xkt
d csed t
f cgumvrSm tifrwef <u,f0csr;f omwJh ykPmÖ ;rsK;d rSm okbw
l d
rax&f&JU tavmif;tvsmjzpfwJh trsKd;aumif;om;uav;wpfOD; y#d-
oaE¨ pGyJ u
kd f wnfaecJyh gw,f/ arG;zGm;vmwJh tcsed t
f cgrSm rdbawGu-
vnf; eE´rmP0 = eE´vv k ifqNkd y;D awmh trnfemr ay;xm;Muygw,f/
tcsdefwef t&G,fa&mufwJhtcg aA'ifawGudk wpfzufurf;cyf
wwfajrmufatmif oif,lvkdufNyD;awmh aA'ifokH;ykHwdkYü tESpfom&udk
&SmrawGUonfhtwGuf tESpfom&udk &SmazGvdkwJh OD;wnfcsufjzifh rdrd&JU
tjct H &Hy&dowfjzpfwhJ av;aomif;av;axmifaom trsK;d aumif;om;
olawmfaumif;awGEiS w hf uG awmxGuNf y;D awmh &aoh&[ef; jyKcyhJ gw,f/
xkad cwf xkt d csed t
f cgudk vSr;f arQmNf y;D Munfrh ,fqvdk Qif y'krw
k &å bk&m;-
&Sifonf vlwdkY&JUoufwrf; tESpfwpfodef;wrf;umvrSm yGifhxGef; ay:-
aygufawmfro l nfh bk&m;&Sif jzpfawmfro l nfth wGuf eE´vv k ifwYkd awm-
xGuw f hJ tcsed t
f cg[mvnf; vlw&Ykd UJ oufwrf;tm;jzifh tESpw f pfoed ;f -
wrf;umvavmuf &Sdr,fvdkYawmh rSef;q&ygw,f/
xdt
k csed u
f mvu eE´&aohBu;D [m awmxJa&muf&w dS hJ tcsed t
f cg-
rSm w&m;bm0emawG pD;jzef;vdu k w f m ormywf (8)yg;ESiw hf uG avmuD
tbdnmPf (5)yg;wdu Yk kd &&Sad wmfrcl yhJ gw,f/ av;aomif;av;axmif-
ukeaf om wynfyh &dowf &aohawGuv kd nf; tvm;wlyJ ur®|mef;awGukd
oifMum;jyo qkq d ;Hk ray;awmfrw l thJ wGuf wynf&h aohawGvnf; psme-
vmbD = psmeftbdnmPf&&Sw d hJ yk*Kd¾ vaf wG tm;vk;H jzpfomG ;Muygw,f/
y'krkwå&bk&m;&Sifukd zl;awGUcGifh &&Sd Mujcif;
'Dvkd eE´&aohBu;D trSL;&Sw d hJ &aohy&dowfawG awmxJrmS oDwif;-
oH;k aewJt h csed rf mS y'krwk &å jrwfpmG bk&m;&Siv
f nf; vlUavmurSm yGix hf eG ;f
ay:aygufawmfrv l mNyD jzpfygw,f/ xkt d csed t
f cgrSm bk&m;&Siuf vnf;
eHeufr;dk aomufxwJt h csed f r[mu½kPmawmformywfukd 0ifpm;awmf
rlNy;D avmuudk Munf½h aI wmfrv l ukd o
f nft
h cgrSm eE´&aohBu;D &JU wynf-h
y&dowf av;aomif;av;axmifw&Ykd UJ t&[wåzv kd &f aMumif; Oyedó,

awGukd awGUjrifawmfryl gw,f/ eE´&aohBu;D uawmh t&P0d[m&ç 'u©-d
aP,s0d[m&vdkY ac:qdktyfwJh ESpfrsKd;aom aexdkifjcif;jzifh aexkdifwJh
yk*¾dKvf[lorQwdkYwGif tomqkH; tjrwfqkH; {w'*fbGJUxl;udk qkawmif;
yefxGmawmfrlr,fh trsKd;aumif;om;wpfOD; jzpfvdrfhr,fqdkwmudkvnf;
bk&m;&Sifu jrifawmfrlygw,f/
'Dvkd jrifawmfrw l t
hJ wGuf xkad eYrmS bk&m;&Siu f tazmf&[ef;awGukd
rac:aqmifawmhbJ rdrd wpfyg;wnf; eE´&aohBuD;&JU wynfh&aohawG
opfoD;BuD;i,f &SmazGxGufaewJh tcsdefavmufudk rSef;NyD;awmh bk&m;-
&Siv
f nf; aumif;uifc&D;jzifh eE´&aohBu;D &S&d m ocFr;f ausmif;odYk <ujref;
awmfrlygw,f/ eE´&aohBuD;uvnf; aA'ift&mrSm wpfzufurf;cyff
wwfajrmufaewJyh *k Kd¾ vf jzpfjcif;aMumifh bk&m;&Siw f \ Ykd wifwh ,f pHy,f-
awmfrw l hJ 32-yg;aom a,mufsm;jrwfw&Ykd UJ vu©Pmawmfwu Ykd kd qef;ppf
MunfNh y;D wJt
h cg -- ]]þvu©PmwdeYk YJ jynfph aHk ewJyh *k Kd¾ vo f nf tdr&f mwnf-
axmif vlwaYkd bmifü wnf&cdS rhJ ,fqv kd Qif pMu0aw;rif; {uef jzpfvrd -hf
r,f? tdrf&mwnfaxmif vlwdkYabmifudk pGefYcGmNyD; &[ef;abmifodkY 0if-
a&mufcrhJ ,fqv dk Qiaf wmh ok;H avmuxG#x f m; bk&m;&Sif {uef jzpfvrd -hf
r,f}}vdkY 'Dvdk odvdkufwJhtwGuf 'Dyk*¾dKvfonf bk&m;pifppf {uefyif
jzpfawmfrlayw,fvdkY ,kHMunfcsufjzifh jrwfpGmbk&m;&Sifudk ae&mrsm;
cif;usif;ay;NyD;awmh ig;yg;aom xdjcif;wdkYjzifh ½dkaopGm &Sdckd;ylaZmf
uefawmhygw,f/
'Dvkd uefawmhNy;D rdred YJ oifwh ifah vsmufywfwhJ ae&muav;wpfc-k
udk ,lNy;D awmh xkid af ewJh tcsed t
f cgrSm wynf&h aohawGuvnf; opfo;D
Bu;D i,fawGudk o,faqmifNy;D awmh jyefa&mufvmMuygw,f/ q&mjzpfwhJ
eE´&aohBuD;eJY bk&m;&SifwdkY xkdifaewJh tjcif;t&mudk MunfhNyD;awmh
wynfhawGvnf; tHhMooGm;Muygw,f/
]]q&m ... uRefawmfwdkY[m þavmurSm q&mxuf omvGef
Bu;D us,f jrifjh rwfwyhJ *k Kd¾ vf r&Sb
d ;l qkw
d hJ cH,cl sujf zifh vSnv
hf nf usupf m;
aewJyh *k Kd¾ vaf wG jzpfMuygw,f/ ,cktcgrSm q&mwdYk ESpOf ;D om; xkid af e-
yku
H kd Munf&h jcif;tm;jzifh wpfbufu oDwif;ok;H aeawmfrw l yhJ *k Kd¾ vo
f nf
q&mxuf xl;cRef jrifjh rwfwyhJ *k Kd¾ vf jzpfvrd rhf ,fxifygw,f}}vdYk wynf-h
awGu avQmufxm;MuwJhtcgrSm eE´&aohBuD;uvnf; bmjyefajym-
ovJ¿
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jrif;rk&d af wmifukd EdiI ;f ,SOjf cif;iSm tvdrk &SdMuukev
f ih?f wpfavmuvk;H rSm
tomqk;H tjrwfq;kH jzpfwhJ oAÁnKor®morÁK'b ¨ &k m;&Sief YJ ighukd EdiI ;f ,SO-f
jcif;iSm ravsmrf avsmufywfb;l }}qkNd y;D ajymMum;vku d w f ,f/ 'Dpum;udk
Mum;vdu k af wmh &aohawGvnf; þyk*K¾d v[ f m ,kwn f whH yhJ *k K¾d vo
f m jzpfc-hJ
r,fqdkvQifawmh q&m&aoh 'Dvdkpum;rsKd; ajymMum;rSm r[kwfbl;/
rcRwf{uefyif þyk*d¾Kvf[m BuD;jrwfawmfrlwJh a,mufsm;tmZmenf
jzpf&r,fqNkd y;D bk&m;&Si&f JU ajcawmf&if;odYk 0yfpif;Ny;D ½dak oav;jrwfpmG jzifh
ylaZmfuefawmhMuygw,f/ ylaZmfuefawmhMuNyD;wJh tcsdeftcgrSmawmh
eE´&aohBuD;u wynfhawGudk bmajymvdkufovJ¿
&aohwkdY\ opfoD;qGrf;'getvSL
wmwm trSmuH Ak'¨geH tEkpä0daum a',s"ar®m ew¬d? b*0g p
bdu©mpm&a0vm,H £"m*awm? wo®m r,H ,xmAvH a',s"r®H
'ómr? wkarS ,H ,H yPDwH zvmzvH tmeDwH? wH wH tm[&x/
(ax&*gxm?|?1?20/)
]]cspfom;wdkY ... bk&m;&SifwdkYeJY oifhwifhavsmufywfwJh vSLzG,f-
0w¬Kuvnf; wkrYd mS r&Sd jzpfaew,f/ bk&m;&Siuf vnf; qGr;f cHwhJ tcsed -f
tcgrSm wdkYae&modkY <uvmawmfrljcif; jzpfw,f/ 'gaMumifh wdkYonf
pGrf;tm;&Sdoavmuf vSLzG,f0w¬K tpkpkawGudk bk&m;&Siftm; qufuyf

vSL'gef;Mu&atmif? oifwYkd aqmif,v
l mMuwJh aumif;Ek;d &m&m rGejf rwfwhJ
opfoD;BuD;i,f toG,foG,fawGudk ,lcJhMuayawmh}}qkdNyD;awmh ajym-
Mum;vdkufygw,f/
'Dvkd eE´&aohBu;D u ajymMum;vku d w f hJ tcsed t
f cgrSmawmh wynf-h
awGuvnf; aumif;Edk;&m&m rGefjrwfwJh opfoD;BuD;i,f toG,foG,f
awGudk ,laqmifNyD;awmh vmMuw,f/ eE´&aohBuD;u aumif;Edk;&m&m
opfoD;awGudk oludk,fwdkif pDrHNyD;awmh bk&m;&Siftm; qufuyfvSL'gef;
ygw,f/ qufuyfNyD;wJh tcsdeftcgrSm aomufa& okH;a&awGudkvnf;
olu, kd wf idk f ppfNy;D awmh aoaocsmcsm qufuyfyal Zmfw,f/ bk&m;&Si-f
uvnf; olwdkYtm; csD;ajr§mufawmfrlonfhtaetm;jzifh bkOf;ay;okH;-
aqmifawmfryl gw,f/ bkO;f ay;ok;H aqmifawmfrNl y;D wJh tcsed t f cgrSm eE´-
&aohBuD;vnf; wynfh&aohawGudk ac:NyD; bk&m;&Sif&JU teD;tyg;rSm
ig;yg;aom xdjcif;jzifh vuftkyfcsDrkd; &Sdcdk;vsuf atmufarhzG,f trSwf-
&zG,f pum;rsm; ajymMum;NyD; xdkifaeMuygw,f/
&[ef;oHCmawmf wpfodef; <uvmawmfrljcif;
xktd csed t f cgrSm bk&m;&Siu
f ]]&[ef;oHCmawmftaygif;onf ig
bk&m;xHodkY <uvmMuapownf;}}qkdNyD;awmh tbdnmPfwefckd;jzifh
t"d|mefawmfrv l u
kd yf gw,f/ bk&m;&Si&f UJ t"d|mefawmfrjl cif;udk odawmf
rlwJhtwGuf &[EÅmaygif; wpfodef;wdkYuvnf; aumif;uifc&D;jzifh
bk&m;&Sif&JUxHawmfodkY <uvmawmfrlMuygw,f/ 'Dvdk <uvmawmfrlwJh
tcsed t
f cgrSm eE´&aohBu;D u ]]cspo f m;wdYk ...bk&m;&Sif xdik af wmfrw l hJ
ae&monf ,kwfnhHaew,f? &[ef;oHCmawmf wpfodef;twGufvnf;
avsmufywfwJh ae&mxdkifcif; wdkYrSmvnf; r&Sd jzpfaew,f/ 'gaMumifh
,aeY oifwo Ykd nf jrwfpmG bk&m;ESihf oHCmawmftaygif;tm; Bu;D us,f
jrifjh rwfvpS mG aom ylaZmfouúm&udk jyKz&Ykd eftwGuf tqif;teHeY YJ jynfph -Hk
wJh yef;awGukd awmifajcuae aqmif,cl MhJ uuke}f }qkNd y;D awmh rdeaYf wmfrl
vdkufygw,f/
yef;arGU&mxkdifcif;wkYd jzifh ylaZmfMujcif;
xdktcsdeftcgrSm &aohawGuvnf; tukefvkH; tbdnmPfwefckd;
&&Sxd m;wJh &aohawG jzpfaejcif;aMumifh tqif;teHeY YJ jynfph w
Hk hJ yef;awGukd
wpfcPcsif; o,faqmifNyD;awmh bk&m;&SifESifhwuG &[ef;oHCmawG-
twGuf pDpOfay;Muygw,f/ bk&m;&Sif oDwif;oH;k zd&Yk eftwGuf cif;xm;wJh
yef;arGU&mae&monf wpf,lZemcefY jrifhNyD; wpf,lZemcefY us,f0ef;
w,f/ t*¾om0u ESpfyg;twGuf cif;xm;wJh yef;arGU&mae&monf
oHk;*g0kwf jrifhNyD; oHk;*g0kwf us,f0ef;w,f? usefaewJh r[mom0uç
yuwdom0upwJh &[ef;awGtwGuf cif;xm;wJh yef;arGU&mae&monf
,lZem0uf jrifhNyD; ,lZem0uf us,f0ef;w,f? ti,fqkH;&[ef;twGuf
cif;xm;wJh yef;arGU&mae&monf wpfOob jrifNh y;D wpfOobavmuf
us,0f ef;w,fqNdk y;D t|uxmrSm 'Dvkd azmfjyxm;ygw,f/ (tH?|?1?118/
173/) 'Dvdk Bu;D us,c f rf;em;wJh yef;arGU&mae&mBu;D awG cif;Ny;D wJh tcsed -f
tcgrSm eE´&aohBu;D u bk&m;&Six f H oGm;Ny;D b,fvkd avQmufxm;ovJ¿
baEÅ r,SH 'DC&wåH [dwm, okcg, £rH ykyæmoeH tbd½k[x/
(ty'ge?|?2?33/ ax&*gxm?|?1?21/)
baEÅ = jrwfpGmbk&m;/ r,SH = bk&m;wynfhawmf\/ 'DC&wåH =
aeYnOfoh oH &m &Snjf rifph mG aom umvywfv;Hk / [dwm, = tusK;d pD;yGm;
tvdkYiSm/ okcg, = csrf;omtvdkYiSm/ £rH ykyæmoeH = þyef;ae&mudk/
tbd½k[x = wufí oDwif;okH;awmfrlMuyg jrwfpGmbk&m; .../
]]'Dyef;ae&mxufukd wufNy;D awmh oDwif;ok;H awmfrMl uyg? wynf-h
awmfwdkY&JU aeYnOfhoHo&m &SnfjrifhpGmaom tcsdeftcgumvywfvkH;
tusKd;pD;yGm; csrf;omtvdkYiSm csD;ajr§mufawmfrlMuygbk&m;}}qkdNyD;awmh

avQmufxm;w,f/ 'Dvdk avQmufxm;vdkufwJh tcsdeftcgrSm jrwfpGm-
bk&m;uvnf; bk&m;&Sief YJ xdu k w f efawmfrwl hJ ae&mrSm wufNy;D oDwif;-
okH;awmfrlygw,f/ t*¾om0urax&fawGuvnf; t*¾om0uawGeJY
xkdufwefwJh ae&mawGrSmç usefaewJh r[mom0u yuwdom0uawG
uvnf; rdrw d eYkd YJ xku
d w
f efwhJ ae&mawGrmS tqifq h ifh oDwif;ok;H awmf
rlvu kd w
f m tifrwef Bu;D us,w f hJ tcrf;tem;Bu;D wpfck jzpfomG ;ygw,f/
zl;ajrmfvkdY r0EkdifwJh ukokdvfw&m;awGukd vGefpGm wkd;yGm;apwwfwJh
½Icif;om wpfckyJ jzpfygw,f/
tJ'D tcsdeftcgrSm eE´&aohuawmh bk&m;&Sif&JU OD;xdyfxufrSm
tvGeBf u;D rm;wJh yef;xD;Bu;D udk aqmif;rd;k Ny;D &yfwnfaeygw,f/ tjcm;
&aohawGuawmh bk&m;trSL;&Sw d hJ oHCmawmfukd ½dak opGm &Scd ;kd 0yfcsNy;D
vuftyk cf sND y;D xdik af eMuw,f/ 'Dvkd vuftyk cf sND y;D xdik af eMuwJh tcsed -f
tcgrSm y'krkwå&bk&m;&Sif&JU oEÅmefrSm b,fvdk pdwftMuHtpnf jzpf-
ay:vmovJ¿
eda&m"ormywf 0ifpm;awmfrlMujcif;
ow¬m ]]wmyomeH t,H ouúma&m r[yæavm a[mwl}}wd
eda&m"ormywåð ormyZÆd/ (ty'ge?|?2?33/ ax&*gxm?|?1?21/)
ow¬m = y'krw f nf/ wmyomeH = &aohwt
k &å bk&m;&Sio Ykd m;/ t,H
ouúma&m = þylaZmfouúm&onf/ r[yæavm = BuD;us,fzGHUNzdK; rsm;-
jrwfwJhtusKd;&Sdonf/ a[mwk = jzpfapownf;/ £wd = þodkY ESvHk;-
oGif;awmfrlNyD;í/ eda&m"ormywåð = eda&m"ormywfudk/ ormyZÆd =
0ifpm;awmfrlcJhavNyD/
'DylaZmfouúm&[m &aohawGtwGuf BuD;us,fzGHUNzdK; rsm;jrwfwJh
tusK;d awG jzpfapownf;vdYk 'Dvkd ESv;Hk ydu
k Nf y;D awmh eda&m"ormywfukd
0ifpm;awmfrlvdkufw,f/ eda&m"ormywfqdkwmuawmh pdwfapw-
odufawG csKyfaewJh ormywfwpfrsKd;vdkY qdkEdkifygw,f/ pdwfapwoduf
awG csKyfaejcif;aMumifh pdwfaMumifhjzpfwJh pdwåZ½kyfawGvnf; csKyfae
ygw,f/ uHaMumifhjzpfwJh½kyfç OwkaMumifhjzpfwJh½kyfç tm[m&aMumifh
jzpfw½hJ yk q
f w
kd hJ 'D½yk f (3)rsK;d yJ useaf wmhw,f/ pdwaf pwoduf pdwZå ½ky-f
awG csKyfaewJh eda&m"ormywf[m omoemawmfrSm tqifhtjrifhqkH;
ormywfwpfckvdkYvnf; qdkEdkifygw,f/
'Dormywfudk b,fyk*¾dKvfawG 0ifpm;EkdifovJvdkY ar;vQifawmh
avmuDpsmeformywf (8)yg;udk &&SNd y;D wJh tem*grfç &[EÅmyk*Kd¾ vw f o
Ykd m
0ifpm;vd&Yk Edik w
f hJ ormywfwpfrsK;d jzpfygw,f/ bmaMumifh 'Dormywfukd
0ifpm;&ovJqv dk Qiv
f nf; &[EÅmt&Sijf rwfw&Ydk UJ tjrJ aexdik &f m e,f-
y,fu cE¨mç tm,weç "mwfç opömç aMumif;-usKd;qufEG,frI y#dpö-
orkyÜg'fe,fy,f jzpfygw,f/ (oH?|?2?255/) 'De,fy,frSmom tjrJwrf;
aexdik &f awmh 'DcE¨mig;yg;ç tm,we wpfq,fEh pS yf g;ç "mwf wpfq,f-h
&Spfyg;ç aMumif;-usKd;quf y#dpöorkyÜg'foabmw&m;vdkY ac:qdktyfwJh
½kyfemrf"r®ocFg&w&m;awGudk Munfhvkdufwdkif; tjrJwrf; jzpfNyD; ysuf-
aewJh oabmawGudkyJ awGUae&w,f/
'Dvdk tjrJwrf; ocFg&w&m;awG&JU jzpfaewJhe,fç ysufaewJhe,f-
y,frSmom aeae&wJhtwGuf Mumawmhvnf; NiD;aiGUvmw,f? &GHrkef;-
vmw,f? pufqkyfvmw,f/ y&dedAÁmefuvnf; rpHEkdifao;wJhtwGuf
'DocFg&w&m;awG&JU tysufudk Munfhae&wm NiD;aiGU &GHrkef;wJhtwGuf
ocFg&w&m;wdkY&JU tysufudk rjrif&m a'owpfckjzpfwJh csKyfNidrf;aewJh
bm0emwpfcu k kd yGm;rsm;tm;xkwaf e&vQiaf wmh aumif;r,fvYkd qifjcif
qHk;jzwfNyD; ocFg&w&m;wdkY&JU csKyfNidrf;&mudk tm½Hk,lNyD;awmh csrf;omudk
vdkvm;awmifhwwJh OD;wnfcsufjzifh 0ifpm;awmfrlwJh ormywfwpfrsKd;
jzpfygw,f/ (0dok'¨d?2?347/) tJ'D ormywfudk y'krkw&å jrwfpGmbk&m;u
0ifpm;awmfrlvkdufwJh tcsdeftcgrSm ---

ow¬K ormyEébm0H ÚwGm bdu©Lyd ormy
ormyZZ Æðok/
(ty'ge?|?2?33/ ax&*gxm?|?1?21/)
ow¬K = bk&m;&Sif\/ ormyEébm0H = eda&m"ormywf 0ifpm;-
awmfrlonf\tjzpfudk/ ÚwGm = od&SdawmfrlMuí/ bdu©Lyd = &[ef;-
awmfwu ormyZÆÆo
Ykd vnf;yJ/ ormyZ ð k = eda&m"ormywfukd 0ifpm;awmfrMl u-
avukef\/
jrwfpGmbk&m;&Sif eda&m"ormywf 0ifpm;awmfrlwmudk odMuwJh
twGuf &[ef;awmfawGuvnf; eda&m"ormywfudk 0ifpm;Mujyefw,f/
eda&m"ormywfukd 0ifpm;vku d wf m b,favmuf MumoGm;ovJvYkd ar;-
vQifawmh (7)&uf MumoGm;ygw,f/ 'g,umBuD; 'g,dumrBuD;awG
pOf;pm;Munfph rf;yg/ wpfavmuvk;H rSm tomqk;H tjrwfq;Hk jzpfwhJ bk&m;-
&SifeJY &[EÅmrax&f jrwfawG wpf,lZemcefY BuD;us,fjrifhjrwfaewJh
yef;arGU&mxufuae wpfOobcefY Bu;D us,jf rifjh rwfwhJ yef;arGU&mtqk;H
&Sw
d hJ ae&mawGrmS ud, k pf D ud,
k pf D eda&m"ormywf 0ifpm;aewmrsK;d udk
(7)&ufavmuf zl;ajrmfciG hf &w,fqw kd m tifrwef xl;uJwhJ uHvYdk rajym
Ekdifbl;vm;¿ ajymEdkifw,f/ odyfaumif;wJh tcGifhta&;rsKd;awG jzpfyg-
w,f/
'Dvkd tcGit hf a&;rsK;d awGukd bke;f Bu;D wdwYk pfawGç 'g,umBu;D 'g,d-
umrBuD;wdkYwpfawG MuHKMu qkHMur,fqdkvQif raumif;bl;vm;¿ odyf
aumif;ygw,f/ aumif;w,fqv dk Qif 'Daumif;wJh tcGit hf a&;rsK;d eJY MuKH Mu
qHkMu&atmif vdk&if;u bmvkyf&ovJ¿ rdrd&JU pdwfudk jyKjyifajymif;vJ
ay;&ygr,f/ tdrf&mwnfaxmif vlwdkYabmifrSmyJ om;auR;rIç r,m;
auR;rIawGeJY b0udk tqkH;owfaeMur,fqdkvQif yg&rDrsKd;aphawGu
jynfph rkH I &SEd ikd yf ghrvm;¿ r&SEd ikd b
f ;l / yg&rDrsK;d aphawG jynfph rkH I r&Sw
d yhJ *k Kd¾ v-f
awGudk bk&m;tp&SdwJh t&d,molawmfaumif;awGu 'Dvdk vmNyD; csD;-
ajrm§ ufEikd yf ghrvm;¿ rcs;D ajrm§ ufEikd b
f ;l / 'D&aohawGuawmh yg&rDrsK;d aph
aumif;awGukd &SmazGaewJh olawmfaumif;awG jzpfMuygw,f/ 'Dvkd yg&rD
rsKd;aphaumif;awGudk &SmazGaewmu bmtwGufvJvdkY ar;vQifawmh
rdrw d &Ykd UJ pdw"f mwfukd wefc;dk tmedoifawG xufjrufvmatmif xkrH rG ;f -
aewJhoabmvdkY ajymEdkifygw,f/ 'D&aohawGu rdrdwdkY&JU pdwf"mwfudk
wefckd;tmedoifawG xufjrufvmatmif b,fvdk xkHrGrf;MuovJvdkY
ar;vQifawmh 'Dae&mrSm eE´&aohBuD;u bmvkyfaeovJ¿
eE´&aohBuD;\ ckdifrmonfh pdwf"mwfpGrf;&nf
eE´wmyaom r[EÅH ykyæqwåH *a[wGm wxm*wó rw¬au
"ma&aEÅm t|mod/ (ty'ge?|?2?33/ ax&*gxm?|?1?21/)
eE´wmyaom = eE´&aohBuD;onfum;/ r[EÅH ykyæqwåH = BuD;-
us,fpGmaom yef;xD;BuD;udk/ *a[wGm = udkifí/ wxm*wó =
jrwfpGmbk&m;\/ rw¬au = OD;xdyfxufü/ "ma&aEÅm = aqmif;rkd;-
ay;vsuf/ t|mod = rwfwwf&yfum wnfaeav\/
eE´&aohBu;D u tifrwef Bu;D us,cf rf;em;wJh yef;yGix hf ;D Bu;D wpfcu
k kd
tbdnmPfwefc;dk eJY zefqif;Ny;D awmh jrwfpmG bk&m;&Si&f UJ OD;xdyx f ufrmS
aqmif;rdk;NyD; &yfwnfaevdkufw,f/ wefckd;&SdwJh yk*¾dKvfawG&JU £'¨d0d"
wefckd;t&muawmh tpdEÅd,m = rMuHpnfoifh rMuHpnfxkdufwJht&m
jzpfygw,f/
'Dvdk wefckd;BuD;aewJh eE´&aohBuD;u wpf,lZemcefY jrifhNyD; wpf-
,lZemcefYvnf; us,fjyefYwJh yef;arGU&mae&mxufrSm xkdifNyD; eda&m"-
ormywf 0ifpm;awmfrw l hJ bk&m;&Sit f m; tifrwef Bu;D us,cf rf;em;wJh
yef;yGix
hf ;D Bu;D jzifh aqmif;rd;k Ny;D awmh rwfwwf&yfNy;D wnfaevdu k wf ,f/
,ck NrdKifom,mbk&m;rSm wifvSL ylaZmfNyD; xD;udk csdwfxm;wJh ykHpHrsKd;eJY
csw
d xf m;cJrh ,fqv kd Qiv
f nf; rjzpfEidk b
f ;l vm;¿ jzpfEikd yf gw,f/ 'gayr,fh
'Dvdk yHkpHrsKd;vnf; [kwfovm;¿ r[kwfygbl;/
£aÈ´ ig;&yf - Av ig;wef
rdrdudk,fwdkif cGeftm;ç o'¨gtm;ç 0D&d,tm;qdkwJh pGrf;tm;awG
xkwfNyD;awmh rdrd&JU pdwftpOfrSm bk&m;&Sifudk MunfndKwJh Ak'¨gEkówd-
*kPfawmfawG xkHrGrf;csifwJh qEú odyfNyD; tm;aumif;aew,f/ tJ'D
qE´"mwfç 0D&d,"mwfawG[m b,fykH b,fyef; b,fenf;vrf;tm;jzifh
aumif;wJhtusKd;udk ay;Edkifr,fqdkwmudk 'DeE´&aohBuD;uvnf; arQmf-
ac:vdkY toifhtwifh &aew,f/ 'gaMumifh rdrd&JU pdwftpOfukd o'¨g-
0D&,d -owd-orm"d-ynmvdYk ac:qdt k yfwhJ £aÈi´ g;yg;wdjYk zifh xde;f csKyf
ay;csifw,f/ tJ'D o'¨g-0D&d,-owd-orm"d-ynmvdkY ac:qdktyfwJh
Adkvfig;yg; cGeftm;BuD;ig;ckwdkYjzifh rdrd&JU pdwftpOfudk OD;aqmifNyD;awmh
qGJac:oGm;csifw,f/
o'¨gqkdwmu 'Dae&mrSm eE´&aohBuD;bufu MunfhvQifawmh
bk&m;&Siftay:ü rwkefrvIyf ouf0if,kHMunfaew,f/ bk&m;&Sif&JU
wynfhom;om0uawGtay:ü rwkefrvIyf ouf0if,kHMunfaew,f/
bk&m;&Sifü oAÁnKwÓPfawmf {uefpifppf &Sdaew,f/ or®morÁK'¨
bk&m;&Sif {uefpifppf jzpfw,fqNdk y;D bk&m;&Sit
f ay:üvnf; rwkerf vIyf
ouf0if,MkH unfaew,f/ bk&m;&Si&f UJ w&m;awmftay:üvnf; rwke-f
rvIyf ouf0if,MHk unfaew,f/ &wemok;H weftay:rSm ,kMH unf½w Hk iG f
rubl;? uH-uH\tusKd;udk ,kHMunfaewJh o'¨gw&m;uvnf; xif&Sm;
&Sdaejyefw,f/
uH-uH&JUtusKd;vdkY ac:qdktyfwJh aMumif;-usKd;qufEG,frI y#dpö-
orkyÜg'fe,fy,frSmvnf; ,kHMunfrI o'¨gw&m;awG &Sdaew,f/ oDv-
usifhpOfç orm"dusifhpOfç ynmusifhpOfvdkY ac:qdktyfwJh odu©mokH;&yf
tusihfjrwfawGtay:üvnf; ,kHMunfrI o'¨gw&m;awG tjynfht0
&Sdaew,f/ 'Dvdk ,kHMunfrI o'¨gw&m;awG tjynfht0 &Sdae½HkwGifvm;
qdkawmh ruao;bl;/ aemufxyf olU&JU ,kHMunfcsufawGu olU&JU qk-
awmif;r,ft h ydik ;f udk vSr;f Munfv
h u
dk v
f Qiv
f nf; oHo&m&JU a&SUtpGe;f vdYk
ac:qdt k yfwhJ twdwcf E¨mig;yg;? oHo&m&JU aemuftpGe;f vdYk ac:qdtk yf-
wJh tem*wfcE¨mig;yg;? oHo&m&JU a&SUtpGef;-aemuftpGef;vdkY ac:qdk
tyfwJh twdwfcE¨mig;yg;ç tem*wfcE¨mig;yg;/ 'DcE¨mig;yg;wdkYtay:-
üvnf; rwkefrvIyf ouf0if,kHMunfaewJh o'¨gw&m;u &Sdaew,f/
'Dvkd o'¨gw&m;&Sad ejcif;aMumifh 'Do'¨gw&m;u olv&kd m qkx;l qkjrwf-
bufudk qGJac:oGm;rSm jzpfygw,f/
aemufxyf 0D&d,uvnf; &Sdaew,f/ ckepf&ufwdkifwkdif olu
rwfwwf&yfNy;D bk&m;&Si&f UJ OD;xdyx f ufrmS yef;yGix hf ;D Bu;D udk aqmif;rk;d Ny;D -
awmhukd ylaZmfaevdu k w
f ,f/ 'g,umBu;D awG ckepf&ufwikd w f ikd f xrif;
pwJt h pm rpm;bJeYJ yef;yGix
hf ;D Bu;D aqmif;rk;d Ny;D awmh bk&m;&Siu f kd ylaZmf-
Ekdifyghrvm;¿ rylaZmfEkdifygbl;/ 'Dtcsufudk Munfhjcif;tm;jzifh olU&JU
o'¨gw&m; b,favmuf jyif;xefw,f? olU&JU 0D&, d w&m; b,favmuf
tm;aumif;aew,fqdkwm rSef;qMunfhEdkifygw,f/ psmeftbdnmPf-
awGudk &&SdaewJhyk*¾dKvfrSm owdtm;raumif;bl;vdkY ajymvdkYvnf; &ygh-
rvm;¿ r&ygbl;/
aemufydkif;rSm bk&m;&SifxHrS w&m;awmfawGudk em,lNyD; w&m;
bm0emawGvnf; yGm;rsm;tm;xkwfr,fhyk*¾dKvf jzpfygw,f/ o'¨gvnf;
&Sdaew,f? 0D&d,uvnf; &Sdaew,f? owdvnf; &Sdaew,f/ psmef-
tbdnmPfawG &&Sdaeawmh olU&JU orm"donf omref ykxkZefvlom;
wpfOD;&JU orm"deJY rwlawmhbl;/ ynmydkif;rSmqkdvQifawmh olu psmef-
tbdnmPfeJY ywfoufwJh psmefynmawG tbdnmPfynmawGvnf;
&&Sdxm;NyD; jzpfygw,f/ aemufydkif;rSm bk&m;&SifxH rMumcP oGm;NyD;
w&m;awmfawGudk em,lNyD;awmh 0dZÆmrsKd;aphaumif;vdkY ac:qdktyfwJh

½kyef mrf"r®ocFg&w&m;awG&UJ tedpt
ö jcif;t&mç 'kut
© jcif;t&mç tewå
tjcif;t&mawGukd odatmif BuKd ;pm;tm;xkwrf aI wGvnf; &Sad eygw,f/
'gaMumifh olUrSm o'¨gç 0D&d,ç owdç orm"dç ynmvdkY ac:qdkwJh
£aÈíg;yg;u pkHnDaew,f/ cGeftm;BuD;ig;ck pkHnDaeNyD jzpfygw,f/
'D£aÈi´ g;yg;u rdr&d UJ pdwt
f pOfukd rdrd vdv
k m;awmifw h aewJh t&[wå-
r*fç t&[wåzkdvf txGwfwyfxm;wJh t&P0d[m&ç 'u©daP,s-
0d[m&vdkY ac:qdktyfwJh {w'*fbGJUxl; ESpfqifhudk &&Sdr,fh om0u-
aAm"dÓPfodkY a&mufatmif xdef;csKyfNyD; qGJac:oGm;r,fh pGrf;tm;BuD;
ig;ck jzpfygw,f/ tJ'D pGr;f tm;Bu;D ig;ckjzifh rdr&d UJ pdwtf pOfukd xde;f csKyf
xm;EkdifwJhtwGuf 'DeE´&aohBuD;onf urÇmwpfodef; tcsdefumvudk
jzwfausmfvmcJh&muae bkef;BuD;wdkY bk&m;&SifvufxufrSm ol vdkvm;
awmifhwaewJh om0uaAm"dÓPfudk &&Sdawmfrljcif; jzpfygw,f/
'Dae&mrSm ckepf&ufwidk w
f idk f jrwfpmG bk&m;ESiw hf uG &[ef;oHCm-
awmfawG eda&m"ormywf 0ifpm;NyD;awmh oDwif;okH;aewJh tcsdef-
tcgrSm eE´&aohBu;D u yef;yGix hf ;D Bu;D eJY bk&m;&Sitf m; aqmif;rk;d Ny;D awmh
ylaZmfaevdkufw,f/ eE´&aohBuD;&JU wynfhawGuawmh bdu©mpm&-
umvvdkYac:wJh qGrf;cH<u&r,fh tcsdeftcgavmufrSm olwdkYtwGuf-
awmh opfoD;BuD;i,f &SmazGwJhtcsdef jzpfygw,f/ xdkopfoD;BuD;i,f
&SmazGwhJ tcsed af vmuf a&mufvmNyq D v dk Qiaf wmh opfo;D Bu;D i,fawGukd
&SmazG oHk;aqmifMuygw,f/ &SmazG okH;aqmifNyD;wJh tcsdeftcgrSmawmh
olwdkYu bmvkyfaeMuovJ¿
vuftkyfcsDrkd;um &yfwnfaeMuw,f
Ak'¨geH tÍÆvð y*¾,S wd|EÅd/ (ty'ge?|?2?33/ ax&*gxm?|?1?21/)
Ak'¨geH = bk&m;&SifwdkYtm;/ tÍövð = vuftkyfudk/ y*¾,S = csDrkd;í/
wd|EÅd = &yfwnfí aeMuavukef\/
bk&m;&Siu
f kd vuftyk cf sND y;D awmhom olwu Ykd tjrw J rf; &yfwnfNy;D -
awmh aeMuw,f/ opfo;D Bu;D i,f &SmazGwt hJ csed çf oH;k aqmifwt hJ csed rf S
wpfyg; usew f thJ csed af wGrmS bk&m;&Siuf kd vuftyk cf sND y;D awmh rwfwwf-
&yfNy;D om aeMuw,f/ 'g,umBu;D awG 'DypkH rH sK;d eJY ae&r,fqv kd Qif aeEdik f
yghrvm;¿ aeEdkifatmifawmh avhusifhoifhygw,f/ 'D&aohawGuawmh
pdw"f mwfukd pGr;f tm;awGeYJ jynfah eatmif avhusix hf m;Muw,f/ avh-
usix hf m;wJth wGuf 'Dy*k Kd¾ vaf wGukd Munfvh ukd rf ,fqv kd Qif b,fvo dk abm
&SdaeMuovJ¿ eE´&aohBuD;udk vSrf;MunfhvdkufvQifawmh --
yDwd-okcjzifh tcsdefukd ukefvGefapjcif;
eE´wmyaom ye bdum© pm&rÜd t*EÉm ykyq
æ wåH "ma&aEÅm owåm-
[H yDwdokacae0 0Dwdemarwd/ (ty'ge?|?2?33/ ax&*gxm?|?1?21/)
eE´wmyaom ye = eE´&aohBu;D onfum;/ bdum© pm&rÜd = qGr;f
&SmazGjcif;udkaomfrQvnf;/ t*EÉm = roGm;rlí/ ykyæqwåH = yef;xD;udk/
"ma&aEÅm = aqmif;rk;d ay;vsu/f owåm[H = ckepf&ufwYkd umvywfv;Hk /
yDwdokacae0 = ESpfoufjcif; yDwdw&m;ç csrf;omjcif; okcw&m;jzifh
omvQif/ 0Dwdemarwd = tcsdefudk ukefvGefapcJhav\/
eE´&aohBu;D uawmh opfo;D &SmazGzv Ykd nf; rxGuaf wmhb;l / tpm-
vnf; vH;k 0 rpm;awmhb;l / ckepf&ufwikd w f ikd f eda&m"ormywf 0ifpm;-
awmfrlwJh y'krkwå&bk&m;&Sifudk yef;yGifhxD;BuD;eJY aqmif;rkd;ay;NyD;awmh
bk&m;&Si&f UJ *kPaf wmfawGukd tm½k,
H Nl y;D jzpfay:aewJh yDwo d ck eJyY J tcsed -f
udk ukefvGefapw,f/ olwdkY&JU BudK;pm;tm;xkwfaewJh pGrf;tm;awGu
b,favmuf BuD;us,fw,fqdkwmudk rSef;qMunfhapcsifygw,f/
aemufwpfcku eda&m"ormywf 0ifpm;aeawmh bk&m;&SifeJY
&[EÅmawG&JU oEÅmefrSm pdwfapwodufawGu csKyfaewJhtwGuf qm-
avmifrw G of yd rf o
I abmawG rjzpfEidk b f ;l qdwk mawmh xm;yg/ eE´&aoh-
BuD;uawmh xdktcsdeftcgrSm eda&m"ormywf 0ifpm;EkdifwJh pGrf;tm;-
vnf; r&Sad o;bl;/ 'Dvkd r&Sad o;ayr,fv h Ykd ckepf&ufwikd w
f ikd f rwfwwf-
&yfwhJ £&d,mykxu f kd rzsub
f eJ YJ tpmvnf; vk;H vk;H rpm;bJeYJ yef;xD;Bu;D
aqmif;rdk;NyD;om bk&m;&Siftm; ylaZmfaevdkufw,f/ bk&m;&Sif&JU *kPf-
awmfvQif tm½kH,lNyD; jzpfay:vmwJh yDwdokc = ESpfoufjcif;ç csrf;-
omjcif;w&m;awGjzifhom tcsdefudk ukefvGefapw,f/
t&P0d[m&-'u©ad P,s0[
d m& &[ef;awmf\ tEkarm'emw&m;
'Dvkd tcsed af wG ukev f eG o
f mG ;vdYk ckepf&ufjynfw
h thJ cgrSm bk&m;&Si-f
uvnf; eda&m"ormywfrS xawmfrlygw,f/ &[ef;oHCmawGvnf;
eda&m"ormywfrS xawmfrMl uw,f/ tJ'D eda&m"ormywfrS xawmfr-l
wJh tcsed tf cgrSm bk&m;&Siu f t&P0d[m&ç 'u©ad P,s0[ d m&ac:wJh
aexdik ef nf; ESprf sK;d wdw Yk iG f {w'*fbUGJ xl; &&Sad wmfrw l hJ &[ef;awmf wpf-
yg;udk ckepf&ufwidk w f idk f bk&m;trSL;&Sw d hJ oHCmawGukd Bu;D us,cf rf;em;wJh
'Dyef;arGU&mawG cif;NyD;awmh ylaZmfuefawmhwJh ukodkvfuH&JU pGrf;tm;-
aMumifh &&SdEkdifwJh tusKd;w&m;awGudk tEkarm'emw&m;wpfyk'ftjzpf
a[mMum;ay;&ef rdefYMum;awmfrlvdkufygw,f/
'Dae&mrSm t&P0d[m&qdw k muawmh udavom uif;uif;&Si;f -
&Sif;eJY aexkdifEkdifjcif;udk ac:ygw,f/ udavom uif;uif;&Sif;&Sif;jzifh
aexkid w f muawmh &[EÅmyk*d¾Kvw f ikd ;f aexkid Ef idk w
f phJ rG ;f tm; &SdMuygw,f/
odaYk omfvnf; w&m;awmfudk a[mMum;wJah e&mrSm yk*v ¾ m"d|meftm;jzifh
w&m;ra[mMum;bJ bk&m;&Sif a[mMum;awmfrlwJh enf;vrf;twkdif;
yk*¾dKvfwpfa,mufa,mufukd csD;rGrf;jcif; uJh&JUjcif; rjyKbJ "r®m"d|mef-
enf;jzifhom w&m;a[mMum;jcif;udk t&P0d[m& m&vdkY ac:ygw,f/
udavom uif;uif;&Sif;&Sif;jzifh aexdkifwJh aexkdifenf;vdkY 'Dvdk owf-
rSwfxm;ygw,f/ (tH?|?1?173/)
aemufwpfck --- jrwfaom tvSLudk cH,x l u
dk w
f hJ yk*Kd¾ vu
f kd 'u©ad P-
,svdkY ac:ygw,f/ b,fvdk aexdkifwJh yk*d¾Kvfu jrwfaom tvSLudk
cH,xl ukd w
f hJ yk*Kd¾ vaf wGxrJ mS vnf; tomqk;H tjrwfq;Hk {w'*fbUGJ xl;udk
&&So
d vJqv dk Qif arwåmpsmef 0ifpm;Ny;D rS tvSLay;wJh yk*Kd¾ vw f &Ykd UJ vSLzG,f
0w¬K ypönf;pkudk tvSLcHwJh yk*d¾KvfawG &&Sdygw,f/ 'Dvdk arwåmpsmef
0ifpm;NyD;rS vSLzG,f0w¬Kudk tvSLcHNyD; aexdkifwJh aeenf;udkawmh 'u©d-
aP,s0d[m& vdkY ac:ygw,f/
'Drax&fjrwfuawmh qGrf;cHwJhtcgrSm tdrfwkdif; tdrfwkdif;rSmyJ
arwåmpsmefukd 0ifpm;NyD;rS ,if;arwåmpsmefrS xNyD;wJhtcgrSm avmif;-
vSLwJh qGrf;ukd tvSLcH,lawmfrlavh&Sdygw,f/ 'gaMumifh 'u©daP,s-
*kPft&mrSm {w'*fbJGUxl;ukd qGwfcl;awmfrlcJhjcif; jzpfygw,f/
(tH?|?1?173/)
xkt d &P0d[m&ç 'u©ad P,s0[ d m&ac:wJh aexdik ef nf; ESprf sK;d wd-Yk
wGif {w'*fbJGUxl; &awmfrlwJh &[ef;awmfwpfyg;udk bk&m;&Sifu 'D
yef;arGU&m tEkarm'emtwGuf w&m;wpfy'k f a[mMum;ay;&ef rdeMYf um;-
awmfrv l u kd w
f hJ tcsed t
f cgrSm xk&d [ef;awmfuvnf; pMu0aw;rif;xHrS
tifrwef BuD;us,fwJh qkvmbfBuD;&&SdwJh ykHyrmvdk tifrwef 0rf;om
oGm;ygw,f/ bk&m;&Si&f UJ yd#uwfo;Hk yko H Ykd ÓPfapvTwNf y;D awmh &aoh-
awGtm; tEkarm'emw&m;wpfyk'f csD;jr§ifhay;awmfrlygw,f/
xk&d [ef;awmfu tEkarm'emw&m;awmf cs;D jri§ Nhf y;D wJh tcsed t
f cgrSm
&aoholawmfaumif;awG&JU pdwfxm;awGuvnf; tvGef El;nhHaysmh-
aysmif;oGm;NyD jzpfygw,f/ xkdtcsdeftcgrSm bk&m;&Sifu opömav;yg;eJY
qufpyfaewJh w&m;pum;awGukd a[mMum;jyo qkq d ;Hk ray;awmfryl g-
w,f/ y'krw k &å bk&m;&Siu
f 'Dvkd opömav;yg;eJpY yfwhJ w&m;pum;awmf-
udk &aohaygif; av;aomif;av;axmiftm; a[mMum;jyo qkq d ;Hk ray;-
awmfrlvkdufwJh tcsdeftcgrSm bmjzpfvmovJ¿
t&[wåzkdvfokdY qkdufa&mufawmfrlMuNyD
a'oemy&da,momae oaAÁ pwkpwåmvDoo[ówmyom
t&[wåH ygykPðok/ (ty'ge?|?2?33/ ax&*gxm?|?1?22/)
a'oemawmfed*Hk; NyD;qHk;wJh tcsdeftcgrSmawmh av;aomif;av;-
axmifaom &aohawG tukefvkH; t&[wåzdkvfokdY a&muf&SdoGm;Muyg-
w,f/ eE´&aohBu;D wpfyg;yJ ykxZk eftjzpfeYJ useaf eygw,f/ &aohawG
tm;vH;k t&[wåzv kd o
f Ykd qku
d af &mufomG ;wJh tcsed t
f cgrSm bk&m;&Siu
f
b,fvkd rdefYawmfrlovJ¿ ---
]{x bdua© 0g}wd [w¬H yoma&od/ awoH wm0a'0 auorók
tEÅ&"m,d/ t| y&du©m&m uma, y#drkuúm0 ta[okH o|d0ó-
aw¬&m 0d, ow¬m&H y&d0g&,ðok/ (ty'ge?|?2?33/ ax&*gxm?|?1?22/)
]]cspo
f m;wdYk ...vmMuavmh? igbk&m;&Si\ f omoemawmfü oDvç
orm"dç ynm[k ac:qdt k yfwhJ odum© ok;H &yf tusijhf rwfukd oHo&m0#f
qif;&J'ku© ukefcef;&eftwGuf usifhMuHBudK;ukwf yGm;rsm;tm;xkwfMu-
ayawmh}}vdYk vuf,mvufawmfukd qefw Y ef;Ny;D ac:awmfrv l ukd w
f t
hJ cg
tm;vkH; &aohy&du©&mtoGifawG aysmufNyD;awmh &[ef;awmfwdkY&JU
y&du©&m qifjref;NyD; 0gajcmufq,f&NyD; rax&fBuD;uJhodkY tm;vkH; ]{[d {[d
bduK© }&[ef;awmfawG jzpfomG ;Muygw,f/ eE´&aohBu;D wpfO;D yJ ykxZk ef
tjzpfeJY usef&pfcJhygw,f/ bmaMumifh eE´&aohBuD;u &[EÅm rjzpf&-
ovJvdkY ar;vQifawmh ---
eE´&aohBuD;\ qkawmif; yw¬em
eE´wmyaom ye 0du©dwåpdwåwm, 0daooH em"d*Íd/ä
(ty'ge?|?2?33/ ax&*gxm?|?1?22/)
eE´wmyaom ye = eE´&aohBuD;onfum;/ 0du©dwåpdwåwm, =
ysHUvGifhaewJh pdwf"mwf &SdonfhtwGufaMumifh/ 0daooH = r*fÓPf
zdv
k Ó kd hJ w&m;xl; w&m;jrwfu/kd em"d*Í d ä = r&&SEd idk cf ahJ cs/
f Pf edAmÁ efqw
eE´&aohBu;D uawmh w&m;emaewJh tcsed t f cgrSm pdw"f mwfawGu
odyNf y;D ysUH vGiahf ew,f/ b,fvkd ysUH vGiahf eovJvYkd ar;vQiaf wmh y'krw k &å
bk&m;&Sifu opömav;yg;eJY pyfwJh w&m;pum; rcsD;jr§ifhrDrSm t&P-
0d[m&ç 'u©daP,s0d[m&ac:wJh 0d[m& ESpfrsKd;wdkYwGif {w'*fbJGUxl;
&&Sad wmfrw l hJ &[ef;awmfwpfyg;u tEkarm'emw&m; a[mMum;aewJh
tcsed t f cgrSm xd&k [ef;awmfukd MunfNh y;D awmh olu tifrwef oabm-
usaew,f/ aemifwpfcsed u f mv wpfqal om bk&m;&Si&f UJ omoemawmf
twGi;f rSm igvnf;yJ 'Dvkd &[ef;awmfuo hJ Ykd &[ef;awmfwpfyg; jzpf&r,f
qkdvQifawmh odyfaumif;rSmyJvdkY 'Dvdk pdwftMuHtpnfawGu olUrSm
vTrf;rkd;aew,f/ pdwf"mwfawGu tJ'D tm½kHbufudk ysHUvGifhaew,f/
bk&m;&Sif a[mMum;jyo qdkqkH;rawmfrlwJh opömav;yg; w&m;awmf
tay:ü tm½kH odyfrpdkufEdkif jzpfaew,f/
'gaMumifh eE´&aohBuD;uawmh w&m;xl; w&m;jrwf r&ygbl;/
av;aomif;av;axmifaom &aohawGuawmh tm;vk;H t&[wåzv kd o
f Ykd
qkdufa&mufNyD; &[EÅmjzpfoGm;Muygw,f/ 'Dvdk &[EÅmjzpfNyD;wJh tcsdef-
tcgrSm eE´&aohBu;D u y'krw
k &å jrwfpmG bk&m;tm; avQmufxm;ygw,f/
b,fvdk avQmufxm;ovJ¿
]]jrwfpmG bk&m; ...t&Sib f &k m;wdYk w&m;ra[mrD a&S;OD;pGm w&m;-
a[mawmfrw l hJ &[ef;awmfonf b,fvkd &[ef;awmfrsK;d jzpfygovJ}}vdYk
avQmufxm;vdu k af wmh bk&m;&Siu
f vnf; igbk&m;&Si&f UJ omoemawmf
rSm t&P0d[m&ç 'u©daP,s0d[m&vdkY ac:qdktyfwJh ESpfrsKd;aom
aexdik jf cif;wdw
Yk iG f tomqk;H tjrwfq;Hk aexkid wf hJ &[ef;awmfwpfyg;yJ
jzpfayw,f ponfjzifh trdefY&Sdvdkufawmh eE´&aohBuD;u b,fvdk
qufNyD; avQmufxm;ovJ¿
baEÅ ,Gm,H r,m owåm[H ykyæpäwåH "ma&aEÅe ouúma&m

uawm? awe t"duma&e tnH orÜwåð e yaw¬rd? tem*aw ye
{uó Ak'¨ó omoae t,H axa&m 0d, 'GD[a*F[d orEém*awm
om0aum ba0,sH/ (ty'ge?|?2?33-34/ ax&*gxm?|?1?22/)
baEÅ = jrwfpGmbk&m;/ r,m = wynfhawmfonf/ owåm[H =
ckepf&ufwdkY umvywfvkH;/ ykyæpäwåH = yef;xD;udk/ "ma&aEÅe = aqmif;-
rkd;jcif;jzifh/ ,Gm,H ouúma&m = tMuif ylaZmfouúm&udk/ uawm =
jyKvkyfcJhavNyD/ awe t"duma&e = xkdt"dum&aumif;rIukodkvf-
aMumifh/ tnH orÜwåð = tjcm;wpfyg;aom pnf;pdrfudk/ e yaw¬rd =
rawmifhwyg/ ye = awmifhwonfum;/ tem*aw = aemiftem*wf
umvü/ {uó Ak'¨ó = wpfqlaom bk&m;&Sif\/ omoae =
omoemawmfjrwftwGi;f ü/ t,H axa&m 0d, = þrax&f jrwfuo hJ /Ykd
'G[
D a*F[d = t&P0d[m&ç 'u©ad P,s0[ d m&[k ac:qdt k yfwhJ ESprf sK;d -
aom t*Fg&yfwEYkd iS /hf orEém*awm = jynfph aHk om/ om0aum = om0u-
onf/ ba0,sH = jzpf&ygvdk\/
'Dquk kd olu awmif;vdu k wf ,f/ 'Dqak wmif;csuu f av;udk Munf-h
jcif;tm;jzifh olUrSm uH-uH&JUtusKd;udk ,kHMunfaewJh pGrf;tm;awG r&Sd-
bl;vm;¿ &Sdaew,f/ 'DpGrf;tm;uav;awGu odyfta&;BuD;ygw,f/
oHo&mc&D; usifvnfae&wJh tcsdeftcgrSm odkYr[kwf rdrd vdkvm;
awmifhwaewJh edAÁmefudk oGm;aewJh tcsdeftcgrsKd;rSm 'D,kHMunfcsuf
o'¨gw&m; pGrf;tm;u odyfta&;BuD;ygw,f/ vkyfief;cGifwpfck vkyfwJh
tcsdeftcgrSm 'Dvkyfief;cGiftay:ü arQmhaoG;prf;ovdk prf;w0g;0g;eJY
a0zefa&;awGu odyfNyD; rsm;aer,fqdkvQifawmh o'¨gw&m;awGu
avsmhraebl;vm;¿ avsmhaeNyD/ o'¨gw&m;awG avsmhaer,fqdkvQif-
awmh vkyif ef;cGirf mS atmifjrifrI &SEd ikd yf ghrvm;¿ r&SEd ikd b
f ;l / aemufxyf
0D&d,ç owdç orm"dç ynmawGvnf; vkdtyfaeygw,f/
o'¨g-0D&d,-owd-orm"d-ynmvdkY ac:qdktyfwJh 'Dw&m;ig;cku
rdrd&JU pdwftpOfudk xdef;csKyfay;r,fh pGrf;tm;BuD;ig;ck jzpfygw,f/ 'D
pGr;f tm;Bu;D ig;ckeYJ rdrd vdv
k m;awmifw
h aewJh om0uaAm"dÓPfbufukd
a&mufatmif oGm;&rSm jzpfygw,f/ 'Dom0uaAm"dÓPfudk a&muf-
atmif oGm;&rSmjzpfwJhtwGuf 'Dae&mrSm y#dpöorkyÜg'f oabmw&m;-
uav;udk bkef;BuD; enf;enf;uav; ajymcsifygw,f/
t0dZÆmç wPSmç Oyg'gefç ocFg&ç uH
bke;f Bu;D wdYk y&rw¬opöme,fbufu ajymr,fqv kd Qiaf wmh t&P-
0d[m&ç 'u©ad P,s0[ d m&vdYk ac:qdt
k yfwhJ ESprf sK;d aom aexdik jf cif;jzifh
aexdkifwJh &[ef;awmfqdkwm &Sdovm;¿ r&Sdbl;/ y&rw¬opöme,frSm
½kyfw&m;tpktykH &dSw,f? emrfw&m;tpktykH &Sdw,f? taMumif;w&m;
tpktykHç tusKd;w&m;tpktykHawGom &Sdaeygw,f/ 'D½kyfw&m;ç emrf-
w&m;ç taMumif;w&m;ç tusK;d w&m;awGuvnf; tedpw ö &m;tpktykçH
'ku©w&m;tpktykHç tewåw&m;tpktykHawGom jzpfMuygw,f/ 'g-
aMumifh ½kyfw&m;tpktykHyJvdkY odvQifvnf; rSefw,f? emrfw&m;tpk-
tykHyJvdkY odvQifvnf; rSefw,f? taMumif;w&m;tpktykHyJvdkY odvQif-
vnf; rSew f ,f? tusK;d w&m;tpktykyH v J Ykd odvQivf nf; rSew f ,f? tedp-ö
w&m;tpktykHç 'ku©w&m;tpktykHç tewåw&m;tpktykHyJvdkY odvQif-
vnf; rSefw,f/ a,mufsm;ç rdef;rç yk*¾dKvfç owå0gvdkY odvQifawmh
xdtk odrsK;d udk rSm;w,fvYkd ac:&w,f/ tJ'D todrmS ;rIuakd wmh t0dZmÆ vdYk
ac:ygw,f/
y&rw¬awm t0dZÆrmaeok £w¬dyk&dom'Dok Z0wd? 0dZÆrmaeokyd
cE¨m'Dok e Z0wDwd t0dZÆm/ (0dok'¨d?2?157/)
'Dvdk zGiq
hf x
dk m;wJh 0do'k rd¨ *¾t|uxm pum;&yfEiS hf tnDyJ jzpfyg-
w,f/
t&P0d[m&ç 'u©ad P,s0[ d m&vdYk ac:qdtk yfwhJ t*Fg&yf ESpyf g;eJY

jynfph w
kH hJ &[ef;b0udk wG,w f mwyfrufaewJh oabmuav;u wPSm?
pdwfuyfNyD; pGJaewJhoabmu Oyg'gef/ t0dZÆmç wPSmç Oyg'gefqdkwJh
'Dw&m; oHk;cku y#dpöorkyÜg'fydkif;rSmawmh udavo0#fvdkY ac:ygw,f/
tJ'D udavo0#fac:wJh t0dZmÆ ç wPSmç Oyg'gef w&m;oH;k ck jc&H H Ny;D awmh
ckepf&ufwikd w f idk f bmvkyo
f vJ¿ y'krw
k &å bk&m;&Sit
f m; yef;arGU&mawG
cif;usif;NyD;awmh yef;yGifhxD;BuD; aqmif;rkd;NyD; vSL'gef;ylaZmfcJhw,f/
aumif;rIukodkvfqdkwJh ocFg&apwemawGudk tm;xkwfcJhw,f/
'DukodkvfqdkwJh ocFg&apwemawGuvnf; tedpöw&m;awG jzpf-
jcif;aMumifh jzpfNyD; ysufoGm;Muygw,f/ 'gayr,fh jzpfNyD; ysufoGm;wJh
tcsdeftcgrSm 0dygufemrfw&m;wdkYuJhodkY ½kyfemrftpOfrSm rnfonfh
pGrf;tif wpfpkHwpfckudkrQ rxm;cJhbJ csKyfysufoGm;wJhoabmrsKd;awmh
r[kwMf ubl;/ aemifwpfcsed rf mS tcgtcGihf oifch v hJ Qif tusK;d udk ay;Ekid w
f hJ
pGr;f tif ur®owåu d kd ½kyef mrftpOfrmS jrK§ yEf NHS y;D rSom csKyyf suo
f mG ;Muw,f/
tJ'D pGrf;tif ur®owåduav;udkawmh uHvdkY ac:ygw,f/ aygif;vkduf-
awmh t0dZÆm-wPSm-Oyg'gef-ocFg&-uHqdkwJh taMumif;w&m; ig;ck
pkHnDoGm;ygw,f/
'DtaMumif;w&m; ig;ckukd jyKpyk sK;d axmifvu dk w f t hJ wGuf ol vkv d m;
awmifw h aewJh t&P0d[m&ç 'u©ad P,s0[ d m&qdw k hJ t*Fg&yf ESpyf g;eJY
jynfhpkHwJh &[ef;b0udkawmh bkef;BuD;wdkY 'Da*gwrbk&m;&Sif omoem-
awmfrmS vmNy;D &&Srd mS jzpfygw,f/ 'Dvkd qkawmif;vdu k w f hJ tcsed t
f cgrSm
y'krkw&å jrwfpmG bk&m;&Siu f vnf; olU&JU qkawmif;awGonf jynfph EHk ikd -f
ovm;ç rjynfph EHk ikd b
f ;l vm;vdYk tem*wHoÓPfawmfjrwfukd apvTwNf y;D
tem*wfudk vSrf;arQmfNyD; MunhfvkdufwJh tcsdeftcgrSm jynfhpHkvdrfhr,f
qdw
k mudk odjrifawmfrw l t
hJ wGuf aemiftem*wf urÇmwpfoed ;f xufü
a*gwrjrwfpmG bk&m; yGiahf y:awmfrv l rd rhf ,f/ xdak *gwrjrwfpmG bk&m;-
&Sif&JU omoemawmfü oifonf t&P0d[m&ç 'u©daP,s0d[m&vdkY
ac:qkt d yfwhJ aexkid jf cif; ESprf sK;d wdjYk zifh aexkid Mf uwJh &[ef;awmfww
Ydk iG f
tomqkH; tjrwfqkH; {w'*fbGJUxl;udk &&Sdrnfh &[ef;awmfwpfyg; jzpf-
ayvdrfhr,fqkdNyD;awmh ed,wAsm'dwfpum; rdefYMum;awmfrlcJhygw,f/
(tH?|?1?174/)
eE´&aohBuD; wpfyg;wnf; usef&pfcJhjcif;

y'krkwå& jrwfpGmbk&m;&Sifvnf; Asm'dwfpum; rdefYMum;NyD;awmh
w&m;a'oemawmfrsm;vnf; a[mMum;ay;jcif;jzifh olUudk csD;jr§ifhcJhyg-
w,f/ w&m;a'oemawmfeYJ cs;D jri§ Nhf y;D wJh tcsed t
f cgrSmawmh &[EÅmawG-
eJYwuG aumif;uifc&D;jzifh jyef<uawmfrlygw,f/ eE´&aohBuD;uawmh
bk&m;&SifESifhwuG oHCmawmfrsm;&JU *kPfawmfawGukd tm½HkjyKNyD;awmh
vuftkyfcsDvsuf rsufpdwpfqHk; zl;ajrmf uefawmh&if;eJY rwfwwf&yfNyD;
usefaecJhygw,f/
[dr0EÅmawmif&JU eHyg;rSm&SdwJh edobtrnf&wJh awmifBuD;wpf-
awmif&UJ awmifajcrSm awmtkyw f pfck &Sad eygw,f/ tJ'D awmtkyw f pfck
twGi;f rSmyJ eE´&aohBu;D uawmh wpfyg;wnf; aexdik u f se&f pfcyhJ gw,f/
olU&JU wynf&h aohawGuawmh &[EÅmjzpfNy;D wJah emuf y'krw k &å jrwfpmG -
bk&m;ESiwhf uG &[ef;oHCmawmfw&Ykd UJ aemufoYdk vdu k yf goGm;Muygw,f/
'gayr,fhvdkY awmxJrSm wpfyg;wnf; usef&pfcJhayr,fhvdkY ayghayghqq
raebJ &Hzef&cH g y'krw
k &å jrwfpmG bk&m;xH csO;f uyfNy;D awmh w&m;awmf-
awGukd em,lygw,f/ em,lNy;D awmhvnf; w&m;awmfrmS vm&Sw d t hJ wkid ;f
usifhMuHBudK;ukwf yGm;rsm;tm;xkwfNyD;awmhom aexkdifcJhygw,f/ xdk
tcsdefwkef;u y'krkwå&bk&m;&Sifu aumvd,tEG,frS jzpfay:vmwJh
eE´&aohBu;D udk a[mMum;awmfrcl w hJ hJ *gxma'oemawmfawGxrJ mS xl;-
jcm;csufuav;ESpfck &Sdaeygw,f/ wpfckuawmh ---
Ak'¨gEkówdur®|mef;ukd yGm;rsm;jcif;
bma0[d Ak'¨gEkówð? bm0emerEkwå&H/
£rH owð bm0,dwGm? yl&,dóod rmeoH/
(ty'ge?1?76/ ax&*gxm?|?1?25/)
bm0emeH = bm0emwdw Yk iG /f tEkw&å H = tomqk;H tjrwfq;Hk jzpfw/hJ
Ak'¨gEkówð = Ak'¨gEkówdbm0emudk/ bma0[d = yGm;rsm;tm;xkwf
ygavavmh/ £rH owð = þAk'¨gEkówdbm0emudk/ bm0,dwGm =
yGm;rsm;tm;xkwjf cif;aMumif/h rmeoH = rdrd pdwEf v S ;Hk &JU tvdq
k E´[o
l rQ-
onf/ yl&,dóod = rcRwf{uef jynfhpkHvmygayvdrfhr,f/
rdrd vdv
k m;awmifwh aewJh qkx;l qkjrwfu {uef jynfph zkH &Ykd eftwGuf
bmvky&f rvJ¿ bm0em[lorQww Ykd iG f tomqk;H tjrwfq;Hk vdYk owfrwS -f
jcif;cH&wJh Ak'¨gEkówdbm0emudk oifeE´&aohBuD; yGm;rsm;tm;xkwf
ayawmh/ yGm;rsm;tm;xkwfr,fqkdvQif oifh&JU pdwfESvkH; tvdkqEáwG-
onf tm;vk;H jynfph vHk mayvdrrfh ,fvYkd y'krwk &å bk&m;&Siu
f 'Dvkd a[m-
Mum;ay;ygw,f/
'gaMumifh 'g,umBu;D 'g,dumrBu;D awG pdwEf v S ;Hk tvkq
d E´ jynf-h
pHkcsifw,fqdkvQif csJausmif;udk oGm;&rvm;¿ 'D'g,umBuD;awGvnf;
csJausmif;yJ tjrJ oGm;aeMuw,feJY wlygw,f/ bk&m;&Sifu pdwfESvkH;
tvdq k EáwG jynfph ckH siMf uw,fqv kd Qif Ak'g¨ Ekówdbm0emudk yGm;rsm;-
ygvdYk wduk wf eG ;f xm;ygw,f/ 'Dvqkd v kd Qif b,fvkd yGm;&rvJ¿ yGm;ykH yGm;-
enf;udkawmh aemufrSyJ bkef;BuD; ajymyghr,f/
aemufwpfcku -- bk&m;&SifxH rMumcP oGm;NyD;awmh olu
w&m;awmfawGudk em,lNyD;wJh tcsdeftcgrSm wjcm;wjcm; ur®|mef;-
awGuvkd nf; oif,Nl y;D awmh yGm;rsm;tm;xkwcf w
hJ ,fvv
Ykd nf; ,lq&yg-
w,f/ opömav;yg;eJY pyfwhJ w&m;pum;awGukd em,lNy;D awmh ½kyw f &m;-
awG emrfw&m;awGudk odatmif BudK;pm;tm;xkwfrIç taMumif;w&m;
tusKd;w&m;awGudk odatmif BudK;pm;tm;xkwfrIç taMumif;w&m;ESifh
wuG xkd½kyfw&m; emrfw&m;wdkY&JU tedpötcsufç 'ku©tcsufç tewå
tcsufawGudk odatmif BudK;pm;tm;xkwfrIqdkwJh vkyfief;&yfawGvnf;
jyKvkyfcJhr,fvdkY ,lq&ygw,f/ bmaMumifhvJ¿
y'krw
k &å jrwfpmG bk&m;&Sif ryGiahf y:rD tcsed u
f wnf;u &aoh&[ef;
jyKNyD; psmeftbdnmPfawGudk &&Sdatmif BudK;pm;tm;xkwfxm;wJh
olawmfaumif; wpfO;D u aemufxyf psmeftbdnmPfawG &zd&Yk eftwGuf
BudK;pm;p&m vdkao;ovm;¿ rvkdawmhbl;/ ESpfaygif; wpfodef;avmuf
bk&m;&Sief YJ qkaH wGUae&wJh tcsed tf cgrSm bk&m;&Six f rH S w&m;awmfawGukd
em,lNyD; 'Dw&m;awmftwdkif;yJ qufvufNyD; BudK;pm;tm;xkwfjcif;jzifh
rdrd&JU b0udk ukefvGefapcJhw,f/ 'Dvdk BudK;pm;tm;xkwfcJhwJhtwGuf
oHo&mc&D; usiv f nf&wJh tcsed t f cgrSm pMu0aw;rif;pnf;pdrçf vlrif;
pnf;pdrçf ewfrif;pnf;pdrf ponfjzifh pnf;pdrt f rsK;d rsK;d awGukd tpket
f qef
cHpm; pHpm;Ny;D aexdik cf &hJ w,f/ 'Dvkd cHpm;&wJh tcsed t f cgrSmvnf; olUrSm
b,fvdk xl;jcm;csufuav;awG &SdaeovJ¿
Ak'¨gEkówdur®|mef;\ xl;jcm;aom tusKd;tmedoifrsm;
b0gba0 oHo&aEÅm? r[mabm*H vbmr[H/
abma* ar ODewm ew¬d? Ak'¨gEkówd,m zvH/
(ty'ge?1?77/ ax&*gxm?|?1?27/)
b0BuD;i,f toG,foG,frSm usifvnfcJh&pOfrSm BuD;us,fzGHUNzdK;
rsm;jrwfwJh pnf;pdrfawGudk &&SdcJhw,f/ 'Dvdk &&SdwJh pnf;pdrfawGuvnf;
qkw, f w
k af vsmyh g;oGm;w,fqw dk m wpfcgrS r&Scd zhJ ;l bl;/ 'g,umBu;D awG
pOf;pm;MunfhMuprf;yg/ 'Dvdk pGrf;tm;&SdaewJh Ak'¨gEkówdur®|mef;rsKd;udk
ryGm;oifhbl;vm;¿ yGm;oifhygw,f/ aemufwpfcku ---
owo[ódawm uayÜ? ,H ur®ru u&& ð w'g/

'k*¾wð embdZmemrd? Ak'¨gEkówd,m zvH/
(ty'ge?1?77/ ax&*gxm?|?1?27/)
owo[ódawm uayÜ = urÇmwpfodef;xufü/ ,H ur®H =
tMuif Ak'g¨ Ekówdbm0emud/k ,'g = tMuiftcgü/ tu tu&& ð = jyKusichf hJ
avNyD/ w'g = xkdtcgrS/ y|m, = pí/ 'k*¾w ð = 'k*¾wdbkHb0odkY/
t[H = igonf/ e tbdZmemrd = rod&cdS zhJ ;l ay/ £'H = þuJo
h Ykd rod&&dS -
jcif;onf/ Ak'¨gEkówd,m = Ak'¨gEkówdbm0em\/ zvH = tusKd;-
w&m;ygaywnf;/
y'krkwå&jrwfpGmbk&m; omoemawmfuae a*gwrjrwfpGmbk&m;
omoemawmftwGif;wdkifatmif urÇmwpfodef;qdkwJh oHo&mc&D;udk
jzwfausmfvmcJh&mrSm tyg,fav;bkHudk wpfcgrS ra&mufcJh&bl;/ wpf-
urÇm wpfurÇmqdkwJh oufwrf;rSm owå0gwpfOD;wpfOD;&JU aoaus
ysufpD;cJh&wJh t½kd;awGudk pkykHvkdufr,fqkdvQifawmh 'Dt½kd;awGuvnf;
raqG;jrnfh rysupf ;D cJb
h ;l qkv
d Qif a0ykva’ wmifavmuf jrifw h hJ awmifBu;D
wpfawmifavmuf &Sdygw,f/ (oH?1?392-393/) urÇmwpfodef;qkdvQif-
awmh awmiftvkH;aygif; wpfodef;avmuf jzwfausmfcJh&ygw,f/ tJ'D-
avmuf b0awG rsm;pGm usiv f nfc&hJ wJh tcsed t
f cgrSm tyg,fav;yg;udk
wpfBudrfwpfcgrS ra&mufcJh&bl;qkdvQif 'Dvdk tyg,foHo&mab;BuD;rS
urÇmwpfodef; umvywfvkH; xkwfaqmif u,fwifay;aewJh 'DAk'¨g-
Ekówdur®|mef;rsKd;udk rpD;jzef;oifhbl;vm;¿ pD;jzef;oifhygw,f/
odkYaomf oHo&mc&D;udk aumif;w,fvdkY ajymvdk&if;awmh r[kwf-
ygbl;/ oHo&mc&D;udk rdrw
d u
Ykd qk;H atmif rvkyEf idk af o;vkYd oHo&mc&D;udk
qufNy;D usivf nfMu&r,fqv kd Qiaf wmh tazmfaumif;qdw k mawmh rvd-k
tyfbl;vm;¿ vdktyfaeygw,f/
0dZÆmrsKd;aphESifh p&PrsKd;aphyg&rDrsm;
y'krkwå& jrwfpGmbk&m;\ omoemawmftwGif;rSm rdrd pGrf;tm;
&So
d avmuf yg&rDrsK;d aphaumif;awGudk jznfu h sihf qnf;yl;awmfrNl y;D aemuf
ravsmusaompsmef&v dS suf uG,v f eG o
f mG ;wJh tcsed tf cgrSm jA[®mjh ynfoYdk
a&muf&o dS mG ;cJyh gw,f/ xkjd A[®mjh ynfrS pkawNy;D aemuf vlUjynf vlUavm-
uokyYd if wpfzef jyefa&muf&cdS yhJ gw,f/ aemufxyf b0aygif; (500)wkYd
umvywfv;kH awm&aqmufwnf usio hf ;kH wJh &aoh&[ef;yJ qufwu dk f
jzpfcJhygw,f/ (ax&*gxm?|?1?22/)
uóybk&m;&Si\ f vufxufawmfumvüvnf; omoemabmif
okdY 0ifa&mufum &Sif&[ef; jyKawmfrlNyD;aemuf tm&nuif"kwif
aqmufwnf usifhoHk;vsuf awmae&[ef;awmfwpfyg;yJ jzpfcJhygw,f/
qGrf;cH&GmokdY oGm;&müvnf; ur®|mef;ukd aqmifvsuf (= ur®|mef;ukd
yGm;rsm;vsuf) oGm;jcif;ç qGrf;cH&GmrS ausmif;okdY jyefvm&müvnf;
ur®|mef;ukd aqmifvsuf (= ur®|mef;ukd ESv;kH oGi;f ½IymG ;vsu)f jyefvm
jcif;qkdwJh *wypöm*w0wfukdvnf; jynfhjynfhpHkpHk jznfhusifhawmfrlcJh
ygw,f/
{wH ud& 0wåH ty&dyla&wGm r[mom0ubm0H ygykPEÅm emr
ew¬d/ (ax&*gxm?|?1?22-23/)
]]þ*wypöm*w0wfudk rjznfu h sib
hf J bk&m;&Si\
f wynfBh u;D r[m-
om0utjzpfokdY qkdufa&mufoGm;Muonfh yk*¾dKvfwkdYrnfonf r&Sd
paumif;yg}}vkdY 'Dvkd ax&*gxm t|uxmu zGifhqkdxm;ygw,f/
(ax&*gxm?|?1?22-23/)
tvm;wlyJ 0dok'¨dr*¾t|uxm (0dok'¨d?2?72/)rSmvnf; zGifhqkdxm;
ygw,f/ 0do'k rd¨ *¾t|uxmuawmh y#dorÇ'd gÓPfudk &&Sad wmfrMl uonfh
t*¾om0uç r[mom0uç yuwdom0uqkdwJh om0utm;vHk;wkdY
twGuf zGifhqkdcsuf jzpfygw,f/ y#dorÇd'gÓPfawmfjrwf (4)yg;ukd &&Sd

awmfrMl uonfh r[mom0uBu;D (80)wkw Yd iG f t&Sio
f b
k w
l rd ax&f jrwf
vnf; wpfyg; tygt0if jzpfygw,f/
1/ t"d*r = t&[wår*fokdY qkdufa&mufjcif; okdYr[kwf t&d,r*f-
ÓPfokdY qkdufa&mufjcif;?
2/ y&d,wåd = bk&m;&Sif\ w&m;pum;awmfqkdwJh ygVdawmfukd
oif,ljcif;?
3/ o0e = w&m;awmfukd t½kdtao tav;tjrwfjyKí em,ljcif;?
4/ y&dykpäm = ygVdawmf\ teuf t"dyÜm,fukd zGifhqkdaMumif;jzpfonfh
t|uxmukd t½kdtao tav;*½kjyKum oif,ljcif; em,ljcif;?
,if; ygVdawmf t|uxmwküYd cufcJ eufeaJ om yk'w f \
Ydk (= txH;k
tzGJUwkdY\) tqHk;tjzwfukd oif,ljcif;?
5/ ykAÁa,m* --
aygif;vkdufawmh y#dorÇd'gÓPfukd &&Sdr,fh olawmfaumif;wkdY
jznfhusifh&rnfh t*Fg&yf (5)ckukd zGifhqkdxm;ygw,f/ (0dok'¨d?2?72/)
'Dae&mrSm t"d*rrqkdwmuawmh aemufqHk;b0rSm &&Sdatmif
BuKd ;yrf;&rnfh t*Fg&yfyJ jzpfygw,f/ aou©brkH mS vnf; y#dorÇ'd gÓPf-
rsm;ukd &&SEd idk yf gw,f/ taou©bq kH w
dk hJ &[EÅmjzpfwthJ cgrSmvnf; y#d-
orÇd'gÓPfrsm;ukd &&SdEkdifygw,f/ t&SiftmeE´mç pdwåol<u,fç "r®du
Oygoumç Oygvdo<l u,fç ckZKÆ w&å m Oygodum tp&Sw d hJ olawmfaumif;
awG[m wcsKdUu aomwmyef jzpfawmfrlwJhtcgrSmç wcsKdUu tem*grf
jzpfawmfrw l t hJ cgrSm y#dorÇ'd gÓPfawmfrsm;ukyd g &&Sad wmfrMl uygw,f/
aou©bHkrSm &&Sd jcif;vkdY qkdvkdygw,f/ ,ck ajymaewJh t&Sifokblwd
rax&fuo hJ aYdk om r[mom0uç yuwdom0u awmfawmf cyfrsm;rsm;
uawmh t&[wår*f t&[wåzkdvfokdY qkdufa&mufawmfrlwJh tcsdef-
tcgrSm y#dorÇ'd gÓPfawmfrsm;ukd &&Sad wmfrMl uygw,f/ taou©brkH mS
&&Sd jcif; jzpfw,fvkdY qkdvkdygw,f/
,ck ajymcJw
h hJ y#dorÇ'd gÓPfawmfrsm;ukd &&Sad wmfrrl nfh olawmf-
aumif;wkdY jznfhusifh&rnfh t*Fg&yf (5)ckxJrSm eHygwf (1)jzpfwJh t"d*r
qkdwJh r*fÓPf zkdvfÓPfukd &&Sd jcif;qkdwJh t*Fg&yfuawmh aemufqHk;
b0rSm jznfhusifh&rnfh t*Fg&yf jzpfygw,f/ usefaewJh t*Fg&yfawGu-
awmh a&S;a&S;aom bk&m;&SifwkdY&JU omoemawmftwGif;rSma&m ,ck
bk&m;&Si&f UJ omoemawmftwGi;f rSma&m jznfu h si&hf rnfh t*Fg&yf jzpfyg-
w,f/
'Dt*Fg&yfawGxrJ mS ,ck 'Dae&mrSm ajymvkw d hJ t*Fg&yf wpfcu
k awmh
ykAaÁ ,m*
,m*qkw d hJ t*Fg&yfyJ jzpfygw,f/ bmukd ykAaÁ ,m*vkYd ac:qkod vJ¿
0dok'¨dr*¾t|uxmu 'Dvkd &Sif;jyxm;ygw,f/
ykAaÁ ,ma*g emr ykAAÁ 'k g¨ eH omoae *wypöm*wdubma0e ,m0
tEkavmrH a*gMwbkorDyH? wm0 0dyóemEka,ma*g/ (0dok'¨d?2?72/)
ykAaÁ ,m*
,m*qkw d m a&S;a&S;aom bk&m;&Siwf &Ydk UJ omoemawmftwGi;f
rSm qGrf;cH&GmokdY oGm;&mç qGrf;cH&GmrS ausmif;okdY jyef&mwkdYü ur®|mef;ukd
aqmifvsuf oGm;jcif;qkdwJh *wypöm*w0wfukd jznfhusifhvsuf tEk-
avmrÓPfç a*gMwbkÓPfw&Ydk UJ teD;tyg;rSm wnf&w dS hJ ocFg½kayu©m-
ÓPfow Ydk idk af tmif (r[m#D?2?84/) 0dyóembm0emur®|mef;ukd pD;jzef;cJh
zl;jcif;ukd qkdvkdygw,f/ wpfzef oar®m[0daem'eD t|uxmBBuD;u-
vnf; tvm;wlyJ zGifhqkdxm;awmfrljyefw,f/ b,fvkd zGifhqkdxm;awmf
rlovJ¿
y&d,wådo0ey&dykpäm [d ykaAÁ a[mEÅK 0g rm 0g? ykAÁa,ma*e
ykaAÁ ap0 {w&[d p ocFg&or®oeH 0dem y#dorÇd'g emr ew¬d/
(tbd?|?2?373/)
'Dvdk zGifhqkdxm;ygw,f/ bmajymvkdwmvJ¿ a&SUykdif;rSm bkef;BuD;

ajymcJhwJh t*Fg&yf (5)ckxJrSm y&d,wådç o0eç y&dykpämqkdwJh 'Dt*Fg&yf
(3)ckuawmh a&S;a&S;aom bk&m;&Siw f &Ydk UJ omoemawmftwGi;f rSm &Scd zhJ ;l -
csiv f nf; &Scd zhJ ;l ygap? r&Scd chJ siv
f nf; r&Scd yhJ gap? 'gayr,fh ykAaÁ ,m*qkw d hJ
t*Fg&yfuawmh &Su d &dk &dS r,f/ a&S;a&S;aom bk&m;&Siw f &Ydk UJ omoemawmf
twGif;rSma&mç ,ck bk&m;&Sif&JU omoemawmftwGif;rSma&m 'DykAÁ-
a,m*qkdwJh 'ku©opömç ork',opöm trnf&wJh ½kyf-emrf-aMumif;-
usKd; ocFg&w&m;awGukd tedpöç 'ku©ç tewå vu©Pma&;oHk;wef
wifum ½IymG ;oH;k oyfjcif;qkw d hJ ocFg&or®oevkyif ef;&yfEiS hf uif;Ny;D awmh
y#dorÇ'd gÓPfudk b,fvrdk S r&&SEd idk b f ;l qdNk y;D zGiq
hf x
dk m;ygw,f/ ,ckvdk
ocFg&w&m;awGukd vu©Pm,mOfwifum 0dyóem ½IyGm;oHk;oyfjcif;
rS m vnf ; -- ,m0 tEk a vmrH ur® | meH Oók u ú m aywG m .. ...
(tbd?|?2?373/)qkw d hJ pum;ukd axmufvQiaf wmh ocFg½kayu©mÓPftxd
yGm;rsm;xm;NyD; jzpf&r,fvkdY qkdvkdygw,f/
'Dt&Sio
f b
k w
l rd ax&f jrwfuawmh y'krw
k &å bk&m;&Si&f UJ omoem-
awmftwGif;rSma&mç uóybk&m;&Sif&JU omoemawmftwGif;rSma&m
omoemawmf ESpf&yfvHk;rSmyJ ocFg½kayu©mÓPfokdYwkdifatmifaom
0dyóembm0emur®|mef;awGukd jznfhusifhcJhw,fvkdY odEkdifygw,f/
okaYd omfvnf; uóybk&m;&Si&f UJ omoemawmftwGi;f rSm &[ef;b0ESihf
,ckvkd yg&rDawGukd jznfhusifhNyD;awmh oHo&mc&D;u rqHk;ao;awmh
qufvufNyD; usifvnf& jyefw,f/ 'Dvdk usifvnf&muae bkef;BuD;wdkY
a*gwrjrwfpmG bk&m;&Sif omoemawmftwGi;f odYk a&muf&v Sd mwJh tcsed -f
tcgrSmawmh bmjzpfvmovJ¿
aemufqHk;b0 --- &[ef;jyKawmfrljcif;
om0w¬jd ynfrmS okreolaX;Bu;D &JU om;jzpfwhJ temxydPo f al X;-
Bu;D &JUnD okbwl qd w
kd hJ trnfeYJ vlom;wpfO;D vmjzpfygw,f/ 'gayr,fh
'Dvdk vlUjynf ewfjynfqdkwJh oHo&mc&D;udk usifvnfckdufrSm y'krkwå&
jrwfpmG bk&m;&Sif omoemawmfu uyfygvmcJw h hJ "mwfaiGUwpfcak Mumifh
olu b,fvdkoabm &SdaeovJ¿ b0ig;&mwdkY umvywfvkH; awm-
xGuNf y;D awmh &aoh&[ef; jyKcw hJ ,f/ psmeftbdnmPfawGuv kd nf; b0
ig;&mwkdY umvywfvkH; xkd&aoh&[ef;b0rSm &&SdawmfrlcJhw,f/ 'g,-
umBu;D awG ..."mwfaiGUrsm;[m odyNf y;D tm;ud;k zkYd raumif;bl;vm;¿
odyaf umif;ygw,f/ 'Dvkd BuKd ;pm;tm;xkwcf whJ hJ "mwfaiGUawGu bke;f Bu;D -
wdkY a*gwrjrwfpGmbk&m; omoemawmfBuD; yGifhay:vmawmh bGm;ueJ
vmNyD; aus;Zl;jyKay;w,f/ b,fvdk aus;Zl;jyKay;ovJ¿
temxydPo f al X;Bu;D uvnf; aZw0efausmif;wku d Bf u;D aqmuf-
vkyNf y;D pD;wJh tcsed tf cgrSm vSL'gef;ylaZmfwhJ ausmif;vTwyf w
JG pfck usi;f y
w,f/ tJ'D ausmif;vTwyf al ZmfyrJG mS tpfujkd zpfoEl iS hf twlwuG bk&m;&Si-f
xH oGm;NyD;awmh zl;ajrmf uefawmhMuw,f/ w&m;awmfudkvnf; twl-
wuG em,lMuw,f/ 'Dvdk em,l&wJh tcsdeftcgrSm bk&m;&Sif&JU w&m;-
awmftay:ü ouf0if,kHMunfwJh o'¨gw&m;awGu odyfNyD; wGef;tm;
aumif;aewJhtwGuf xdkaeYrSmyJ omoemabmifudk 0ifa&mufNyD;
&Sif&[ef; jyKcJhygw,f/
'g,umBuD;awG ...pOf;pm;Munfhprf;yg/ olaX;om;wpfOD;u
bk&m;&Sief YJ wpfBurd yf J awGUNy;D bk&m;&Si&f UJ w&m;awmfuv
kd nf; wpfBurd yf J
emMum;cGifh &ao;w,f? csufcsif; pnf;pdrfcsrf;om tm;vkH;udk pGefYvGwf
Ny;D awmh omoemabmif 0ifa&mufNy;D &Si&f [ef; jyKomG ;w,f/ 'g,um-
BuD; 'g,dumrBuD;awG 'Dvdk jyKEkdifyghrvm;¿ 'Dae&mrSm 'g,umBuD;
'g,dumrBu;D awGeYJ b,fvkd uGmjcm;rI &Sad eovJvYkd ar;vQiaf wmh rdrw d &Ykd UJ
pdwfudk xkHrGrf;xm;wJh pGrf;tm;awGu odyfuGmaeygw,f/ &Sif&[ef;

jyKNyD;awmh olu bmqufvkyfovJ¿ 'Dae&mrSm bkef;BuD; tm;vHk;
aygif;NyD; ajymjyyghr,f/
t&[wåzkdvfokdY qkdufa&mufawmfrlNyD
aom OyorÜaEém a'G rmwdum y*kPm uwGm ur®|meH uxmay-
wGm t&an orP"r®H ua&maEÅm arwåmpsmeH edAÁawåwGm wH yg'uH
uwGm 0dyóeH 0a¹wGm t&[wåH ygykPd/
(ty'ge?|?1?35/ ax&*gxm?|?1?27/)
aom = xkdokblwdrax&fonf/ OyorÜaEém = &aoh&[ef; jyKNyD;-
onf/ [kwGm = jzpfí/ a'G rmwdum = a'Grmwdumudk/ y*kPm uwGm
= tm*kH&atmif aqmifí/ ur®|meH = ur®|mef;udk/ uxmaywGm =
a[mMum;jyo qkdqkH;rawmfrlapí/ t&an = awmü/ orP"r®H =
&[ef;w&m;ud/k ua&maEÅm = usiMhf uBH uKd ;ukwf yGm;rsm;tm;xkwaf wmfr-l
h nf&adS omf/ arwåmpsmeH = arwåmpsmefu/kd edAaÁ wåwmG = jzpfapNy;D í/
cJo
wH = xdak rwåmpsmefu/kd yg'uH uwGm = 0dyóem&JU tajcyg'utjzpfeYJ
jyKNy;D í/ 0dyóeH = 0dyóembm0emur®|mef;ud/k 0a¹wGm = wk;d yGm;ap-
vsu/f t&[wåH = t&[wåzv f /Ydk ygykPd = qku
dk o d af &mufawmfrcl ahJ vNy/D
bkef;BuD;wdkY omoemawmfrSm vkdufem&rnfh 0denf;pnf;urf;awG
&Syd gw,f/ tJ'D 0denf;pnf;urf;awGxu J tusO;f csKyu f awmh a'Grmwd-
umvdaYk c:wJh bduK© ygwdarmufç bduK© eyD gwdarmuf ESpaf pmif jzpfygw,f/
'D0denf;ESpfapmifudkawmh awmxJaer,fh &[ef;awmfawGu tvGwf
tm*kH &atmif aqmif&ygw,f/ 'DavmufeJYawmh udpö rNyD;ao;ygbl;/
plV0gcEüç r[mcEü tp&SdwJh xkdxdkcEüawGrSm vm&SdwJh odu©myk'f
BuD;i,f toG,foG,fawGudk tm*kH raqmifEkdifayr,fhvnf; tm;vkH;
rSwrf ad eatmif oif,&l ygw,f/ uHBu;D ç uHi,fawGuv kd nf; uRr;f usi-f
atmif q&morm;awGxHrSm csOf;uyfNyD; oif,l&ygw,f/
wpfbufuvnf; 0dyóembm0emur®|mef;udk t&[wåzdkvf-
ayguf oif,lxm;NyD;jzpfzdkY vdkygw,f/ 'Dpnf;urf;owfrSwfcsuftwdkif;
a'Grmwdumudk tm*kHaqmifNyD;wJh tcsdeftcgrSm jrwfpGmbk&m;xHrS
ur®|mef;w&m;awGukd t&[wåzv kd af yguf oif,&l ygw,f/ 'Dvkd oif,-l
wJhtydkif;rSmawmh olu -- arwåmpsmeH edAÁawåwGm wH yg'uH uwGm =
arwåmpsmefukd 0dyóem&JU tajcyg'utjzpf jyKNy;D rS 0dyóembm0em
ur®|mef;udk pD;jzef;w,f/ pD;jzef;Ny;D 0dyóemÓPfawGukd wk;d yGm;atmif
BuKd ;pm;tm;xkwv f ukd w
f m bmjzpfomG ;ovJ¿ t&[wåzv dk t
f xd qkud -f
oGm;ygw,f/
t&Sifokblwdrax&fjrwf jzwfausmfvmcJhwJh vrf;aMumif;udk
vSr;f arQmNf y;D Munfv
h u
kd rf ,fqv kd Qif Ak'g¨ Ekówdbm0emu wpfcçk arwåm-
bm0emu wpfckqdkNyD; ESpfck &Sdaeygw,f/ wynfhawmfwdkYvnf; t&Sif-
okbw l rd ax&fukd tm;usNy;D awmh arwåmpsmefukd 0ifpm;csiyf gw,f? Ak'g¨ -
Ekówdur®|mef;awGuv kd nf; pD;jzef;csiyf gw,f? xkad rwåmpsmefukd tajc-
cHNyD;awmh 0dyóembm0emawGudkvnf; yGm;rsm;tm;xkwfcsifygw,f?
'Darwåmbm0emeJY Ak'¨gEkówdbm0emawGudk b,fykH b,fyef; b,f-
enf;vrf;tm;jzifh yGm;rsm;tm;xkw&f rvJç b,fvkd BuKd ;pm;&rvJvaYkd wmh
ar;jref;zG,f&m &Sdvmygw,f/ 'gaMumifh vkyfief;cGifuav;udk a[m-
Mum;Mu&atmif ---
odu©m (3) &yf tusifhjrwf
bke;f Bu;D wdYk vkyif ef;cGiw
f pfcuk kd vkyaf wmhr,fh tcsed t f cgrSm oDv-
usifhpOfç orm"dusifhpOfç ynmusifhpOfvdkY ac:qdktyfwJh odu©mokH;&yf
tusijhf rwfawGuakd wmh vufcEH ikd zf Ykd vdt k yfygw,f/ 'Dusiphf Of ok;H ckxu J
bke;f Bu;D wdYk w&m;em½keH YJ uRww f rf;0ifEikd wf hJ O *¢ #w
d nLyk*Kd¾ vçf 0dyÍöw
d nL
yk*¾dKvfqdkwJh 'Dyk*¾dKvfESpfrsKd;uawmh w&m;emaewJh tcsdeftcgrSm oDvç
orm"dç ynm odum© oH;k yg; pkn H aD tmif usiEhf idk rf ,fqv kd Qif w&m;awmfukd
em,lqrJ mS yJ r*f-zkv
d -f edAmÁ efukd &&SdMuygw,f/ ae,sy*k Kd¾ vaf wGuawmh
w&m;em½kHeJY uRwfwrf; r0ifEdkifygbl;/ w&m;awmfawGudk oif,l rSwf-
om; aqmifxm;NyD;rS wu,f vufawGUusifhrS r*f-zkdvf-edAÁmefudk &&Sd
Edik w
f t
hJ wGuf 'Dae,sy*k Kd¾ vaf wGuawmh oDvç orm"dç ynmqdw k hJ odum©
oHk;&yf tusifhjrwfudk tpOftwdkif; xlaxmif&ygw,f/
'gaMumifh tdr&f mwnfaxmif vlwaYkd bmifrmS wnf&adS ewJh yk*Kd¾ v-f
awGbufu ajymvQiaf wmh atmufxpfq;Hk tm;jzifh ig;yg;oDv aqmuf-
wnfzdkY vdktyfygw,f/ 'Dig;yg;oDvudk w&m;tm;rxkwfrDtcsdefu
vGeu
f sL;cJw
h m jzpfcsijf zpfygap? w&m;tm;xkwrf nft
h csed rf mS awmh oDv
aqmufwnf&ygw,f/ 'DaeY 'g,umBu;D 'g,dumrBu;D awG Oykoo f v
D
aqmufwnfwJh ykHpHtwdkif;yJ ig ,cktcsdefu pNyD;awmh ig;yg;oDvudk
rvGefusL;awmhbl;vdkY qkH;jzwfcsuf csvdkufwmeJY wpfNydKifeufwnf;
t*Fkvdrmvrax&fwdkYvdk csufcsif; oDveJY jynfhpHkoGm;ygw,f/
'Dvkd oDv pifMu,fNyq D v
kd Qiaf wmh oDv0do'k d¨ jzpfomG ;ygNy/D oDv-
0dok'¨djzpfaewJh yk*¾dKvfu aemufwpfqifh b,fvdk qufNyD; tm;xkwf&-
rvJ¿ pdw0å o d 'k jd¨ zpfatmif a&S Uwpfqifh wuf&ygw,f/ 'Dae&mrSm 0do'k d¨
(7)yg; usifhpOfudkawmh vufcHEdkifzdkY vdktyfygw,f/ pdwå0dok'¨dqdkwmu
pdwf"mwfawG pifMu,fatmif BudK;pm;tm;xkwfjcif;udk ac:ygw,f/
pdw"f mwfawGrmS umrpäEe´ 0D &Pç Asmyg'eD0&PpwJh udavom tnpf-
taMu;awG uif;oGm;atmifç pifMu,foGm;atmif BudK;pm;tm;xkwf
&ygw,f/ b,ftcsdefrSm pdwå0dok'¨d jzpfovJvdkY ar;vQifawmh ---
pdwå0dok'¨d = or®morm"d
pdwå0dok'¨d emr oOypm&m t| ormywåda,m/ (0dok'¨d?2?222/)
pdw0å od 'k q
d¨ w
kd m Oypm&orm"dEiS w
hf uG ormywf (8)yg;udk ac:yg-
w,fqdkNyD;awmh 0dok'¨dr*ft|uxm 'kwd,wGJ? pmrsufESm (222)rSm
twdtus ñTeMf um;xm;ygw,f/ 'DñeT Mf um;csut f & Oypm&orm"dukd
aomfvnf;aumif;ç ormywf (8)yg;xJu ormywf wpfyg;yg;udkaomf
vnf;aumif;ç ormywf (8)yg;vk;H udak omfvnf;aumif; &&Scd rhJ ,fqv kd Qi-f
awmh pdwå0dok'¨d jzpfNyDvdkY qdkEdkifygw,f/ 'gaMumifh rvJGraoG orm"dudk
xlaxmif&awmhr,f/ 'Dorm"dudk xlaxmif&r,fqkdwJh tcsdeftcgrSm-
awmh 'g,umBu;D 'g,dumrBu;D awGbufu enf;enf;uav; pOf;pm;&-
rnfh tcsufwpfckawmh &Sdaeygw,f/
jrwfpmG bk&m;&Siof nf r*¾if (8)yg;udk a[mMum;awmfrw l t
hJ ydik ;f rSm
or®morm"dr*¾iw f pfcuk ydk g xnfo
h iG ;f Ny;D a[mMum;xm;awmfryl gw,f/
bmudk or®morm"d ac:qdw k ,fqw dk mudv k nf; r[mowdy|meokweå f
(r?1?89/)rSm bk&m;&Siuf ,kd af wmfwikd u f twdtus &Si;f vif;xm;ygw,f/
b,fvdk &Sif;vif;xm;ovJ¿ yxrpsmeform"dç 'kwd,psmeform"dç
wwd,psmeform"dç pwkw¬psmeform"dawGudk igbk&m;&Sifonf or®m-
orm"dvYkd ac:qdw k ,fqNkd y;D twdtus &Si;f vif;xm;ygw,f/ 'D&iS ;f vif;-
csuu f awmh 0dyóem&JU tajcyg'ujzpfwhJ orm"dawGxu J taumif;-
qkH;jzpfwJh ½lyg0p&orm"dudk ñTefjyxm;jcif; jzpfygw,f/ txl;ojzifh
taumif;qHk;aom orm"dudk vufnd§K;xkd;jyaomtm;jzifh pwkw¬psmef
orm"dudk OD;wnfNyD;awmh jrwfpGmbk&m;u or®morm"dvdkY owfrSwf
ay;jcif; jzpfygw,f/ Ouú|eda'óenf;vdkY ac:ygw,f/
wpfenf;tm;jzifh tv,facgifjzpfwJh ½lyg0p&orm"dudk ,lvkduf-
vQif tpjzpfwhJ txGwt f xdyof Ykd a&mufaewJh Oypm&orm"dvYkd ac:qd-k
tyfwhJ umrm0p&orm"deYJ tqk;H jzpfwhJ tqift h jrifq
h ;kH jzpfwhJ t½lyg-
0p&orm"dawGudk odrf;usKH;NyD; a&wGuf&wJh raZÑ'Dyuenf;tm;jzifh-
vnf; bk&m;&Sifu 'Da'oemawmfudk a[mMum;xm;awmfrlw,fvdkY
owfrSwfygw,f/
'gaMumifh bk&m;&Siu f , kd af wmfwidk u

f r*¾if (8)yg;xJrmS or®morm"d
qkdwJh r*¾ifwpfckudk xnfhoGif;NyD; a[mMum;xm;wJhtwGuf a,m*D
olawmfaumif;wdo Yk nf r*¾if (8)yg; pknH cD siw
f ,fqv kd Qif orm"dwpfcck u
k kd
xlaxmif&rvm;ç rxlaxmif&bl;vm;¿ xlaxmif&awmhr,f/ orm"d
xlaxmifzYkd rvdb
k ;l qkv
d Qiaf wmh r*¾if (8)yg; jynfph ykH gawmhrvm;¿ rjynf-h
pHkawmhbl;/ 'gaMumifh 'g,umBuD; 'g,dumrBuD;awG owd&SdzdkYawmh
tifrwef vdktyfygw,f/ bmaMumifh orm"dudk xlaxmifae&ovJvdkY
ar;vQifvnf; orm"d xlaxmif&wJh taMumif;&if;wpfckuawmh r*¾if
(8)yg; pkHnD&wJhtxJrSm or®m'd|dqdkwJh r*¾ifwpfyg;vnf; rygbl;vm;¿
ygaew,f/ bmudk or®m'd|dac:ovJ¿
or®m'd|d
,H acg bdu©a0 'kau© ÓPH? 'ku©ork'a, ÓPH? 'ku©eda&ma"
ÓPH? 'ku©eda&m"*grded,m y#dy'g, ÓPH/ t,H 0kpöwd bdu©a0
or®m'd|d/ ('D?2?249/)
bk&m;&Siu f 'Dvdk (4)csuf a[mMum;xm;awmfryl gw,f/ 'kuo © pöm
udk odaewJhÓPfonf or®m'd|dç ork',opömudk odaewJhÓPfonf
or®m'd|çd eda&m"opömudk odaewJÓ h Pfonf or®m'd|çd r*¾opömudk odae
wJÓh Pfonf or®m'd|q d Nkd y;D or®m'd|u
d kd (4)rsK;d cJjG cm;Ny;D a[mMum;awmf
rlygw,f/ xko d r®m'd|Ó
d PfeYJ odjrifwhJ 'kuo © pömawGu b,fw&m;awG-
vJvdkY ar;vQifawmh --- ]]oHcdawåe yÍöKyg'geu©E¨m 'ku©m}} (oH?3?369/)
vdkY 'Dvdk bk&m;&Sif a[mMum;awmfrlwJhtwdkif; tusOf;csKyftm;jzifh
Oyg'geu©E¨mig;yg;onf 'ku©opömw&m;pk jzpfygw,f/ ½lykyg'geu©E¨mç
a0'Ekyg'geu©E¨mç onKyg'geu©E¨mç ocFg½kyg'geu©E¨mç 0dnmPkyg'g-
eu©E¨mqdkNyD; Oyg'geu©E¨mig;yg; &Sdygw,f/ (r?1?84/) b,fw&m;awGudk
½lykyg'geu©E¨mac:w,fqdkwmvnf; bk&m;&Sifudk,fawmfwdkifu cE¨-
okwåefrSm twdtus &Sif;vif;xm;ygw,f/
Oyg'geu©E¨m 'ku©opömw&m;[lonf
,H udÍöd bdu©a0 ½lyH twDwmem*wypöKyÜEéH tZÑwåH 0g A[d'¨g 0g
MoVm&duH 0g okckrH 0g [DeH 0g yPDwH 0g ,H 'la& oEÅdau 0g omo0H
Oyg'ged,H? t,H 0kpöwd ½lykyg'geu©aE¨m/ (oH?2?39/)
'Dvkd a[mMum;xm;awmfryl gw,f/ twdw½f yk w f &m;ç ypöKyeÜ ½f yk w
f -
&m;ç tem*wf½yk w f &m;ç tZÑw½å yk w
f &m;ç A[d'½¨ yk wf &m;ç MoVm&duvdYk
ac:wJh ½kefY&if;Murf;wrf;wJh ½kyfw&m;ç okckrvdkYac:wJh odrfarGUEl;nhHwJh
½kyfw&m;ç [Deac:wJh ,kwfnhHwJh ½kyfw&m;ç yPDwac:wJh rGefjrwfwJh
½kyfw&m;ç 'l&ac:wJh ½IaewJh a,m*Dyk*¾dKvf&JU todÓPfeJY a0;wJh ½kyf-
w&m;ç oEÅduac:wJh ½IaewJh a,m*Dyk*¾dKvf&JU todÓPfeJY eD;wJh ½kyf-
w&m;? 'D (11)rsKd;aom tjcif;t&mtm;jzifh wnfaewJh tmoa0g
w&m;wdkY\ tm½Hk,l&mjzpfwJh wPSm-'d|dwkdYjzifh ]ig-igh[m}vkdY pGJvrf;
qkyfukdif&mjzpfwJh 'D½kyfw&m;tpktykHudk ½lykyg'geu©E¨mvdkY ac:ygw,f/
tvm;wlyJ (11)rsK;d aom tjcif;t&mtm;jzifh wnfaewJh a0'em
tpktykHç onmtpktykHç ocFg&tpktykHç 0dnmPftpktykHawGudkvnf;
a0'Ekyg'geu©E¨mç onKyg'geu©E¨mç ocFg½kyg'geu©E¨mç 0dnmPkyg'g-
eu©E¨mvdkY ac:ygw,f/ tJ'D Oyg'geu©E¨mig;yg;onf opöma'oem-
awmfenf;t& bmopömvJ¿ 'ku©opöm jzpfygw,f/ tJ'D 'ku©opöm-
w&m;udk odaewJhÓPfonf or®m'd|d jzpfygw,f/
ork',opömw&m;
aemufwpfcsufu bmudk ork',opöm ac:ovJqdkwmeJY ywf-
oufvdkYawmh wdw¬m,weokwåef (tH?1?178/)rSm t0dZÆmaMumifh ocFg&
jzpfykH? ocFg&aMumifh 0dnmPfjzpfykH ponfjzifh aMumif;-usKd;qufEG,frI
y#dpoö rkygÜ 'foabmw&m;awGukd ork',opömtrnfeYJ bk&m;&Sif a[m-
Mum;xm;awmfrlcJhygw,f/ ,if; aMumif;-usKd;qufEG,frI y#dpöorkyÜg'f
oabmw&m;awGudk [kww f idk ;f rSepf mG odaewJÓ

h Pfonf ork',opöm-
udk odwÓhJ Pf jzpfygw,f/ tJ'D ork',opömudk odwÓ hJ Pf[m or®m'd|d
jzpfw,fqNkd y;D 'Dvkd &Si;f vif;xm;ygw,f/ tJ'D 'kuo © pömw&m;eJY ork',-
opömw&m;ESpfyg;u 0dyóemÓPf&JU t½IcHtm½kHawG jzpfMuygw,f/
(tbd?|?2?109/) xkd0dyóemÓPf&JU t½IcHtm½kH jzpfaewJh 'Dopömw&m;
ESpfyg;udk [kwfwkdif;rSefpGm od&Sda&;twGuf bmvdktyfovJ¿
orm"d xlaxmifyg
orm
orm"" ð bdu©a0 bma0x? orm[dawm bdu©a0 bdu©K ,xm-
blwH yZmemwd/ (oH?2?12/)
bdu©a0 = cspfom;&[ef;wdkY/ orm
orm"" ð = orm"dudk/ bma0x =
yGm;rsm;Muukefavmh/ bdu©a0 = cspfom;&[ef;wdkY/ orm[dawm bdu©K
= orm"d&SdwJh&[ef;awmfonf/ ,xmblwH = razmufrjyef [kwfwkdif;
rSefpGm/ yZmemwd = uGJuGJjym;jym; od\/
cspfom;&[ef;wdkY ...orm"dudk xlaxmifMuyg? orm"d&SdvQif
[kwwf ikd ;f rSepf mG uGu
J jJG ym;jym; odygvdrrhf ,f/ bmawGukd [kww
f ikd ;f rSepf mG
uJGuJGjym;jym; odrvJ¿
udÍö ,xmblwH yZmemwd¿ ½lyó ork',Íö tw¬*FrÍö?
a0'em, ork',Íö tw¬*rF Íö? onm, ork',Íö tw¬*rF Íö? ocFg&meH
ork',Íö tw¬*FrÍö? 0dnmPó ork',Íö tw¬*FrÍö/ (oH?2?12/)
½kyçf a0'emç onmç ocFg&ç 0dnmPfac:wJh cE¨mig;yg;udk [kww f idk ;f
rSefpGm odr,f/ t0dZÆmç wPSmç Oyg'gefç ocFg&ç uH tp&SdwJh taMumif;
ork',opömw&m;awG xif&Sm;jzpfjcif;aMumifh tusKd;cE¨mig;yg; 'ku©-
opömw&m;awG xif&mS ;jzpfyu
Hk kd [kww
f idk ;f rSepf mG odr,f/ t0dZmÆ ç wPSmç
Oyg'gefç ocFg&ç uH pwJh taMumif;ork',opömw&m;awG csKyfNidrf;
oGm;jcif;aMumifh tusK;d cE¨mig;yg; 'kuo © pömw&m;awG csKyNf ird ;f oGm;wm-
udv
k nf; [kww f idk ;f rSepf mG odr,f/ taMumif;w&m;ESiw
hf uGaom xkcd E¨m
ig;yg;wdkY&JU tedpötjcif;t&mç 'ku©tjcif;t&mç tewåtjcif;t&m
awGudkvnf; [kwfwdkif;rSefpGm odr,f/ 'Dvdk [kwfwdkif;rSefpGm oda&;
twGuf bmvkyf&rvJ¿ orm"dukd xlaxmifygvdkY 'Dvdk bk&m;&Sifu
wkdufwGef;xm;awmfrlygw,f/
'Dvkd wku
d w
f eG ;f xm;wJt
h wGuaf Mumifh rdrwd u Ykd 0dyóeme,fbuf-
udk ul;awmhr,fqdkvQifawmh 'D (11)rsKd;aom tjcif;t&mtm;jzifh
wnfaewJh cE¨mig;yg;ESihf aMumif;-usK;d qufE, G rf I y#dpo ö rkygÜ 'foabm-
w&m;awGudk oda&;twGuf orm"dwpfckckudk xlaxmif&awmhr,f/
orm"d rxlaxmifcJhbl;qkdvQifawmh bk&m;&Sif qkdvdkwJh ½kyfw&m; emrf-
w&m;awGudk odz&Ydk m tifrwef cufco J mG ;ygvdrrhf ,f/ 'gaMumifh orm"dukd
xlaxmif& jcif; jzpfygw,f/ 'Dvkd orm"d xlaxmifwt hJ ydik ;f rSm jrwfpmG -
bk&m;&Siu
f ur®|mef; (40) a[mMum;xm;awmfryl gw,f/ rdrd BuKd uEf pS -f
oufwJh ur®|mef;eJY pNyD; orm"dukd xlaxmifEkdifygw,f/
yg&d[m&d,ur®|mef;ESifh oAÁw¬uur®|mef;
tJ'D ur®|mef; (40)xJu bkef;BuD; Ak'¨gEkówdESifh arwåmpsmef
orm"dwu Ydk dk xlaxmifyt
Hk ydik ;f udyk J a[mzdYk &nf&,G xf m;ygw,f/ bke;f Bu;D
uawmh rsm;aomtm;jzifh uokP d ;f wpfcrk mS pwkwp¬ smefavmuf ayguf-
NyD;wJh a,m*Dolawmfaumif;awGudkomvQif Ak'¨gEkówdudk oifay;yg-
w,f/ odaYk omfvnf; 'Dur®|mef; (40)udk cGw J rf;csvukd rf ,fqv
kd Qiaf wmh
yg&d[m&d,ur®|mef;ç oAÁwu ¬ ur®|mef;qdNk y;D ur®|mef;u ESprf sK;d yJ &Syd g-
w,f/ (0dok'¨d?1?94/)
yg&d[m&d,ur®|mef;uawmh tjrw J rf; vufo;Hk taeeJY tm;xkw-f
wJh ur®|mef;udk ac:ygw,f/ tJ'D yg&d[m&d,ur®|mef;onf ur®|mef;
(40)xJu rdrd pdwBf uKd uf ur®|mef;wpfcu k kd a&G;cs,Nf y;D awmh tm;xkwEf idk f
ygw,f/ t&Sio f b
k wl rd ax&fjrwf&UJ yg&d[m&d,ur®|mef;uawmh arwåm
ur®|mef; jzpfaeygw,f/ oAÁwu ¬ ur®|mef;qdw k muawmh tjrcJ yford ;f
r,lrae& tm;rxkwfbJ rae& tjrJ tm;xkwf&rnfh ur®|mef;rsKd;udk
ac:qdyk gw,f/ arwåmur®|mef;ç Ak'g¨ Ekówdur®|mef;ç r&PmEkówd-
ur®|mef;ç tokbur®|mef;qdkNyD; roifrae& ur®|mef; av;rsKd; &Sdyg-
w,f/ tJ'D ur®|mef; (40)xJu rdrd BudKufESpfoufwJh ur®|mef; wpfck
wpfcu k kd tm;xkwaf ewJh yk*Kd¾ vu f 'DoAÁwu ¬ ur®|mef; av;rsK;d udv k nf;
oif,l&ygw,f/
'Dvkd ur®|mef; ESprf sK;d &Sw d t hJ eufu yg&d[m&d,ur®|mef; = vufo;Hk
ur®|mef;uawmh rdrw d Ykd BuKd uEf pS o f ufwhJ ur®|mef;wpfcck u k kd a&G;cs,Ef idk -f
ygw,f/ 'Dvkd a&G;cs,w f t hJ ydik ;f rSmvnf; tmemygeur®|mef;udk pdwo f ef-
wJyh *k Kd¾ vu f tmemygeur®|mef;udk a&G;cs,Ef idk yf gw,f/ rsm;aomtm;jzifh
w&m;tm;xkwzf Ykd a&mufvmMuwJh a,m*DawGukd qef;ppfvu dk v
f Qiaf wmh
tmemygeur®|mef;udk pdwo f efwyhJ *k Kd¾ vf ta&twGuu f rsm;Muygw,f/
tu,fí b,fur®|mef;rS r,fr,f&& xdxdrdrd tm;rxkwfcJhzl;bl;
qkdvQifawmh xkda,m*Dudk bkef;BuD;uawmh "mwfur®|mef;uae pNyD;
oifay;ygw,f/ bmjzpfvdkY "mwfur®|mef;u pNyD; oifay;&ovJvdkY
ar;vQifvnf; a,m*D awmfawmfcyfrsm;rsm;udk okawoe jyKMunfhwJh
tydkif;rSm "mwfur®|mef;eJY orm"d xlaxmifvQif orm"d tjzpfjrefae-
wmudk awGU&ygw,f/ aemufwpfcku 0dyóem ul;awmhr,fh a,m*D-
yk*d¾KvftwGuf ½kyfur®|mef;ç emrfur®|mef; ESpfrsKd; &SdwJhteufu ½kyf-
ur®|mef;udk ½Iawmhr,fqv dk Qif 'D"mwfur®|mef;u rvTrJ a&Smifom jyefNy;D
½I&rnfh ur®|mef;vnf; jzpfaeygw,f/
ww¬ b*0g ½lyur®|meH uaxaEÅm oacFyreodum&0aoe
0g 0dw¬m&reodum&0aoe 0g pwk"mwk00w¬meH uaxod/
(r?|?1?280/)
'Dvdk zGiqhf x
dk m;wJh t|uxmrsm;ESit hf nD jzpfygw,f/ 'DtaMumif;
ESpfckaMumifh "mwfur®|mef;jzifh orm"dudk pNyD; xlaxmifcdkif;ygw,f/
'gayr,fh arwåmpsmefeJY 'D"mwfur®|mef;u b,fvdk qufoG,frI &Sdae-
ovJvYkd ar;vQiaf wmh "mwfur®|mef;udk jynfwnfNy;D awmhrS uodP k ;f udk
ul;apcsiw f thJ wGuf 'Dvkd oifay;jcif; jzpfygw,f/ 'gaMumifh uodPk ;f eJY
arwåmpsmefur®|mef;uawmh qufoG,frI &Sdaeygw,f/
arwåokwåefrSmvmwJh &[ef;awmfawGudk bk&m;&Sifu yxrawmh
uodkPf;awGudk tajccHNyD; 0dyóemul;zkdY&eftwGuf oifay;vkdufyg-
w,f/ (okwåedygw?|?1?179-180/) olwdkY&JU yg&d[m&d,ac:wJh vufokH;
ur®|mef;uawmh uodP k ;f jzpfygw,f/ aemufwpfywf jyefausmv h mwJh
tcsdeftcgrSmawmh arwåmur®|mef;udk oAÁw¬uur®|mef; odkYr[kwf
pwk&m&u©vaYkd c:wJh tapmifu h r®|mef;taeeJY oifay;cJw h mudk ½kyo f rd ;f
vdkufygw,f/ uodkPf;awGudkvnf; yg&d[m&d,ur®|mef;tjzpfeJY oif-
ay;xm;cJhwmudk jyef½kyfodrf;vdkufygw,f/ bmvkyfay;vkdufovJ¿
arwåmur®|mef;udk yg&d[m&d,ur®|mef;tjzpf yGm;rsm;zd&Yk ef oifah vsmaf e-
wmudk odawmfrlwJhtwGuf arwåmur®|mef;ukd yg&d[m&d,ur®|mef;
(= vufoHk;ur®|mef;)tjzpf ajymif;ay;awmfrlvkdufygw,f/ b,fvdk
oabmaMumifhvJ¿
uokdPf;psmefESifh arwåmpsmef
uodP k ;f awGu t&yfq,frsuEf mS odw Yk idk af tmifç pGr;f Ekid v
f Qif teEÅ
pMu0Vmokw Yd ikd af tmif jzefMY uufNy;D awmh 'Dpsmefukd 0ifpm;&wJh ur®|mef;
wpfrsKd; jzpfygw,f/ tvm;wlyJ arwåmur®|mef;[mvnf; teEÅpMu-
0VmokdYwdkifatmif jzefYMuufNyD;awmh owå0gawGudk tm½kH,lNyD; arwåm-
psmefukd 0ifpm;&wJh ur®|mef;wpfrsK;d jzpfaeygw,f/ 'gaMumifh arwåmpsmef
jzefYMuufykHeJY uodkPf;psmefwdkY&JU tm½kH jzefYMuufykHjcif;awGu wlnD
aewJhtwGuf 'Dur®|mef; ESpfcku awmfawmfuav; vkdufavsmMu-

ygw,f/
'gaMumifh bke;f Bu;D uawmh uodP k ;f wpfcu k kd pepfwus pwkwp¬ smef
orm"dqu dk af tmif atmifjrifNy;D wJh a,m*Doal wmfaumif;awGuo kd mvQif
'Darwåmur®|mef;ç Ak'g¨ Ekówdur®|mef;awGukd oifay;ygw,f/ oifay;-
wJh tcsdeftcgrSmvnf; xkda,m*Dolawmfaumif;u ÓPfxufcJhvQif-
awmh ESp&f uf oH;k &uftwGi;f rSm vG,v f , G u
f u
l l atmifatmifjrifjrifeYJ
arwåmpsmefawGudk yGm;rsm;tm;xkwv f Ykd atmifjrifwmudk awGU&ygw,f/
Ak'¨gEkówdur®|mef;rSmvnf; erlemtaeeJY wpfxkdif ESpfxkdifavmufyJ
oifay;vQif csufcsif; Oypm&orm"d qkdufoGm;wmudk awGU&ygw,f/
'gaMumifh tJ'D enf;pepfuav;eJYyJ qufNyD; a[mMu&atmif ---
"mwfur®|mef; tusOf;enf;
bkef;BuD;wdkY "mwfur®|mef;rSm tusOf;enf;ç tus,fenf; ESpfenf;
&SdwJhteufu tusOf;enf; qdkMupdkY/ tusOf;enf;uawmh cE¨mudk,f&JU
tom;Mum; t½d;k Mum; ta&Mum; taMumMum;awGudk ÓPfeJY pdkufNyD;-
awmh yx0D"mwf &Sdw,fç tmayg"mwf &Sdw,fç awaZm"mwf &Sdw,fç
0ga,m"mwf &Sdw,fvdkY "mwfBuD;av;yg;udk jrifatmif Munfh&ygw,f/
(0dok'¨d?1?346-347/) 'Dvdk MunfhwJhtydkif;rSm yx0D"mwfç tmayg"mwfç
awaZm"mwfç 0ga,m"mwfqw kd mu b,fvkd oabmawGv¿J 'Dtcsuf
awGeJY ywfoufvdkY jrefrmvdk odzkdYawmh vdktyfygw,f/
yx0D"mwfrmS rmwJoh abmç Murf;wJo
h abmç av;wJo h abmqdw k hJ
*½kyx0Du wpftyk pf ?k aysmw
h o
hJ abmç acsmwJo
h abmç ayghwo hJ abm-
qdkwJh v[kyx0Du wpftkyfpkqdkNyD; ESpftkyfpk &Sdygw,f/ (tbd?1?70/
tbd?|?1?368/) tmayg"mwfrSm ,dkpD;wJhoabmç zGJUpnf;wJhoabm?
awaZm"mwfrmS ylwo hJ abmç at;wJoh abm? 0ga,m"mwfrmS axmuf-
uefwJhoabmç wGef;uefwJhoabmqdkNyD; tm;vHk; aygif;vdkufawmh
oabmw&m; (12)rsKd; &Sdygw,f/ 'guawmh "r®o*FPDygVdawmfrSm
vmwJh enf;pepfyJ jzpfygw,f/
yx0D"mwfoabmw&m; (6) rsKd;
'Doabmw&m; (12)rsK;d &Sw
d t hJ xJu vkyif ef;cGirf mS b,foabmu
pNyD; ½I&rvJ¿ rmrIxif&Sm;wJh wpfae&mu pNyD; rmwJhoabmukd wpf-
udk,fvkH; jyefYatmif ½I&ygw,f/ Oyrm -- oGm;ESpfckudk zdxm;vdkufvQif
rmrI xif&Sm;aeygvdrfhr,f/ tJ'D rmrI xif&Sm;&m wpfae&mu pNyD;
wpfudk,fvkH;rSm rmrIawG xif&Sm;oGm;atmif cE¨mudk,fudk cyfawmihf-
awmifhwif;wif;uav; xm;NyD; ½IMunfhyg/ wifyg;eJY Murf;eJY xdwJh
ae&mrSm rmrIu xif&Sm;vQifawmh tJ'Dae&mu pNyD; wpfukd,fvkH;rSm
rmrI xif&Sm;vmatmif ½I&ygw,f/ rmwJhoabm wpfudk,fvkH; jyefY-
oGm;vQifawmh wpfukd,fvHk;rSm wnf&SdaewJh rmrIoabmukd ÓPfESifh
ykdif;jcm;,lEkdifvQif odrf;qnf;EkdifvQifawmh Murf;wJhoabmudk quf½I-
Munfhyg/
vufeYJ vkcH snu
f av; xdxm;wJah e&mrSm pdu k Mf unfvh u
kd v
f Qiaf wmh
Murf;rI xif&Sm;aeygvdrfhr,f/ rxif&Sm;vQifawmh enf;enf;uav;
yGwfMunfhyg/ Murf;rI xif&Sm;vmygvdrfhr,f/ tJ'Dvdk Murf;rI xif&Sm;&m
ae&muae pNy;D Murf;wJo h abmudk wpfu, kd v
f ;Hk jyefaY tmif wpfu, dk -f
vHk;rSm jrifatmif ½I&ygw,f/ vufeJY aygifudk zdMunfhyg/ odkYr[kwf
wifyg;eJY Murf;udk zdxm;Munfhyg/ av;rI xif&Sm;aeygvdrfhr,f/ av;rI
xif&Sm;&m wpfae&muae pNyD; av;wJhoabmudk wpfukd,fvkH; jyefY-
atmif wpfukd,fvHk;rSm jrifatmif ½IMunfhyg/
'D*½kyx0Dtkyfpk oHk;ckudk ½IvdkY atmifjrifNyDqdkvQifawmh atmuf-
EIwfcrf;twGif;om;udk vQmuav;eJY xdxm;Munfhyg/ aysmhrIoabmudk
awGUwwfygw,f/ tJ'D aysmhrI xif&Sm;&m wpfae&mu pNyD; aysmhwJh

oabm wpfudk,fvkH; jyefYatmif wpfukd,fvHk;rSm jrifatmif ½IMunfhyg/
atmufEw I cf rf;twGi;f om;udk vQmuav;eJY yGwMf unfyh g/ acsmrIoabm
udk awGUwwfygw,f/ 'DacsmrI xif&Sm;&m wpfae&mu pNyD; acsmwJh
oabmudk wpfu, kd v
f ;Hk jyefaY tmif wpfu,
dk v
f ;kH rSm jrifatmif ½IMunfyh g/
aysmrh o
I abmç acsmrIoabm ESpcf u k kd ½IvYkd atmifjrifNyqD v
kd Qiaf wmh
ayghrIoabmwpfckvnf; ay:vmwwfygw,f/ rxif&Sm;cJhvQifawmh
av;rIoabmudkvnf; jyefpdkufMunfhyg/ vufnd§K;uav;udk tom rç
Munfhyg/ vufnd§K;wpfacsmif;avmuf rçMunfhvkdufvQif ayghrIoabm
xif&mS ;aewwfygw,f/ ayghrI xif&mS ;vmNyq D vkd Qif 'Dxif&mS ;&m wpfae-
&mu pNyD; ayghwJhoabmudk wpfudk,fvkH; jyefYatmif wpfukd,fvHk;rSm
jrifatmif ½I Munfyh g/ aysmrh o
I abmç acsmrIoabmç ayghro I abm oH;k ck-
u v[kyx0Dtkyfpk jzpfygw,f/
vufawGU tm;xkwfwJh tcsdeftcgrSmawmh wcsKdUwcsKdU a,m*D-
awGrmS rmrIoabmeJY Murf;rIoabmawGu vGeu f v
J mcJvh Qif qefu Y si-f
bufoabmjzpfwhJ aysmrh o I abmeJY acsmrIoabmudk ajymif;Ny;D pdu
k ½f v
I Ykd
&atmif 'DvdkyJ wGJNyD; oifay;&ygw,f/ aygif;vkdufawmh yx0D"mwf
ajcmufrsKd; ½IvdkY &oGm;NyD jzpfygw,f/
awaZm"mwfoabmw&m; (2) rsKd;
tmayg"mwfuawmh ½I&mrSm cufcJwJhtwGuf aemufrSyJ ½Iyg/
yx0D"mwf oabmw&m;awGudk ½IvdkY atmifjrifvQifawmh xkda,m*D
olawmfaumif;u awaZm"mwf&JU ylwJhoabmç at;wJhoabmawGudk
ul;½IMunfhyg/ b,fvufz0g;ay:rSm nmbuf vufckHuav;udk tom
wifxm;Munfyh g/ ylrI xif&mS ;aeygvdrrhf ,f/ tJ'D ylrI xif&mS ;&m wpfae-
&mu pNyD; ylwJhoabmudk wpfudk,fvkH; jyefYatmif wpfukd,fvHk;rSm
jrifatmif ½IMunfhyg/ 0ifavuav; xdxdoGm;wJh ESmoD;zsm; okdYr[kwf
txufEIwfcrf;zsm;rSm pdkuf½IMunfhyg/ at;rI xif&Sm;aeygvdrfhr,f/
tJ'aD t;rI xif&mS ;&m wpfae&mu pNy;D at;wJo h abmudk wpfu, kd v
f ;Hk
jyefYatmif wpfukd,fvHk;rSm jrifatmif ½IMunfhyg/ awaZm"mwf&JU ylrI
oabmç at;rIoabm ESpfckudk ½IMunfhvdkY atmifjrifrI &NyDqkdvQif-
awmh 0ga,m"mwf&UJ axmufuefwo hJ abmç wGe;f uefwo
hJ abmawGukd
ul;½IMunfhyg/
0ga,m"mwfoabmw&m; (2) rsKd;
axmufuefw,fqdkwmu cE¨mtdrfudk cyfrwfrwf xm;NyD; xkdif-
Munfhyg/ Nidrfatmif xdef;xm;wJh pGrf;tm;uav; ay:vmygvdrfhr,f/
rxif&mS ;vQif enf;enf;uav; vIyMf unfyh g/ odrYk [kwf vJusrnft h oGi-f
uav; jyKvyk Mf unfyh g/ jyefNy;D Nird af tmifç rvJatmif jyefNy;D xde;f xm;wJh
oabmu xif&Sm;vmwwfygw,f/ tu,fí xdef;rxm;vQifawmh
vJusomG ;rSm jzpfygw,f/ 'Dvkd vJusroGm;atmif xde;f xm;wJo h abmudk
axmufuefw,fvYkd ok;H xm;ygw,f/ NyKd awmhr,fh tdrw f pftrd u f dk usm;-
ac:wJh opfom;wpfacsmif;eJY axmufxm;wJhyHkpHrsKd; jzpfygw,f/
wGe;f uefwo hJ abmuawmh touf½SLwJt h csed rf mS acgif;&JU tv,f-
A[dkavmufudk pdwfpdkufxm;Munfhyg/ oGm;ESpfck zdNyD; tHBudwfvdkufvQif
wGef;aewJhoabm xif&Sm;vmwJh ykHpHrsKd;vdkyJ acgif;tv,favmufrSm
touf½SLoGif;vkdufvQif wGef;uefaewJhoabmç jyefxkwfvdkufvQif
wGe;f uefaewJo h abmudk jrifatmif Munfyh g/ rxif&mS ;bl;qdv k Qiaf wmh
bke;f Bu;D wdYk 0rf;Adu
k u f kd pdwo f efvQivf nf; 0rf;Adu
k Bf u;D tjyif azmif;oGm;-
atmif wGef;aewJhoabmudk pdkufMunfhyg/ atmifjrifrI &wwfygw,f/
'Dvkd ½IvYkd atmifjrifNyq D v
kd Qiaf wmh wGe;f rI xif&mS ;&m wpfae&mu pNy;D
wpfudk,fvkH; wGef;wJhoabm jyefYatmif wpfukd,fvHk;rSm jrifatmif
½IMunfhyg/ 'gu 0ga,m"mwf&JU oabmw&m;ESpfck jzpfygw,f/
tmayg"mwf oabmw&m; (2) rsKd;

yx0D"mwfç awaZm"mwfç 0ga,m"mwfqNkd y;D "mwftaeeJY oH;k yg;?
oabmw&m;taeeJY (10)ckukd ajcqk;H acgif;qk;H xyfumxyfum oGu-f
oGuv f ufvuf ½IEikd Nf yq
D vkd Qiaf wmh zGUJ pnf;wJoh abmwpfcv k nf; ay:-
vmwwfygw,f/ wpfudk,fvkH;udk BudK;eJY pnf;xm;ovdk wif;usyfaewJh
oabmwpfck ay:vmwwfygw,f/ rxif&Sm;vQifawmh wGef;wmeJY
rmwm ESpfckudk OD;pm;ay;NyD; ½IvkdufvQifawmh zGJUpnf;wJhoabmvnf;
ay:vmwwfygw,f/ zGUJ pnf;wJo h abmudk ½IvYkd atmifjrifNyq D vkd Qiaf wmh
oGm;zkH;t&if;ç vQmt&if;avmufuae oGm;&nfawG tjrJwrf; ,dkpD;
aewmudk ½IMunfyh g/ atmifjrifrI &wwfygw,f/ 'Dvkd ,kpd ;D rI xif&mS ;&m
wpfae&mu pNy;D ,dpk ;D wJo h abmudk wpfu, dk vf ;kH jyefaY tmif wpfu, kd -f
vkH; jrifatmif pdkufMunfhyg/
wpfu,kd v
f ;Hk rSm b,foabmawGu ,dpk ;D aeovJvYkd ar;vQiaf wmh
aoG;ç acR;ç ovdyfç jynf ponfjzifh ,dkpD;wJh tmaygtkyfpk (12)rsKd;
&Sdygw,f/ tJ'D (12)rsK;d xJu aoG;ç acR; ponfwu Ykd kd awGUzku
Yd vd&k if;awmh
r[kwfygbl;/ 'DtcsdefrSm pD;qif;aewJhoabmudk a,m*Du jrifatmif
½IEdkifvQif vkHavmufygw,f/ tJ'D ,dkpD;rI xif&Sm;&m wpfae&mu pNyD;
,dpk ;D wJo
h abmudk jrifatmif pdu
k ½f yI g/ tmayg"mwf oabmw&m;awG-
udkvnf; pdkuf½IvdkufvdkY atmifjrifNyDqdkvQifawmh "mwfav;yg; pkHoGm;NyD
jzpfygw,f/ 'D"mwfav;yg; «= oabmw&m; (12)ck» pkHoGm;wJh tcsdef-
tcgrSmawmh bk&m;&Sif a[mMum;awmfrlwJh a'oempOftwkdif; tpOf-
twdkif;om ½Iaeyg/
yx0D"mwfrmS oabmw&m; (6)ckç tmayg"mwfrmS oabmw&m;
(2)ckç awaZm"mwfrSm oabmw&m; (2)ckç 0ga,m"mwfrSm oabm-
w&m; (2)ck? tm;vHk;aygif; oabmw&m; (12)ckudk tpOftwdkif;
xyfumxyfum ajcqkH; acgif;qkH; oGufvmatmif ½IEdkifNyDqdkvQifawmh
rdrd xkdifaewmudk tay:u pD;MunfhwJh ykHpHjzifh jcHKikHNyD;awmh 'Doabm-
w&m; (12)ckudk ½IMunfhyg/
jcKH Munfw h t
hJ ydik ;f rSm pdwu f acgif;Munfv
h u kd çf vufMunfv h ukd çf ajc-
axmufMunfhvdkuf ponfjzifh [dka&TU 'Da&TU rMunfhbJeJY wpfudk,fvkH;udk
jcKH iNHk y;D awmhom Munfah eyg/ 'Dvkd oabmw&m; (12)ckv;Hk udk oGuo f uG f
vufvuf jcKH iMkH unfv h u kd v
f Ydk 'D"mwfawGu NyKd iw
f v l vkd dk ÓPfxrJ mS ay:-
vmNyq D w dk t
hJ cgrSmawmh rm-Murf;-av;-aysm-h acsm-ayghukd MunfNh y;D awmh
yx0D"mwf? ,dkpD;-zGJUpnf;udk MunfhNyD;awmh tmayg"mwf? yl-at;udk
MunfhNyD;awmh awaZm"mwf? axmuf-wGef;udk MunfhNyD;awmh 0ga,m-
"mwfvdkY 'Dvdk av;csuf ajymif;NyD; ½I&ygw,f/
'Dvdk yx0D"mwfç tmayg"mwfç awaZm"mwfç 0ga,m"mwfvdkY
½IaewJh tcsed t f cgrSm txl;owdxm;&rnft h csuuf awmh "mwfav;yg;-
wdkY&JU tjyifbuftm½kHjzpfwJh ynwfawG y&rwfawGudk vkH;vkH; r½IygeJY/
'Dpnf;urf;uawmh t|uxmq&mawmfrsm;ç #Dumq&mawmfrsm;u
twdtus owday;xm;wJh pnf;urf; jzpfygw,f/ (tbd?|?2?217/ r[m#D?
1?434/) bmjzpfvv Ykd ¿J "mwfur®|mef;udk ½IaewJt
h csed rf mS "mwfav;yg;&JU
tjyifbufjzpfwJh ynwftm½Hkç y&rwftm½HkawGudk oGm;½IaevQifawmh
"mwfur®|mef; pnf;urf;abmifu vGwfoGm;ygw,f/ 'Dpnf;urf;u
b,ftxd vdu k ef m&rvJvYkd ar;vQiaf wmh 'D"mwfur®|mef;onf Oypm&-
ur®|mef; (0do'k ?d¨ 1?347/) jzpfwthJ wGuf Oypm&orm"de,fajrokYd a&muf-
onfhwkdifatmifawmh vkdufemzdkY vdktyfaeygw,f/
"mwfoabmw&m;awGukd cyfjrefjrefvnf; r½IygeJ?Y cyfjrefjref ½IvQif
"mwfoabmawGu rxifr&Sm; jzpfwwfygw,f/ cyfaES;aES;vnf; r½Iyg-
eJ?Y cyfaES;aES; ½IaevQiv f nf; ur®|mef;u vrf;qk;H yef;wdik f ra&mufbJ
jzpfaewwfygw,f/ (tbd?|?2?216-217/ r[m#D?1?434/) 'gaMumifh cE¨m-
ud, k u
f kd jcKH iNHk y;D awmh ]]yx0D"mwfç tmayg"mwfç awaZm"mwfç 0ga,m-
"mwf? yx0D"mwfç tmayg"mwfç awaZm"mwfç 0ga,m"mwf}} -- 'Dvdk

"mwfoabmawGukd tm½H, k Nl y;D Burd zf efrsm;pGm ½I&ygw,f/ umv t&mç
umv taxmifç umv tode;f wdik af tmif ½I&rSm jzpfygw,f/ 'D"mwf-
oabmawGudk rjrifbJeJY qdkur®|mef;oufoufeJY ½IaevQifawmh bm
orm"drS rjzpfvmEdik yf gbl;/ "mwfoabmw&m; (12)rsK;d tay:ü bm0em
pdwu
f kd Nird 0f yfpmG uyfNy;D awmhrS yx0D"mwfç tmayg"mwfç awaZm"mwfç
0ga,m"mwfvdkY 'Dvdk ½I&ygw,f/
'Dvdk ½IvdkufwJh tcsdeftcgrSm "mwfav;yg;tm½kHü bm0empdwfu
Nird af eNyçD uyfaeNyq D vdk Qiaf wmh orm"dxal xmif&mrSm vrf;pay:vmNyv D Ykd
qdkEdkifygw,f/ 'DtcsdeftcgrSm a,m*Dolawmfaumif;u bmqufvkyf
&rvJ¿ Oyrm -- (10)rdepfavmuf Nird Nf yq D v
kd Qif aemufwpfxidk rf mS "mwf-
av;yg;tm½küH rdepf (20) Nird yf gapvdYk t"d|mefNy;D xkid Mf unfyh g/ atmif-
jrifrI &vmNyDqkdvQif wjznf;jznf; wkd;NyD;awmh wpfem&Davmuftxd
Nidrfatmif xkdifMunfhyg/ "mwfav;yg;tm½kHü bm0empdwfu tjyif-
bufudk vkH;vkH; rxGufbJ wpfem&Davmuf Nidrf0yfpGm uyfNyD; wnf-
aeNyq D vdk Qiaf wmh tenf;qk;H (10)Burd af vmuftxd qufwu dk f wnfae-
atmif BudK;pm;&ygw,f/ atmifjrifrI &vmNyDqdkvQifawmh 'Dyk*¾dKvf[m
tajctae ajymif;vJvmygw,f/ b,fvdk tajctae ajymif;vJvm-
ovJ¿
tjzLjyifESifh tMunfjyif
wcsKUd a,m*DawGrmS tvif;a&mifukd pNy;D awGUwwfygw,f? wcsKUd
a,m*DawGrSmawmh rD;ckd;a&mifç wcsKdU a,m*DawGrSmawmh tjzLudk pNyD;
awGUwwfygw,f/ tm;vkH;onf olUenf; olU[efeJY tukefvkH; rSefyg-
w,f/ 'Dvkd rD;ck;d a&mifukd awGUcJv
h Qiv
f nf; "mwfukd rvTwb f eJ o
YJ m quf-
pdu
k af eyg/ tjzLa&mifawGUvnf; "mwfuo kd m rvTwb f eJ YJ qufpu kd af eyg/
"mwfuo kd m qufpu kd ½f aI evQiaf wmh 'DtjzLuvnf; ckid v f mwwfygw,f/
em&D0ufavmufxd raysmufawmhb;l qkv d Qiaf wmh tJ'D tjzLrSmyJ ajymif;-
Ny;D "mwfav;yg; pdu k Mf unfyh g/ pduk Mf unfvh Ykd r& jzpfaecJv
h Qiaf wmh wpf-
udk,fvkH;udk jcHKikHNyD;awmh rmwJhoabm ½Ivdkuf? tjzLrSm rmwJhoabm
½Ivdkuf? 'Dvdk ajymif;NyD; ½Iaeyg/
odaYk omf 'Dvkd ajymif;½Iwt
hJ ydik ;f rSm wcsKUd wcsKUd a,m*DawGrmS awmf-
awmfuav; tcuftcJ &Sdwwfygw,f/ wcsKdU a,m*DawGrSmawmh
vG,fvG,feJY &oGm;wwfygw,f/ ajymif;½IvdkY r&ao;vQifawmh rlv
½Ijrw
J idk ;f orm"duo kd m qufNy;D xlaxmifaeyg/ orm"du tm;aumif;-
vmvQiaf wmh 'DtjzL[m "mwfav;yg;yJqw kd mudk oabmaygufwwfyg-
w,f/
odkYaomf 'DtjzLonf wcsKdU a,m*DawGrSm A[d'¨rSm pNyD; ay:ae-
wwfjyefw,f/ A[d'r¨ mS ay:aevQiaf wmh oifay;&wm cufcw J t
hJ wGuf
A[d'r¨ mS ay:aewJh 'DtjzLudk rMunfb h J cE¨mtdrrf mS om "mwfav;yg;udk
qufpdkufaeyg/ 'Dvdk qufpdkufaecJhr,fqdkvQifawmh 'DcE¨mtdrf wpfck-
vk;H u wdrwf ukd v
f mT vdk tjzLwk;H Bu;D jzpfvmwwfygw,f/ tJ't D jzLwk;H u-
vnf; em&D0ufavmuftxd qufwu dk f ckid af eNyq
D v
dk Qiaf wmh tJ'D tjzL-
rSm ajymif;NyD; "mwfav;yg; pdkuf½Iaeyg/
'Dvdk "mwfav;yg; pdkuf½Iaer,fqdkvQif a&cJwkH;ç zefwkH;ç rSefwkH;vdk
MunfvmwJh tMunf"mwfwpfrsKd;udk awGU&ygr,f/ tJ'D tMunf"mwf-
onf wcsKdUwcsKdU a,m*Drsm;rSmawmh aumif;uifjyif tjyma&mifvdk
tMunfEu k av; jzpfaewwfygw,f/ tJ't D MunfrmS vnf; "mwfav;yg;
udyk J jrifatmif qufNy;D pdu k ½f yI g/ tJ't
D MunfrmS yx0D"mwfç tmayg-
"mwfç awaZm"mwfç 0ga,m"mwfvdkY qufpdkufNyD;awmh orm"dudk xl-
axmifvdkufvdkY "mwfav;yg;tm½kHü bm0empdwfu Nidrf0yfpGm uyfNyD;
wnfaevQiaf wmh xkt d csed t
f cgrSm rsm;aomtm;jzifh tvif;a&mifawG
wjzwfjzwf xGufvmwwfygw,f/
pu©m'dyÍö0d"H ½lyg'DeH *[Pypö,bma0e tm'gowvH 0d,
0dyÜoEéwåm yom'½ly/H (0dok'¨d?2?81/)
pu©KtMunfç aomwtMunfç CmetMunfç Zd0gS tMunfç um,-
tMunfvkdY tMunf½kyf = yom'½kyf (5)rsKd;ukd jrwfpGmbk&m; a[mMum;
xm;awmfrcl yhJ gw,f/ ,if;tMunf"mwfawG[m ½lyg½Hpk wJh qkid &f mtm½H-k
awGudk tm½H, k w
l wfwhJ pu©K0n
d mPfpwJh qkid &f m yÍö0n d mPf = 0dnmPf
ig;rsK;d wk&Yd UJ rDjS zpf&m taMumif;w&m; 0w¬K½yk t
f jzpfEiS hf aus;Zl;jyKay;aewJh
aMu;rHk rSet f jyifvdk MunfaewJh tMunf"mwfw&Ydk UJ taygif;tpk jzpfyg-
w,f/ Ceac:wJh ½kyfwHk; ½kyfcJukd ÓPfESifh rNzdKcJGEkdifrDrSm twHk;vkduf
tcJvkduf tjyifvkduf awGUaejcif; jzpfygw,f/
okaYd omf ,if;tMunftwH;k tcJrmS "mwfBu;D av;yg;wk\ Yd Munfr-I
oabmom jzpfwJhtwGuf ,if;tMunfrSm &SdaewJh "mwfav;yg;ukd
odrf;qnf;NyD;awmh ,if;"mwfav;yg;tm½HkrSm orm"dukd qufvufNyD;
xlaxmifvkdufvQif ,if;tMunftwHk;tcJrS tvif;a&mifrsm;[m
wjzwfjzwf jzmxGufvmwwfygw,f/ tvif;a&mifawG wjzwfjzwf
xGuv f mwJh tcsed t
f cgrSm a,m*Doal wmfaumif;u pdwu f kd cyfwif;wif;
xm;Ny;D 'DtMunfrmS yJ "mwfav;yg; pdu
k Ef ikd v
f Qiaf wmh ½kyu
f vmyftrIe-f
uav;awGudk vG,fvG,feJY oGm;awGUwwfygw,f/ ½kyfuvmyftrIef-
uav;awGudk awGUNyDqdkvQifawmh uodkPf;ul;&mrSm enf;enf;uav;
cufcJwwfygw,f/
uodkPf;ul;csifw,fqkdvQifawmh pdwfudk wtm;wif;rxm;bJeJY
pdwfudk enf;enf; jyefavQmhcsNyD; "mwftay:rSmom bm0empdwfudk
ravsmrh wif; xm;Ny;D awmh "mwfav;yg;udk pdu
k Ef ikd rf ,fqv
kd Qif 'DtMunf
u tjyifvdkuf jyefjzpfoGm;wwfygw,f/ orm"du enf;enf;uav;
avsmhoGm;jcif;aMumifh tjyifvdkuf jyefjzpfoGm;jcif; jzpfygw,f/ tJ'D
tMunfjyifrmS om "mwfukd qufNy;D pkud vf udk vf Qif 'DtMunf"mwfuae
tvif;a&mifawG wjzwfjzwf xGuv f mygvdrrhf ,f/ tvif;a&mifqw dk m-
udk enf;enf;uav; A[kókwtjzpf ajym&vQifawmh -- t*FkwådK&f-
ygVdawmf wduedygwfrmS bk&m;&Siuf edrw d o å wk eå fqw
kd hJ okweå w
f pfcuk dk
a[mMum;xm;awmfrlygw,f/ (tH?1?174-178/)
xko
d w k eå rf mS orxbm0empdwçf 0dyóembm0empdwf tm;vk;H rSm
tvif;a&mif&Sdw,fvdkY bk&m;&Sifu twdtus a[mMum;xm;awmfrl
ygw,f/ ,aeYacwfrmS O',AÁ,ÓPfrmS tvif;&Sw d ,fqw kd mudak wmh
trsm;tm;jzifh vufcHNyD;awmh usefaewJh 0dyóemÓPfawGeJY orx-
ydik ;f awGrmS tvif;a&mif&w dS ,fqw
dk hJ tcsuu
f akd wmh odyNf y;D vufrcHv-kd
Muygbl;/ odaYk omf bk&m;&Sif a[mMum;xm;wJh okweå w f pfcak wmh twd-
tus &Sdaeygw,f/ t*FkwådK&fygVdawmf pwkuúedygwfrSm bk&m;&Sifu
rD;a&mifç aea&mifç va&mifç ynma&mifqNdk y;D ta&mif (4)rsK;d &Sad Mumif;
a[mMum;xm;awmfrlygw,f/ (tH?1?456/)
'Dta&mif (4)rsK;d xJu ynma&mifuv kd nf; t&Sirf [marm*¾vm’ ef
ud,
k af wmfjrwfBu;D &[EÅmjzpfomG ;awmfrw l hJ ypvm,rmeokweå fac:wJh
okweå w f pfck t*Fw
k Kdå &yf gVdawmf owåuedygwfrmS &Sdaeygw,f/ (tH?2?461-
464/) xky d pvm,rmeokweå u f kd zGiq
hf w
dk hJ #DumrSmvnf; ÓPfa&mifukd
(4)rsKd; cGJjyxm;ygw,f/ (tH?#D?3?177-178/)
ÓPfa&mif (4)rsKd;uawmh 'dAÁpu©KtbdnmPfrSmvnf; tvif;-
a&mif &Sdw,f/ 'guawmh 'dAÁpu©KÓPfa&mifvdkY ac:ygw,f/ 'gu
wpfrsKd;/ uodkPf;tm;vkH; odkYr[kwf tmavmuuodkPf;rSmvnf;
tvif;a&mif &Sdw,f/ 'gu wpfrsKd;/ aemufwpfrsKd;u y&dur®mavmu
jzpfygw,f/ ur®|mef; (40)xJu rnfonfu h r®|mef;udyk J tm;xkwo
f nf-
jzpfap ur®|mef;awGukd tm;xkwv f u
dk w
f t
hJ cgrSm y&dur®orm"dç Oypm&
orm"dç tyÜemorm"dqdkNyD; rsm;aomtm;jzifh orm"d (3)rsKd; &Sdygw,f/

wcsKdU ur®|mef;awGrSmawmh Oypm&orm"dtxdyJ &Sdygw,f/ tJ'D
y&dur®orm"davmufuae pNy;D awmh tvif;a&mifawG xGuv f mwwf
ygw,f/ xdt k vif;a&mifuakd wmh y&dur®mavmu
avmuvdkY ac:ygw,f/ 'dAÁ-
pu©KtbdnmPf&JU tajccHpsmefrsm;ESifh Oypm&orm"drsm;ukdvnf;
y&durfvyYdk J ac:qkyd gw,f/ ,if;y&durfaMumifv
h nf; tvif;a&mifawG
jzpfay:vmwwfygw,f/ (0dok'¨d?2?58/)
aemuftvif;a&mif wpfrsK;d uawmh Oyuúad vomavmu jzpfyg-
w,f/ 'Dtvif;a&mifuawmh O',AÁ,ÓPfydkif;rSm ay:vmwwfyg-
w,f/ O',AÁ,ÓPf ra&mufrrD mS vnf; tvif;a&mif &Sw d ,f? O',-
AÁ,ÓPf&UJ aemufyikd ;f rSmvnf; tvif;a&mif &Sw d ,fqvkd Qif bmaMumifh
O',AÁ,ÓPfydkif;rSm 'Dtvif;a&mifudk xyfNyD; azmfjyae&ovJvkYd
ar;vQiaf wmh jzpfay:aeus vif;a&mifjcnfprG ;f tm;eJY rwlawmhbJ olu
wpfrx l ;l jcm;aewJh tvif;a&mifjzpfvYkd olUudk oD;oefY xyfNy;D awmh azmfjy-
jcif; jzpfw,fvdkY 'Dvdk t|uxmrsm;rSm &Sif;vif;xm;ygw,f/
(0dok'¨d?2?270/)
'Dvdk orxydkif;rSmvnf; tvif;a&mif (4)rsKd; &Sdaew,fqdkwmudk
bke;f Bu;D wdYk bk&m;&Siu
f vnf; twdtus a[mMum;xm;awmfryl gw,f/
t|uxm #DumawGuvnf; twdtus zGiq hf adk eygw,f/ 'Dvkd zGiq
hf -dk
xm;wJhtwdkif; orm"d tm;aumif;vmvQif vif;a&mifjcnf pGrf;tm;-
awGuvnf; tm;aumif;vmwwfygw,f/ bmaMumifv h ¿J ÓPftay:-
rSm rlwnfNy;D awmh ÓPftmEkabmf Bu;D vQiBf u;D ovkd tvif;a&mifawG
uvnf; xGufay:vmwwfygw,f/
ÓPftmEkabmfonf b,ftcgrSm BuD;vmovJvdkY ar;vQifawmh
orm"d tm;aumif;vmvQif ÓPftmEkabmfvnf; Bu;D vmygw,f/ 'gu
teD;uyfqkH;taMumif; jzpfygw,f/ twdwfu qnf;yl;xm;wJh yg&rD
t&Sed t
f 0gawGu aus;Zl;jyKrI tm;aumif;aevQiv f nf; ÓPftmEkabmf-
u BuD;vmygw,f/ 'guawmh twdwftaMumif;eJY pyfqkdifygw,f/
'Dae&mrSmawmh twdwftaMumif;u t"du rusygbl;/ ÓPftmEk-
abmfBuD;a&;twGuf ypöKyÜeftaMumif;uom orm"d&JU teD;qkH;-
taMumif; jzpfygw,f/ a&SUydkif;rSm bkef;BuD; ajymcJhwJhtwdkif; ---
orm
orm"" ð bdu©a0 bma0x? orm[dawm bdu©a0 bdu©K ,xm-
blwH yZmemwd/ (oH?2?12/ oH?2?302/ oH?3?362/)
ponfjzifh [kwfwkdif;rSefpGm uGJuGJjym;jym; odwJh ,xmblwÓPf-
tjrif ay:vma&;twGuf bmvky&f rvJ¿ orm"dxal xmifygvdYk bk&m;-
&Siu
f 'Dvkd a[mMum;xm;wJt h wGuaf Mumifh orm"donf ynm&JU teD;-
uyfqkH; y'|mef taMumif;w&m;jzpfw,fvdkY t|uxmrsm;u twd-
tus owfrSwfay;xm;ygw,f/ (0dok'¨d?2?68/)
'gaMumifh ÓPfynm tm;aumif;csifwJh olawmfaumif;awGonf
orm"dudk xlaxmif&ygr,f/ ÓPfynm tm;aumif;vmNyDqkdvQif xkd
ÓPfyg0ifaewJh pdwaf pwoduaf wGaMumifh jzpfay:vmwJh pdwZå ½kyaf wG
&SdMuygw,f/ xkpd w
d Zå ½kyaf wGu ½kyu
f vmyftrIeu f av;awG jzpfMuyg-
w,f/ tJ'D ½kyu
f vmyftrIeaf wGrmS wpfreI f wpfreI uf kd "mwfcMJG unfv
h u
kd -f
r,fqkdvQifawmh yx0Dç tmaygç awaZmç 0ga,mç tqif;ç teHYç
t&omç MoZmqdkNyD; tenf;qHk;tm;jzifh oabmw&m; (8)ck &Sdygw,f/
tJ'D (8)ckxJrSm tqif;vdkYac:wJh 0PÖ"mwf (= ½lyg½kH)uav;vnf;
ygaew,f/ xkd½lyg½kHonf bmok& = tvGef awmufyygw,f/
(r[m#D?2?428/)
wpfcg tJ'D pdwåZ½kyfuvmyfwdkif;rSmvnf; awaZm"mwfuvnf;
ygaejyefw,f/ tJ'D awaZm"mwfuvnf; aemufxyf qifhuJ ½kyf-
uvmyftrIefuav;awGudk xyfumxyfum jzpfapjyefw,f/ tZÑwå-
wGiof mru A[d't ¨ xd ysUH ESaYH tmif jzpfapMuygw,f/ ÓPftmEkabmf

BuD;vQifBuD;ovdk teEÅpMu0Vmwkdifatmif jyefYxGufoGm;ygw,f/
(r[m#D?2?428-429/)
bk&m;&Sifonf &wemC&pHtdrfrSm tbd"r®ma'oemawmfudk
qifjcifawmfrlonfh tcsdeftcgrSm y|mef;a'oemawmfodkY a&mufvm-
awmh ÓPfawmf uGefYjrL;rIawGu odyfNyD; tm;aumif;aewJhtwGuf
y|mef;a'oemudk qifjcifawmfrw l Ó
hJ PfaMumifh jzpfay:aewJh tvif;-
a&mifawGonf pMu0VmteEÅtxd ysUH ESo YH mG ;w,fvYkd ,aeYwidk af tmif-
vnf; ysHUESHYaeao;w,fvkdY 'Dvdk tqkd&Sdygw,f/
wH 'd0oÍö ye b*0awm o&D&m edu©EÅm ,m0ZÆ'd0omyd wm
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'gaMumifh ÓPftmEkabmf BuD;vQifBuD;ovdk vif;a&mifjcnf
pGrf;tm;awGuvnf; tm;aumif;vmwwfygw,f/ bmaMumifhvJ¿
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oGm;wJh qifhuJ OwkZ½kyfawGuvnf; tZÑwåwGifomru A[d'¨txd
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(20000)avmuf Mumw,f/ 'Dorxbm0emç 0dyóembm0emawGukd
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f pfO;D &JU oEÅmefrmS jzpfay:aewJh ÓPfa&mif[m
teEÅpMu0Vmwkdifatmif jzefYMuufNyD; MunfhvkdufvQif MunhfvdkY &Edkif-
w,fqakd wmh 'DÓPfa&mif[m ½kyv f m;ç emrfvm;vdYk olu ar;avQmuf-
ygw,f/
bkef;BuD;wdkY 'DÓPfa&mifrSm taMumif;w&m;uawmh emrfw&m;
jzpfygw,f/ ÓPfu emrfw&m;xJrmS yg0ifygw,f/ 'DÓPfukd tajccHwhJ
ÓPfeJY ,SOfwGJaewJh pdwfaMumifh jzpfay:vmwJh pdwåZ½kyfawGuawmh
tusK;d w&m;awG jzpfMuygw,f/ pdwZå ½kyx f rJ mS ygaewJh awaZm"mwf-
aMumifh qifhuJ jzpfay:oGm;wJh OwkZ½kyfawGuvnf; tusKd;w&m;awG
jzpfMuygw,f/ taMumif;jzpfwJh ÓPfu tmEkabmf BuD;vQifBuD;ovdk
'Dpwd Zå ½kyçf OwkZ½kyaf wGxrJ mS ygaewJh 0PÖ"mwf (= ½lyg½k)H awGuvnf;
tvGef awmufyaejcif; jzpfygw,f/ Ak'¨tbd"r®menf;t& ajymr,f
qdkvQifawmh 'Dvif;a&mifjcnf[m emrfw&m; r[kwfygbl;? ½kyfw&m;yJ
jzpfygw,f/ ½kyfw&m; jzpfcJhvQif 'Davmuf vsifvsifjrefjrefeJY oGm;Ekdif-
yghrvm;qkdwJh jyóemwpfckudk olu ar;avQmufjcif; jzpfygw,f/
'Djyóemuav;udk 'g,umBuD; a'gufwmpdefxGef;vnf; 0ifNyD;
wifjy avQmufxm;ay;wJt h wGuf enf;enf;awmh ajyvnfomG ;ygw,f/
olu b,fvkd wifjy avQmufxm;ovJ¿ 'DaeYacwf ½lyaA'odyyHÜ nmrSm
pl;prf;&SmazGvYkd &aewmuawmh tvif;a&mif oGm;EIe;f xufukd vsijf ref-
aewJt h rIeaf wG avmurSm &Sad ew,fqw
kd mudk odyyHÜ nm&Siaf wG pl;prf;
&SmazGvdkY &aewJhtaMumif;udk avQmufxm;w,f/
'Dtvif;a&mifomG ;EIe;f xuf ydNk y;D vsijf refwhJ ½kyuf vmyf trIeuf -
av;awG &Sdaew,fqdkwmvnf; bkef;BuD;wdkY Ak'¨tbd"r®mrSm xif&Sm;
&Sad eygw,f/ vif;a&mifjcnfqw kd mvnf; tm;vk;H ½kyu f vmyftrIeaf wG-
om jzpfMuygw,f/ tJ'D ½kyfuvmyftrIefawGonf tZÑwåoEÅmefrSm-
awmh pdwZå ½kyf OwkZ½kyaf wG jzpfNy;D oufrhJ A[d'o ¨ EÅmefrmS awmh tm;vk;H
OwkZ½kyfawG jzpfMuygw,f/
'DOwkZ½kyfawGonf --- ]]wH waó0 ynm,wd}}}qkdNyD;awmh
d wGJ? pmrsuEf mS -429/) Oyuúad votydi
(0do'k rd¨ *f? r[m#Dum? 'kw, k ;f rSm zGiq
hf kd
xm;ygw,f/ 'Dtvif;a&mifawGu ½IaewJh a,m*D&JU ÓPfrSmom
xifaewJh tvif;a&mifom jzpfygw,f/ wjcm; ab;uyk*¾dKvfawG

Munfv h aYkd wmh rjrifEidk yf gbl;/ tJ'D ab;uyk*Kd¾ vaf wGxrJ mS 'DaeYacwfrmS
okawoejyKaeMuwJh odyyHÜ nm&Siaf wGvnf; ygaeygw,f/ odyyHÜ nm&Sif
awGu 'Dvif;a&mifjcnfpGrf;tm;udk jrifEkdifwmawmh r[kwfygbl;/
odaYk omf olw&Ykd UJ xufjrufwhJ odyu HÜ &d ,
d mawGeYJ wkid ;f wmvduk w f t
hJ cgrSm
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jrefjref jzwfoef;oGm;vmaewJh trIeaf wG &Sad ew,fqw kd mudak wmh olwYkd
vufcHvmjcif; jzpfygw,f/
'gaMumifh 'DÓPftmEkabmf[m odyq f ef;us,yf gw,f/ 'Davmuf
qef;us,faewJh pGrf;tm;awGudk b,fuae xkwfvkyfay;vkdufovJ¿
pdwfuaeyJ xkwfvkyfay;ygw,f/ 'gaMumifh 'g,umBuD;awG 'DpdwfrSm
o'¨g-0D&,d -owd-orm"d-ynmvdYk ac:qdt k yfwhJ £aÈw
´ jYkd zifh xde;f csKyf
ay;zkdY raumif;bl;vm;¿ odyfaumif;ygw,f/ xdef;csKyfay;vdkufawmh
'Dpdwfu wefckd;BuD;rm;vmygw,f/ wefcdk;BuD;vmwJhtcg 'Dpdwfonf
b,fvdk jzpfvmovJ¿ ,Ofaus;odrfarGUvmygw,f/ ,Ofaus;odrfarGU
vmNyDqdkvQifawmh 'Dpdwfu b,fvdktusKd; &SdovJ¿
pdwåH 'EÅH okcg0[H = ,Ofaus;odrfarGUaewJhpdwfu csrf;omokc
t00udk &Gufaqmifay;EdkifwJh pGrf;tm;awG &dSygw,f/ vlcsrf;omudk
tvd&k wdS ,fqv kd Qiv
f nf; &Guaf qmifay;Edik w f ,f? ewfcsr;f omudk tvd-k
&dw
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f nf; &Guaf qmifay;Edik w f ,f? jA[®mch sr;f om tvd&k w Sd ,f
qdkvQifvnf; &Gufaqmifay;Edkifw,f/ vlcsrf;omç ewfcsrf;omç jA[®mh-
csr;f omawGukd tvdrk &dbS ;l ? edAmÁ efcsr;f omudo k m tvd&k ydS gw,fqv kd Qi-f
vnf; edAÁmefcsrf;omudk &Gufaqmifay;EdkifwJh pGrf;tm; &Sdygw,f/
("r®y'?|?1?188/)
(32) aum|mookdY
'gaMumifh "mwfav;yg;jzifh orm"dxlaxmifvdkufvdkY vif;a&mif-
jcnfawGu pGr;f tm;xufvmwJh tcsed t f cgrSm uodPk ;f bufukd ul;r,f
qdvk Qiaf wmh 'DtMunf"mwfrmS yJ "mwfav;yg;oabmudk ravsmrh wif;
pdu
k Mf unfah eyg/ pdu
k Mf unfah evQiaf wmh vif;a&mifjcnfawG tm;aumif;-
vmwJh tcsed t f cgrSm xkv d if;a&mifjcnf&UJ tultnDukd ,lNy;D awmh rdr&d UJ
cE¨mtdrfrSm wnf&SdaewJh qHyifç arG;nif;ç ajconf;-vufonf;ç oGm;ç
ta& tp&SdwJh (32)aum|mo tpkta0;awGudk vSrf;Munfhvdkufr,f
qkvd Qiaf wmh xifxif&mS ;&Sm; jrifawGUEdik yf gw,f/ [kwrf S [kwyf ghrvm;-
vdkYawmh oHo, &SdaevQifawmh vufawGU vmNyD; tm;xkwfygvdkY
bkef;BuD;uawmh wkdufwGef;ygw,f/
'D (32)aum|mo tpkta0;awGudk vufESdyf"mwfrD;eJY xkd;Munfh-
ovdk pepfwus aoaocsmcsm jrifNyq D v
dk Qiaf wmh A[d'a¨ um|moawG-
udk ul;½IMunfhyg/ rdrd&J U a&S UwnfhwnfhrSm xdkifaewJh a,m*Dolawmf-
aumif;wpfOD;udk ÓPfvif;a&mifjcnfeJY xdk;pdkufNyD;awmh olUrSm &SdaewJh
(32)aum|moawGudkvnf; vSrf;½IMunfhyg/ ½IMunfhvkdY atmifjrifNyD
qkv
d Qiaf wmh tZÑww å pfvnS hf jyef½MI unfyh g/ 'Dvkd tZÑww å pfvn
S hf A[d'¨
wpfvn S hf ½IMunfw
h phJ epftm;jzifh teD;tem; 0ef;usirf mS &Sad eMuwJh yk*Kd¾ vf
awGudk wpfvSnfhpD ½IvdkY atmifjrifrI &vmwJhtcgrSm ÓPfvif;a&mif-
jcnfudk ta0;xdatmif vTwfMunfhyg/ vTwfw,fqdkwmu b,fvdk
oabmvJ¿
vif;a&mifjcnfuawmh -- orEÅawm yw¬&wd (r[m#D?2?429/) =
0ef;usifywfcsm tukefvkH; jyefYaeygw,f/ rdrd&JU pdwftm½kH pl;pdkufwJh-
bufrmS 'Dvif;a&mifjcnfprG ;f tm;awGu ydNk y;D xufaewwfygw,f/ tJ'D
xufjrufaewJo h abmudk ajymvd&k if; jzpfygw,f/ tu,fí vif;a&mif-
jcnfu rSdefoGm;NyDqdkvQif bmvkyf&rvJ¿ 'Dvif;a&mifjcnfawGonf
rlvu "mwfav;yg;udk tajccHNy;D yGm;rsm;xm;wJh orm"deYJ ,SOw

f aGJ ewJh
ÓPf&UJ pGr;f tm;aMumifh jzpfay:vmwJt
h wGuf rdru
d 'D"mwfav;yg;eJyY J
orm"dukd jyefNyD; xlaxmifay;&ygw,f/ (r[m#D?2?429/)
orm"dudk jyefNyD; xlaxmifvkdufvdkY vif;a&mifjcnfpGrf;tifawGu
tm;aumif;wJh tcsdeftcgrSm tZÑwåwpfvSnfh A[d'¨wpfvSnfh wpfzef
jyefNyD; ½IMunfhyg/ 'Dvkd (32)aum|moawGukd tZÑwåwpfvSnfh A[d'¨
wpfvSnfh ½IaewJhÓPfaMumifhvnf; ÓPfu xufvQif xufovkd
ÓPftmEkabmftm;avsmpf mG vif;a&mifjcnfawGu qufvuf jzpfay:
aeygw,f/ rdrd tm½H, k u l m Munfv
h u
dk w
f hJ ae&mwkid ;f rSm tvif;a&mif-
awGu jyefYaewwfygw,f/
tJ'D tvif;a&mifxJrSm awGUae&wJh EGm;awGç uRJawGç acG;awGç
0ufawGç MuufawGç iSufawG tm;vkH;udkvnf; ½IMunfhyg/ 'Dvdk ½IMunfh-
vdkufwJh tcsdeftcgrSm (32)aum|motpktykHawGyJ &Sdaew,f?
a,mufsm;ç rdef;rç yk*¾dKvfç owå0gç uRJç EGm; wd& pämefqkdwm r&Sdawmhbl;?
wu,f xif&Sm; &Sdaewmu (32)aum|motpktykHawGyJ &Sdw,fvdkY
'Dvdk ÓPfxJrSm xifvmNyDqkdvQifawmh (32)aum|moeJY ywfoufvdkY
y*kPjzpfNyDç uRrf;usifvmNyDvdkY qdkEdkifygw,f/ (tbd?|?2?242/) 'Dvkd
tcsdeftcgrsKd;rSm a,m*Dolawmfaumif;u bmqufvkyf&rvJ¿
bke;f Bu;D wdYk 'D (32)aum|mour®|mef;u orxydik ;f rSm vrf; (3)-
oG,f &Sad eygw,f/ rdrd BuKd uEf pS of ufwv hJ rf;udk a&G;Ekid yf gw,f/ y#duvl -
reodum& = &GH&SmpufqkyfzG,ftaeeJY ½IcJhr,fqkdvQifawmh yxrpsmef
orm"dtxd aygufygw,f/ (32)aum|moudk okdYr[kwf aum|mo
trsm;pkudk &G&H mS pufqyk zf ,
G f y#duvl oabmtm;jzifh jcKH iNHk y;D ½IvQiv f nf;
yxrpsmeform"dtxd aygufygw,f/ aum|mo wpfckpD wpfckpDudk
y#duvl = &G&H mS pufqyk zf , G t
f aeeJY ½IvQivf nf; yxrpsmeform"dtxd
aygufygw,f/
aemuf 'kw,d vrf;uawmh uodP k ;f vrf; jzpfygw,f/ (32)aum-
|moawGxJrSm qHyifwdkYvdk ndKaewJh aum|mowpfckudk tm½kH,lNyD;
tndKa&mifuodkPf;tjzpfeJY ½IEdkifr,fqkdvQifawmh ormywf (8)yg;vHk;
aygufygw,f/ usifi,fwdkYvdkç tqDcJwdkYvdk 0gaewJh aum|mowpfckudk
tm½kH,lNyD; t0ga&mifuodkPf;tjzpfeJY ½IEdkifr,fqkdvQifawmh ormywf
(8)yg;vHk; aygufygw,f/ aoG;wdkYvdk eDaewJh aum|mowpfckudk tm½kH-
,lNyD; teDa&mifuodkPf;tjzpfeJY ½IEdkifr,fqkdvQifawmh ormywf
(8)yg;vHk; aygufygw,f/ oGm;wkdYvdkç t½dk;wdkYvdk jzLaewJh aum|mo
wpfckudk tm½kH,lNyD; tjzLa&mifuodkPf;tjzpfeJY ½IEdkifr,fqkdvQifawmh
ormywf (8)yg; tm;vkH; aygufygw,f/ (tbd?|?1?235/)
tJ'D ormywf (8)yg;udk tajccHNyD;awmh 0dyóem ul;Edkifr,f
qdkvQifvnf; t&[wåzdkvfayguf a&muf&SdEkdifygw,f/ aemufwpfck --
wwd,vrf;uawmh oknw"mwfur®|mef;vrf; jzpfygw,f/ (tbd?|?2?
243/) 'DuokdPf;ur®|mef;usifhpOfawGudk bk&m;&Sif b,fokwåefawGrSm
a[mMum;xm;ovJvdkY ar;vQifawmh r[my&dedAÁmeokwåefpwJh xkdxkd
okweå af wGrmS bk&m;&Siu
f tbdbm,wepsmefqw dk hJ emrnfeYJ a[mMum;
awmfrlcJhygw,f/
tbdbm,wepsmef + 0darmu©psmef
tZÑwåH ½lyonD {aum A[d'¨g ½lyged yówd y&dwåmed ok0PÖ-
'kAÁPÖmed/ ]wmed tbdbk,s Zmemrd yómrD}wd {0HonD a[mwd/
£'H yXrH tbdbm,weH/ ('D?2?92/ 'D?3?215/ tH?3?125/ 304/)
ponfjzifh tbdbm,wepsmefqdkwJhtrnfeJY a[mMum;awmfrl
ygw,f/ tbdbm,wepsmefqw dk muawmh qefu Y sib
f uf eD0&Pw&m;
awGudkvnf; vTrf;rkd;zdpD;EkdifwJh psmefrsKd;udk ac:ygw,f/ tifrwef
ao;i,fwhJ onf;ajcwkv Yd kd ndKaewJh aum|mowpfcu k kd tm½k,
H Nl y;D awmh
tndKa&mifuodP k ;f tjzpfeYJ ½IvQif ormywf (8)yg; tm;vk;H aygufEidk -f

ygw,f/ uodkPf;0ef;udk teEÅpMu0Vmwkdifatmif jzefYMuufcsifw,f
qdvk Qivf nf; jzefMY uufv&Ykd w,f/ 'Dvkd uodP k ;f 0ef;udk vTr;f rk;d zdp;D Edik w
f hJ
pGr;f tm;&Sv
d Ykd 'DpsmefawGukd tbdbm,wepsmefvYkd ac:xm;ygw,f/ tJ'D
tbdbm,wepsmeftjzpfeYJ bk&m;&Sif a[mMum;xm;wJu h siphf Of tjynf-h
tpku H awmh oar®m[0daem'eD t|uxmBu;D rSm twdtus zGiq hf xkd m;
ygw,f/ xkoar®doar®m[0daem'eD t|uxm pmrsufESm (243)rSm ---
tmucFrmeó 0PÖawm? tmucFrmeó y#dulvawm? tm-
ucFrmeó oknawm ur®|meH Oy|[dówda,0/ (tbd?|?2?243/)
qkdNyD;awmh tvdk&SdcJhvQif 0PÖuodkPf;vrf;vkdufvnf; &w,f/
tvdk&SdcJhvQif y#dulv (= &GH&SmpufqkyfzG,f y#dulvreodum&vrf;)
vdu
k v
f nf; &w,f/ tvd&k cdS v hJ Qif oknw"mwfur®|mef;vrf;vdu
k v
f nf;
&ygw,fqdkNyD;awmh twdtus zGifhqdkxm;ygw,f/
'DzGifhqdkcsuftwkdif; wpfcsufckwf ESpfcsufjywftaeeJY a,m*D
olawmfaumif;u 'D (32)aum|moudk t0g;0pGm avhvmvdYk atmifjrif-
Nyq D vkd Qiaf wmh t½k;d u ydNk y;D xif&mS ;wJo
h abm&Sw d t hJ wGuf t½k;d aum|m-
oudk a&G;cs,fvkdufyg/ rdrd&JU t½kd;pkwpfckvHk;udk odkYr[kwf rdrd BudKuf-
ESpo f uf&m t½k;d wpfcu k kd ½IEidk yf gw,f/ xkt
d ½k;d udk tm½k, H Nl y;D awmh ]&GpH &m
&GpH &m
&m}}vdYk y#duv l taeeJY ESv;Hk oGi;f ½IMunfyh g? &G&H mS pufqyk zf , G f y#duv l -
oabmtay:ü bm0empdwfudk Nidrf0yfpGm uyfxm;yg/
yxrrSmawmh q,fhig;rdepfavmufç rdepfESpfq,favmufyJ Nidrf-
wwfygw,f/ aemufyikd ;f rSmawmh wjznf;jznf; orm"du tm;aumif;-
vmvQifawmh wpfem&Davmufxd wdk;NyD; t"d|mefMunfhyg/ atmifjrifrI
&NyDqkdvQifawmh xdktcsdefrSm rdrd&JU Nidrf0yfaewJh pdwfudk ESvkH;tdrf
[',0w¬K&Sd&mbufudk vSrf;arQmfNyD; ½IMunfhvdkufvQifawmh 0dwufç
0dpm&ç yDwdç okcç {u*¾wmac:wJh psmeft*Fg (5)yg;u xif&Sm;ae-
ygvdrfhr,f/
0dwuf = &G&H mS pufqyk zf ,G f t½k;d pktm½kaH y:odYk pdwu
f kd a&S;½Iwif-
ay;aejcif;oabm?
0dpm& = &GH&SmpufqkyfzG,f t½kd;pktm½kHudk xyfumxyfum
okH;oyf qifjcifaejcif;oabm?
yDwd = &GH&SmpufqkyfzG,f t½kd;pktm½kHudk ESpfoufaejcif;o-
abm?
okc = &GH&SmpufqkyfzG,f t½kd;pktm½kH\ t&omudk csrf;csrf;-
omom cHpm;aejcif;oabm?
{u*¾wm = &G&H mS pufqyk zf ,G f t½k;d pktm½kH wpfcw
k nf;ay:odYk pdw-f
usa&muf wnfNidrfaejcif;oabm ---
'Dpsmeft*Fg (5)yg;[m NyKd iw
f l xif&mS ;aeygvdrrhf ,f/ 'Dvkd psmeft*Fg-
awGu xif&mS ;aeNyq D v
kd Qiaf wmh 'Dyxrpsmeform"dudk 0oDabmf (5)wef
Ekdifeif;atmif qufvufNyD; avhusifh&ygw,f/ tm0ZÆe0oDqdkwmu
raem'Gg&m0ZÆe;f eJY psmeft*FgawGudk qifjcifru I kd ajymvd&k if; jzpfygw,f/
ypöa0u©Pm0oDqdkwmu ypöa0u©PmaZmeJY qifjcifrIukd ajymvdk&if;
jzpfygw,f/ psmeft*FgawGudk tcsdefra&G; qifjcifvdkY&atmif avhusifh
&ygw,f/ tcsdefra&G; 0ifpm;vdkY&atmif avhusifhay;&w,f? tcsdef-
ra&G; xEkdifatmif avhusifhay;&w,f? wpfem&D tvdk&SdcJhvQif wpf-
em&D 0ifpm;vk&Yd atmifç ESpef m&D tvd&k cdS v
hJ Qif ESpef m&D 0ifpm;vd&Yk atmif
avhusifhay;&ygw,f/ 'Dvdk avhusifhjcif;udk 0oDabmf Ekdifeif;atmif
avhusifhw,fvdkY ac:ygw,f/
'Dvkd avhusivhf u
kd v
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D v
kd Qiaf wmh A[d'r¨ mS &Sad e-
MuwJh vlawGudk wpfa,mufNy;D wpfa,muf ajymif;Ny;D ½IMunfyh g/ okaYd omf
A[d'äum|moawGukd oufrJh t½kd;pkuJhokdY okdYr[kwf aum|mouJhokdY

oabmxm;Ny;D ½IEidk yf grS Oypm&orm"davmufyJ qku
d af &mufEidk yf gw,f/
(rlv#D?2?155/)
t&yf (10)rsuEf mS wdik af tmif jzefMY uufNy;D awmh t½k;d pkawGukd &GpH &m
y#dulvtaeeJY ESvkH;oGif;vkdufwdkif; tukefvkH; Oypm&orm"dqkduf-
atmif avhusifhyg/ avhusifhvdkufvdkY atmifjrifNyDqkdvQifawmh t&yf
(10)rsufESmukd Munfhvkdufwdkif; t½kd;pkawGcsnf; jzpfaeNyDqkdvQifvnf;
xkyd *k Kd¾ vof nf uokP d ;f ul;&mrSm vG,uf o
l mG ;ygw,f/ uokPd ;f ul;&mrSm
tZÑwt å ½k;d pkrS okrYd [kwf tZÑwaå um|morS ul;vnf; &ygw,f/ A[d'¨
t½kd;pkrS okdYr[kwf A[d'äum|morS ul;vnf; &ygw,f/ 'gaMumifh
tZÑw-å A[d'¨ ESpcf rk mS rdrd BuKd uEf pS o f uf&mu pNy;D awmh ul;Ekid yf gw,f/
(tbd?|?1?235/)
tjzLa&mifuokdPf;okdY
'gaMumifh tZÑwo å EÅmefç A[d'o ¨ EÅmefrmS &Sw d hJ (32)aum|moawGukd
wpfacguf ESpaf cgufavmuf ½I Munfyh g/ ½INy;D wJt h cgrSm rdr&d UJ a&SUwnf-h
wnfhrSm xkdifaewJh a,m*Dolawmfaumif; wpfOD;&JU t½kd;udk tm½Hk,lNyD;
y#dulv = &GH&SmpufqkyfzG,ftaeeJY ESvkH;oGif;Munfhyg/ Oypm&orm"d
txdvnf; qkdufoGm;ygvdrfhr,f/ t½kd;uvnf; jzLvmNyDqkdvQifawmh
wpfu, kd v tjzL tjzLL}vdYk pdu
f ;Hk udk jcKH i NHk y;D ]tj k ½f yI g/ jcKH iNkH y;D ½IvYkd r&cJv
h Qiaf wmh
tjzLqkH; wpfae&m odkYr[kwf aemufbufuae xkdifMunfhvkdufvQif
txl;ojzifh xif&Sm;aewJh OD;acgif;cGHavmufudk tm½kH,lNyD;awmh ]tj tjzL
tjzLL}vdkY pdkuf½IMunfhyg/ pdkuf½IwJhtcsdefrSm &GHp&mvdkY ESvkH;roGif;awmhbJ
tjzLa&mifudkom wpfzufowf ESvkH;oGif; ½IyGm;aeyg/ xdktcsdefrSm
orm"dvnf; tm;aumif;vmNyq D v
dk Qif t½k;d awG tm;vk;H aysmufNy;D awmh
tjzLt0ef;t0dkif;oufoufyJ ay:vmwwfygw,f/
tjzLt0ef;t0dik ;f ay:vmNyq D vkd Qiaf wmh tJ'D tjzLt0ef;t0dik ;f -
rSmyJ bm0empdwfudk Nidrf0yfpGm uyfNyD;awmh ]tj tjzL tjzLL}vdkYyJ ½Iaeyg/
½IaevdkY 'Dt0ef;t0dkif;u raysmufbJeJY wdrfwdkufvdk qGwfqGwfjzLvm-
wwfygw,f/ jzL&muae aemufq;Hk awmh Munfvifawmufyvmygvdr-hf
r,f/ MunfvifawmufyvmNyq D vdk Qiaf wmh xku d odPk ;f 0ef;udk t"d|mef-
NyD;awmh wpfvufr jyefYygapç ESpfvufr jyefYygapç okH;vufr jyefYygap
ponfjzifh t0ef;t0kid ;f twkid ;f jzefMY uuf&ygw,f/ tydik ;f tjcm; rxm;bJ
rjzefyY geJv
Y Ykd 'Dvkd t|uxm (0do'k ?d¨ 1?148/)uawmh twdtus owday;-
xm;ygw,f/
bmaMumifh 'DuodkPf;0ef;edrdwfudk jzefYae&ovJvdkY ar;vQifawmh
pd&|dwud = bm0empdwu f 'DuodP k ;f 0ef;tm½küH Mumjrifph mG wnfwahH p-
jcif;tusK;d iSm uodP
k ;f edrw
d u
f kd jzefMY uufay;&ygw,f/ rjzefMY uufvQi-f
awmh bm0empdwo f nf uodP k ;f 0ef;tm½küH Mumjrifph mG rwnfww hH wfyg-
bl;/ 'gaMumifh uodP k ;f 0ef;tm½küH bm0empdwf Mumjrifph mG wnfwEhH ikd -f
a&;twGuf uodkPf;0ef;udk wjznf;jznf; jzefYMuuf& jcif; jzpfygw,f/
uodkPf;0ef;udk jzefYMuufvdkufwJh tcsdeftcgrSm aemufqkH; t&yf
(10)rsuEf mS Munhvf udk w f idk ;f tm;vk;H jzLaeNy/D tZÑwå Munfv h ukd vf nf;
jzLaeNy?D A[d'¨ Munfv
h u kd vf nf; jzLaeNyq D vkd Qiaf wmh jzLaewJh eH&w H pfcrk mS
OD;xkyuf av; wpfv;Hk udk csw d x
f m;ovdk tjzLa&mif tv,favmufrmS
bm0empdwfudk Nidrf0yfpGm uyfNyD;awmh xm;vdkufyg/ pdwfuav;udk xkd
tjzLa&mifawGu vTr;f jcKH Ny;D &pfywfxm;ovdk Nird 0f yfpmG uyfNy;D wnfae
ygvdrfhr,f/ edrdwfuvnf; Munfvifawmufyvmygvdrfhr,f/
yxrpsmeform"dokdY
'DtcsdeftcgrSm xkdorm"dudk wpfem&D ESpfem&D ponfjzifh ydkif;jcm;
t"d|mefNyD;awmh rdrdu avhusifh&ygw,f/ avhusifhvdkufvdkY wpfem&D
ESpef m&D ponfjzifh Nird 0f yfpmG uyfNy;D wnfaeNyq D v kd Qiaf wmh rdr&d UJ bm0-
empdwfu ESvkH;tdrftwGif;rSm wnf&SdaewJhtwGuf xkdESvkH;tdrf &Sd&m-
bufodkY jyefNyD; tm½Hk,lvkdufvQifawmh psmeft*Fg (5)yg;u xif&Sm;-
aeygvdrfhr,f/ 'Dedrdwfu qGwfqGwfjzL&muae aemufqkH; Munfvif
awmufyvmNyDqdkvQifawmh y#dbm*edrdwfbuf ul;oGm;NyDvdkY qdkEdkifyg-
w,f/ psmeft*FgawGu 'Dy#dbm*edrw d u
f kd tm½k,
H Nl y;D awmh jzpfay:vm-
jcif; jzpfygw,f/
0dwuf =tjzLa&mif y#dbm*edrdwftm½kHay:odkY pdwfukd a&S;½I
wifay;aejcif;oabmç
0dpm& = tjzLa&mif y#dbm*edrdwftm½kHudk xyfumxyfum
okH;oyf qifjcifaejcif;oabmç
yDwd = tjzLa&mif y#dbm*edrdwftm½kHudk ESpfoufaejcif;
oabmç
okc = tjzLa&mif y#dbm*edrw
d t
f m½k\
H t&omudk csr;f csr;f -
omom cHpm;aejcif;oabmç
{u*¾wm = tjzLa&mif y#dbm*edrdwftm½kH wpfckwnf;ay:odkY
pdwfusa&muf wnfNidrfaejcif;oabm ---
'Doabmw&m;ig;cku xif&Sm;vmygvdrfhr,f/ 'Dy#dbm*edrdwfudk
tm½kH,lNyD; jzpfay:aewJh 'Dpsmeft*Fgig;yg; xif&Sm;vmNyDqkdvQifawmh
a,m*Dolawmfaumif;u 0oDabmfig;wef Ekdifeif;atmif qufvufNyD;
avhusi&hf ygw,f/ 0oDabmfig;wef Edik ef if;atmif avhusiNhf y;D wJh tcsed -f
tcgrSm a,m*Doal wmfaumif;u a&SUwpfqifh wufvv kd nf; wufEidk yf g-
w,f/ bmqufvkyf&rvJ¿
'kwd,psmefokdY
0dwufç 0dpm& jyKwcf siw f hJ pdwx
f m;jzifh 'DtjzLa&mif y#dbm*edrw d -f
udok m pdu k Mf unfah eyg/ yxrpsmeform"dukd tvdrk &Sw d hJ pdwx
f m;ç 'kw,
d -
psmeform"dudk vdkvm;awmifhwwJhpdwfxm; &Sdae&ygr,f/ yxrpsmef-
orm"d[m eD0&Pqdw k hJ &efoal wGeYJ eD;uyfw,f? 0dwufç 0dpm&awGu-
vnf; ½ke&Yf if;Murf;wrf;w,f/ 'Dvdk ½ke&Yf if;Murf;wrf;wJt h wGuf 'Dpsmef[m
usKd;yJhysufpD;vG,fwJhoabmvnf; &Sdw,f/ 'kwd,psmeform"davmuf-
vnf; rNird o f ufb;l / 'gaMumifh 'kw, d psmeform"du ydNk y;D Nird o
f ufw,f
vdkY tm½kH,lNyD;awmh 'kwd,psmeform"dudk tvdk&SdwJh pdwfxm;jzifh
'DtjzLa&mif y#dbm*edrdwfrSm pdwfudk uyfxm;vdkufvQifawmh 0dwufç
0dpm& jyKwo f mG ;ygvdrrfh ,f/ yDwçd okcç {u*¾wmac:wJh psmeft*Fg (3)yg;
&SdwJh 'kwd,psmeform"dudk qdkufoGm;ygvdrhfr,f/ 'kwd,psmeform"dudk
qdu k of mG ;vQiv f nf; 0oDabmf (5)wef Ekid ef if;atmif qufvufNy;D avh-
usifh&ygw,f/ avhusifhNyD;vdkY wwd,psmefudk ul;csifw,fqdkvQifawmh
bmqufvkyf&rvJ¿
wwd,psmefokdY
yDwd jyKwfcsifwJh pdwfjzifh 'DtjzLa&mifuokdPf; y#dbm*edrdwfudkyJ
qufNy;D pdu k Mf unfah e&ygw,f/ ESpo f ufjcif; yDw&d adS evQif pdwu f vIy-f
&Sm;rIwpfrsK;d jzpfwwfwt hJ wGuf 'Dpsmef[mvnf; ½ke&Yf if;Murf;wrf;w,f?
usKd;yJhysufpD;vG,fwJhoabm &Sdw,f/ okcç {u*¾wmac:wJh psmeft*Fg
ESpyf g;&Swd hJ wwd,psmefuawmh ykNd y;D Nird o f ufw,fvYdk qifjcifNy;D aemuf
'DywD d r&Sv d Qif aumif;r,fvYkd tm½k, H Nl y;D awmh tjzLa&mif y#dbm*edrw d -f
udyk J pdu
k Mf unfah ecJah omf yDwd jyKwo
f mG ;ygvdrrhf ,f/ okcç {u*¾wmac:wJh
psmeft*Fg (2)yg;&Sw d hJ wwd,psmefukd qku d o f mG ;ygvdrrfh ,f/ wwd,psmefukd
qkdufoGm;NyDqdkvQifvnf; 'Dwwd,psmefudk 0oDabmf (5)wef Ekdifeif;-
atmif qufvufNyD; avhusifh&ygw,f/
pwkw¬psmefokdY
wwd,psmefrmS 0oDabmf Edik ef if;atmif avhusiNhf y;D vdYk pwkwp¬ smef-
udk ul;csiwf ,fqv kd Qiaf wmh wwd,psmef[m yDwq d w dk hJ &efoEl iS hf eD;uyf-
w,f? okcuvnf; ½ke&Yf if;Murf;wrf;w,f? usK;d yJyh supf ;D vG,w f o hJ abm
&Sdw,f/ Oayu©mç {u*¾wmac:wJh psmeft*FgESpfyg;&SdwJh pwkw¬psmef-
avmufvnf; rNird o f ufb;l / 'Dvdk qifjcifNy;D awmh wwd,psmeform"dukd
tvdkr&SdwJh pdwfxm;ç okc jyKwfcsifwJh pdwfxm;eJY 'DtjzLa&mifuokdPf;
y#dbm*edrw d u
f ykd J pdu
k Nf y;D Munfah e&ygw,f/ 'Dvkd pku
d Mf unfah evdu k v
f Qif
awmh okc jyKwfoGm;ygvdrfhr,f/ Oayu©mç {u*¾wmac:wJh psmeft*Fg
(2)yg;eJY jynfhpkHwJh 'Dpwkw¬psmeform"dudk qkdufa&mufoGm;ygr,f/
pwkwp¬ smeform"dukd qduk o
f mG ;Nyq
D v
dk Qiaf wmh touf vH;k 0 r½SLwJh
xl;jcm;csuf &Sad eygw,f/ 'gaMumifh Oayu©mç {u*¾wmac:wJh psmeft*Fg
(2)yg;uvnf; xif&Sm;aeNyD? toufvnf; vHk;0 r½SLawmhbl;qdkvQif-
awmh 'DrSwfausmuf (2)ckonf pwkw¬psmeform"d qkdufNyDqdkwJh rSwf-
ausmufyJ jzpfygw,f/ pwkwp¬ smeform"dukd qdu k o
f mG ;wJt
h csed rf mS vnf;
'Dpwkw¬psmeform"dudk 0oDabmf (5)wef Ekdifeif;atmif qufvufNyD;
avhusichf ahJ omf tvif;a&mifawGuvnf; a&S;uxuf ydNk y;D tm;aumif;
vmygvdrhfr,f/ NydK;NydK;jyuf wvufvuf awmufyvmNyDqdkvQifawmh
xkv d if;a&mifjcnf&UJ tultnDukd ,lNy;D awmh arwåmur®|mef;udk pD;jzef;
cJhr,fqdkvQifawmh odyfvG,foGm;ygw,f/ arwåmur®|mef;udk b,fvdk
pD;jzef;&rvJ¿
arwåmur®|mef;ukd pwif tm;opfyHk
rdrd cspcf ifav;pm;wJh vdiw
f l olawmfaumif;wpfO;D udk a&G;cs,yf g/
trsK;d om;a,m*D jzpfcv hJ Qiv
f nf; trsK;d om;wpfO;D udçk trsK;d orD;a,m*D
jzpfcJhvQifvnf; trsKd;orD;wpfOD;udk a&G;cs,fyg/ rdrd cspfcifav;pm;
MunfnKd aewJh yk*Kd¾ vwf pfO;D udo
k m a&G;cs,&f ygr,f/ odyNf y;D cspEf pS of uf-
tyfwhJ tarwdçYk tazwdçYk om;wdçYk orD;wdYk pwJh 'Dvkd yk*Kd¾ vaf wGuakd wmh
ra&G;cs,yf geJ/Y odycf spEf pS o
f uftyfwhJ yk*Kd¾ vaf wGukd OD;pGm ½IcvhJ Qiaf wmh
olweYkd YJ ywfoufaewJh aomuuav;awGu 0ifvmwwfygw,f/ vdi-f
rwlwJh yk*¾dKvfawGudk oGm;½IcJhvQifvnf; &m*awG 0ifvmwwfygw,f/
aooGm;wJh yk*Kd¾ vaf wGukd oGm;½IvQiv f nf; psmeform"d rjzpfwwfygbl;/
'gaMumifh aooGm;wJyh *k Kd¾ vaf wGç vdirf wlwhJ yk*Kd¾ vaf wGç odyNf y;D cspEf pS -f
ouftyfwJh yk*¾dKvfawGudkawmh a&S;OD;pGm arwåmryGm;ygESifh/
yd,*½kbm0eD,yk*d¾Kvf
arwåmyGm;&r,fh yk*¾dKvfrSmvnf; tkyfpk (4)tkyfpk &Sdaeygw,f/
1/ twå = rdrdç
2/ yd, = cspfciftyfwJh vdifwlyk*¾dKvfç
3/ rZÑwå = rcspf rrkef; tv,ftvwf vdifwlyk*¾dKvfç
4/ a0&D = &efol = rkef;ol vdifwlyk*¾dKvf?
'Dvdk yk*Kd¾ vf (4)tkypf k &Syd gw,f/ rdru
d ,
dk u
f dk rdrd arwåmyGm;vkaYd wmh
arwåmpsmefukd r&Ekdifygbl;/ okdYaomfvnf; ukd,fcsif;pmw&m;rsm;
jzpfay:vma&;ç pdwf"mwf El;nHhaysmhaysmif;a&;twGufom yGm;rsm;jcif;
jzpfygw,f/
igonf ab;&efuif;csio f vkd tjcm;tjcm;aom owå0gawGvnf;
tvm;wlyJ ab;&efuif;csifMuw,f? igonf pdwfqif;&Juif;csifovkd
tjcm;tjcm;aom owå0gawGvnf; pdwq f if;&Juif;csiMf uw,f? igonf
ukd,fqif;&Juif;csifovkd tjcm;tjcm;aom owå0gawGvnf; ukd,f-
qif;&Juif;csifMuw,f? igonf usef;usef;rmrm csrf;csrf;omomjzifh
rdr\
d cE¨m0efudk &Guaf qmifEidk cf sio
f vkd tjcm;tjcm;aom owå0gawG-
vnf; tvm;wlyJ use;f use;f rmrm csr;f csr;f omomjzifh rdr\ d cE¨m0efudk
&GufaqmifEkdifcsifMuw,f/
'Dvdk uk,
d cf si;f pmemwJh pdwx
f m;uav;awG tm;aumif;vmatmif
pdwf"mwfawG El;nHhaysmhaysmif;vmatmif a&S;OD;pGm rdrdukd,fukd tcsdef
tenf;i,favmufawmh arwåmyGm;yg/ rdrd&JU pdwf"mwfawGu El;nHh
aysmhaysmif;vmvkdY owå0gawGtay:rSm arwåm"mwfawGu txkduf-
tavsmuf ude;f 0yfvmwJh tcsed t f cgrSm arwåmpsmefudk &&Sad tmif yGm;&-
rnfh tpDtpOfrSm ---
2/ yd,yk*¾dKvfç
3/ rZÑwåyk*¾dKvfç
4/ a0&Dyk*¾dKvfawG jzpfMuygw,f/
wpfzef yd,yk*¾dKvftkyfpkrSmvnf; --
(u) yd,*½kbm0eD, = cspfcif MunfndK av;pm;tyfwJh q&m-
orm;uJhokdYaom vdifwlyk*¾dKvfç
( c ) twdy,dÜ o[m,u = tvGef cspcf iftyf jrwfE;dk tyfwhJ rdb
armifESr rdwfaqGtaygif;tazmf vdifwlyk*¾dKvfawG jzpfMu-
ygw,f/
'Dy*k Kd¾ vEf pS rf sK;d xJu -- yd,*½kbm0eD,yk*Kd¾ vwf pfO;D u pNy;D yGm;&rSm
jzpfw,f/ 'Dvdk yGm;rsm;wJt h cgrSm 0do'k rd¨ *¾t|uxmu atmufygtwkid ;f
owfrSwfcsuf ay;xm;ygw,f/
{0½lay p yk*¾av umrH tyÜem orÜZÆwd? £rdem ye bdu©Kem
wm0wauae0 wk| ð temyZÆw d mG oDrmoarÇ'H uwåKumare w'eEÅ&H
twdy, dÜ o[m,au? twdy, dÜ o[m,uawm rZÑawå? rZÑwaå wm
a0&Dy*k a¾ v arwåm bma0wAÁm/ bma0aEÅe p {auuo®ð aum|mao
rk'kH ur®ed,H pdwåH uwGm w'eEÅa& w'eEÅa& OyoH[&dwAÁH/
(0dok'¨d?1?289/)
psmepdwåH OyaewAÁH OyÜga'wAÁEÅd taw¬m/ (r[m#D?1?354/)
'Dowfrw S cf su&f UJ qkv
d &dk if;uawmh 'Dvydk g/ yd,*½kbm0eD,ac:wJh
cspcf ifav;pm;tyfwhJ vdiw f yl *k Kd¾ vw
f pfO;D ukd tm½H,
k ul m arwåmbm0em
ur®|mef;ukd pD;jzef;cJv
h Qiaf wmh yxrpsmefç 'kw, d psmefç wwd,psmefqw dk hJ
tyÜempsmeform"dawGudk qku d af &mufEidk yf gw,f/ Ny;D pD;jynfph EkH idk yf gw,f/
okdYaomf 'Davmuf &&Sdxm;wJh arwåmpsmefavmufeJYawmh auseyfNyD;
raeygESi/hf aemufxyf qufvufNy;D awmh oDrmoarÇ' = yk*Kd¾ vt f ykid ;f -
tjcm; NyKd uo
GJ mG ;atmif arwåmcsi;f nDrQomG ;atmif qufvufNy;D awmh
BudK;pm;yg/ 'Dvkd BudK;pm;wJhtykdif;rSm ---
1/ yd,*½kbm0eD,yk*¾dKvfawGç
2/ twdyÜd,o[m,uyk*¾dKvfawGç
3/ rZÑwåyk*¾dKvfawGç
4/ a0&Dyk*¾dKvfawG ---
qkNd y;D arwåmpsmefudk &atmif yGm;&r,fyh *k Kd¾ vf (4)tkypf k &Syd gw,f/
tJ'D tkypf ak wGxuJ tkypf k wpfcw k pfcrk mS arwåmpsmefawGudk t0g;0pGm
avhusifhNyD;rS aemuftkyfpk wpfckudk ajymif;NyD;awmh ½IyGm;yg/ tJ'Dvkd
arwåmpsmefawGukd t0g;0pGm EkdifEkdifeif;eif; avhusifhvkdufwJhtcgrSm
yd,*½kbm0eD,yk*Kd¾ vEf iS hf twdy,
dÜ o[m,uyk*Kd¾ vf ESprf sK;d wkt Yd ay:rSm
arwåmcsif; nDrQoGm;ygvdrfhr,f/
1/ twå = rdrdç
2/ yd,yk*¾dKvfç
3/ rZÑwåyk*¾dKvfç
4/ a0&Dyk*¾dKvf ---
'Dy*k Kd¾ vf (4)OD;yJ &Syd gvdrrhf ,f/ twåudk arwåmyGm;Ny;D wJt
h cg b,fvdk
qufNyD; arwåmyGm;&rvJ¿ yd,*½kbm0eD,ac:wJh cspfcif MunfndK
av;pm;wJh yk*d¾Kvu f pNy;D awmh arwåmyGm;&ygr,f/ cspcf ifav;pm;tyfwhJ

rdrd MunfndKaewJh yk*¾dKvfwpfOD;udk a&G;cs,fNyD;awmh rdrd wpfcsdefwkef;u
jrifzl;cJhpOf tcsdeftcgu xdkyk*¾dKvf&JU pdwftcsrf;omqkH; ykH&dyfuav;udk
vSrf;NyD; tm½kH,lMunfhyg/
tm½k, H w
l thJ ydik ;f rSmvnf; a&S;OD;pGm tjzLa&mifuokP d ;f y#dbm*-
edrwd u f dk tm½H,
k Nl y;D awmh pwkwp¬ smeform"dudk xlaxmifyg/ vif;a&mif-
jcnfprG ;f tm;awG tm;aumif;vmygvdrrhf ,f/ pwkwp¬ smeform"d tul-
tnDudk &&SdaewJh tcsdeftcgrSm xkdvif;a&mifjcnfpGrf;tm;jzifh rdrd
MunfnKd aewJh yk*Kd¾ vu f kd vufEydS "f mwfr;D eJY xk;d Munfo h vdk xk;d pdu k xf m;yg/
xdyk *k Kd¾ vf &yfaewJyh Hk BudKuv f Qif &yfaewJyh uHk çkd xkid af ewJyh Hk BuKd uv f Qiv
f nf;
xkdifwJhykHudk xkd;pdkufNyD;wJh tcsdeftcgrSmawmh ygVdvdk BudKufvQifvnf;
ygVdvdkç jrefrmvdk BudKufvQifvnf; jrefrmvdk yGm;Edkifygw,f/
]]þolawmfaumif;onf ab;&ef uif;ygap? pdwq f if;&J uif;ygap?
ud, k q f if;&J uif;ygap? use;f use;f rmrm csr;f csr;f omomjzifh rdr\ d cE¨m-
0efukd &Guaf qmifEidk yf gap}}qdNk y;D (4)csuv f ;Hk oH;k acguf av;acgufavmuf
arwåmydMYk unfyh g/ 'Dvkd ydNYk y;D wJh tcsed t
f cgrSm 'D (4)csux f u J rdrd ESpNf cKd u-f
&mwpfckudk a&G;cs,fvdkufyg/ Oyrm --- ]pdwfqif;&J uif;ygap}qdkwJh 'D
arwåmydo Yk csuuf kd rdru
d ESpNf cKd uwf ,fqv kd Qif ]]þolawmfaumif;onf
pdwfqif;&J uif;ygap? þolawmfaumif;onf pdwfqif;&J uif;ygap?
þolawmfaumif;onf pdwq f if;&J uif;ygap?}}qdNk y;D awmh rdrd arwåmyd-Yk
aewJh yk*K¾d v&f UJ pdwq f if;&J uif;Ny;D jyKH ;&Tiaf ewhJ ykt H ay:ü bm0empdwu f kd
Nird 0f yfpmG uyfxm;yg/ 'Dur®|mef;u owå0gynwfyu Hk kd tm½k,H Nl y;D awmh
yGm;&wJh ur®|mef;wpfck jzpfygw,f/
bm0empdwfudk rdrd arwåmydkYaewJh yk*d¾Kvf&JU jyHK;&TifaewJh ykHay:rSm
Nidrf0yfpGm uyfNyD; xm;vdkufvQif wjznf;jznf;eJY rdrd tm;xkwfxm;wJh
tjzLa&mifuodkPf; pwkw¬psmeform"d tultnDukd &xm;wJhtwGuf
rMumrDtcsdeftwGif;rSm bm0empdwfu Nidrf0yfpGm uyfNyD; wnfoGm;yg-
vdrfhr,f/ wpfem&Davmuf bm0empdwfu Nidrf0yfpGm uyfNyD; wnfaeNyD
qdv
k Qiaf wmh xdtk csed rf mS psmeft*Fgig;yg;u xif&mS ;aeygvdrrhf ,f/ tjzL-
a&mifuodP k ;f wke;f u psmeft*Fgig;yg;udk em;vnfxm;wJh olawmfaumif;
u 'DtcsdeftcgrSm psmeft*FgawGudk qifjcifvdkufvQif vG,fvG,feJY
qifjcifvdkY &aeygvdrfhr,f/
rdrdu tvdk&SdcJhr,fqdkvQifawmh 'kwd,psmeform"dç wwd,psmef
orm"d qkdufonfhwdkifatmif ul;vdkY &Edkifygw,f/ pwkw¬psmeform"d
txdawmh ul;vdYk r&ygbl;/ bmjzpfvv Ykd ¿J ab;&ef uif;apcsiw f hJ qE´ç
pdwqf if;&J uif;apcsiw f hJ qEú Oayu©moabm r[kwyf gbl;/ 'gaMumifh
'Dwwd,psmefavmufyJ qkdufEdkifygw,f/ xkdwwd,psmef orm"dtxd
qdu
k af tmif xlaxmifvYkd atmifjrifNyq D v dk Qiaf wmh 'Doal wmfaumif;udyk J
tm½Hk,lNyD;awmh aemufwpfrsKd; --- ]ab;&ef uif;ygap}eJY ajymif;NyD;
wwd,psmeform"d qku d o f nftxd ½IMunfyh g/ ]pdwq f if;&J uif;ygap}eJ-Y
vnf; wwd,psmeform"d qkdufonftxdç ]udk,fqif;&J uif;ygap}eJY-
vnf; wwd,psmeform"d qkdufonftxdç ]usef;usef;rmrm csrf;csrf;-
omomjzifh rdrd\ cE¨m0efudk &GufaqmifEkdifygap}eJYvnf; wwd,psmef-
orm"d qkdufonftxd ½IyGm;vdkY &ygw,f/
'D (4)csuv f ;Hk jzifh yk*d¾Kvw
f pfO;D rSm arwåmpsmef 0ifpm;vdYk atmifjrifrI
&Nyq D vkd Qiaf wmh aemufxyf cspcf ifav;pm;tyfwhJ yk*Kd¾ vw f pfO;D udk ajymif;
½IMunfhyg/ 'Denf;pepftm;jzifh cspfcifav;pm;wJh yk*¾dKvf av;a,muf
ig;a,mufavmuf okrYd [kwf q,fa,mufavmuftxd yGm;vdYk atmif-
jrifNyDqdkvQifawmh xkdtcsdeftcgrSm odyfcspfjrwfEdk;wJh tarç tazç nD
tpfuçkd armifErS awGç aqGrsK;d om;csi;f awGukd yGm;vdYk &oGm;ygNy/D vdiw f l
yk*K¾d vuf akd wmh wpfO;D pDyJ yGm;yg/ om;ç orD;jzpfaomfvnf; rdred YJ vdirf wl-
vQifawmh a&S;OD;pGm wpfOD;csif;ukd tm½Hk,lNyD;awmh arwåmryGm;ygESifh/
om;ç orD;wGif rubl;? tazjzpfap tarjzpfap ryGm;ygeJ/Y 'Dvkd owf-

rSwfcsufawmh &Sdaeygw,f/ aemufydkif;rSmawmh oaAÁ yk&domç oAÁm
£w¬da,m ponfjzifh a,mufsm;tm;vkH;ç trsKd;orD;tm;vkH;udk jcHKikHNyD;
yGm;wJph epfuawmh yGm;vdYk &ygw,f/ vdirf wlcv
hJ Qif wpfa,mufpaD wmh
ryGm;ygeJYvdkY 'Dvdk owfrSwfcsufawmh &Sdygw,f/
tvGef cspfcifonfh twdyÜd,yk*¾dKvf
'Dowfrw S cf sut
f & vdiw f l odycf spw f hJ yk*Kd¾ vaf wGukd wpfa,mufNy;D
wpfa,muf yGm;yg/ rdrd ½IymG ;wJh yk*d¾Kvw f ikd ;f rSmvnf; 'D½eI nf; (4)csujf zifh
wwd,psmeform"d qkdufatmif yGm;&ygw,f/ cspfcifav;pm;tyfwJh
yk*¾dKvfESifh odyfcspfwJh yk*¾dKvf -- 'Dyk*¾dKvfESpfrsKd;wkdYukd arwåmyGm;wJhtcg
nDrQomG ;Nyq D v
dk Qiaf wmh 'Dy*k K¾d vEf pS rf sK;d vH;k [m yd,yk*Kd¾ vt f &mrSm wnf-
oGm;NyD jzpfygw,f/
rcspf-rrkef; tv,ftvwf rZÑwåyk*¾dKvfESifh rkef;ol
atmifjrifrI &NyDqdkvQifawmh rcspf-rrkef; tv,ftvwfyk*¾dKvf-
awGudk qufNyD; yGm;yg/ tv,ftvwfyk*¾dKvfawGrSmvnf; av; ig;
q,fa,mufavmufudk tm½Hk,lNyD; arwåmpsmefawG 0ifpm;vdkY &NyDqkd-
vQifawmh trkef;qkH;yk*¾dKvfjzpfwJh &efolyk*¾dKvfawGudk aemufqkH;xm;NyD;
yGm;&ygw,f/ enf;enf;avmuf rausreyfjzpfwJh yk*¾dKvfudk t&ifqHk;
yGm;Munfyh g/ olU&JU cspcf ifjrwfE;dk zG,&f m *kPuf av;awGukd wpfzufowf
tm½k, H Nl y;D yGm;Munfv h Qiaf wmh atmifjrifwwfygw,f/ 'Dvkd yGm;vdu k v
f Ykd
rke;f wJyh *k Kd¾ vrf mS vnf; (4)csuv
f ;Hk arwåmpsmef 0ifpm;vkYd &Nyq
D v
dk Qiaf wmh
'Darwåmpsmefudk oDrmoarÇ'vdkYac:wJh tydkif;tjcm; NydKatmif wpfcg
xyfNyD;awmh yGm;&ygw,f/
oDrmoarÇ' = yk*¾dKvftykdif;tjcm;ukd NzdKjcif;
rdru
d , kd u
f kd a&S;OD;pGm pHxm;Ny;D awmh yGm;Munf&h ygw,f/ rdru d ,kd u f kd
yGm;wmuawmh psmefr&ygbl;/ psmefr&aomfvnf; xkdyk*¾dKvfonf bm-
vkyf&rvJ¿ oDrmoarÇ'vdkY ac:qdktyfwJh igyJç olyJç 'Dyk*d¾Kvfuawmh
cspcf ifEpS o f uftyfwhJ yk*Kd¾ vyf çJ 'Dy*k K¾d vu f awmh tv,ftvwfy*k Kd¾ vyf çJ
'Dy*k K¾d vuf awmh rke;f wJyh *k Kd¾ vyf v
J Ykd 'Dvkd tydik ;f tjcm;awG uif;oGm;atmif-
awmh rdryd g xnfNh y;D yGm;ay;&ygw,f/ rdru d , dk uf kd yGm;vdYk psmefr&Edik w f hJ
twGuf av;acguf ig;acgufavmuf yGm;yg/ rdrd&JU cspfcifMunfndKwJh
yk*¾dKvfeJY odyfNyD; cspfESpfouftyfwJh yk*¾dKvfESpfOD;uawmh wloGm;ygw,f/
yd,yk*Kd¾ vt f &mrSm wnfomG ;ygw,f/ rdru d , dk u f dk yGm;Ny;D wJh tcsed tf cgrSm
'Dcspcf ifwhJ yk*Kd¾ vw f pfO;D rSm ½IyekH nf;pepf (4)csujf zifh wwd,psmef qku d -f
atmif yGm;Munfhyg/
tv,ftvwfyk*¾dKvfwpfa,mufrSmvnf; xkdenf;vnf;aumif;ç
rkef;aewJh &efolyk*¾dKvfwpfa,mufrSmvnf; xkdenf;vnf;aumif; yGm;-
Munfhyg/ yGm;MunfhvdkY yk*d¾Kvfwdkif;rSm wwd,psmeftxd qkdufNyDqkdvQif
aemufxyf rdrd cspfolwpfa,mufç tv,ftvwfyk*¾dKvfwpfa,mufç
rkef;wJhyk*¾dKvfwpfa,mufudk jyefajymif;NyD; ½I&ygw,f/ 'Denf;tm;jzifh
acgufwkHY acgufjyef xyfumxyfum ½IcJhaomf aemufqkH;rSm --- rdrdç
cspfwJhyk*¾dKvfç tv,ftvwfyk*¾dKvfç rkef;wJhyk*¾dKvfqdkwJh 'Dyk*¾dKvf (4)OD;-
vHk;[m cGJvdkY r&awmhbl;/ arwåmpsmef 0ifpm;aewJh arwåmbm0empdwf
tpOfuav;wpfcyk J &Sad wmhw,f/ b,fy*k Kd¾ vt f ay:rSmrS arwåmu ryd-k
awmhbl;qkdvQifawmh xkdtcgrSm arwåmpsmefur®|mef;onf atmifjrif
oGm;NyD jzpfygw,f/ atmifjrifNyDqdkvQifawmh ]oaAÁ owåm} ponfjzifh
ul;NyD; ½IEdkifygw,f/
0dyæm& = jyefYum; BuD;us,f jrifhjrwfaom arwåm

1/ oaAÁ owåm = cyfodrf;ukefaom cE¨mig;yg;ü NiduyfwG,fwmjcif;
&SdMuukefaom owå0gwdkYonf ---
a[mEÅÅ K
ta0&m a[mE = ab;&ef uif;Muygap?
a[mEÅÅ K
tAsmyZÆm a[mE = pdwfqif;&J uif;Muygap?
teDCm a[mE
a[mEÅÅ K = udk,fqif;&J uif;Muygap?
okcD twåmeH y&d[& EÅ K = usef;usef;rmrm csrf;csrf;omomjzifh
rdr\
d cE¨m0efukd &Guaf qmifEidk Mf uygap?
'Dvkd yGm;&ygw,f/ 'Dvkd yGm;wJt h ydik ;f rSmvnf; rdru
d tdrrf mS &Sad e-
vQiv f nf; tdr0f if;twGi;f uae pNy;D yGm;&ygw,f/ ausmif;rSm &SdaevQi-f
vnf; ausmif;0if;twGi;f wpfcak vmufuae pNy;D yGm;&ygw,f/ 'Dtydik ;f
tjcm;wpfct k wGi;f rSm wnf&adS ewJh yk*K¾d vf owå0gawGukd tm½HkjyKNy;D awmh
oaAÁ owåmç oaAÁ ygPmç oaAÁ blwmç oaAÁ yk*¾vmç oaAÁ twå-
]oaAÁ
bm0y&d,myEém}qdkwJh 'Dyk*¾dKvf (5)rsKd;rSm taem"daom z&Pm arwåm
yGm;&ygw,f/
2/ oaAÁ ygPm = cyfodrf;ukefaom 0ifoufxGufouf &Sd Muukef-
aom owå0gwdo Yk nf --- ta0&m a[mE
a[mEÅÅ K = ab;&ef uif;Muygap/
tAsmyZÆm a[mE
a[mEÅÅ K = pdwfqif;&J uif;Muygap/ teDCm a[mE a[mEÅÅ K
= ud, f if;&J uif;Muygap/ okcD twåmeH y&d[& EÅ K = use;f use;f -
k q
rmrm csrf;csrf;omomjzifh rdrd\ cE¨m0efudk &GufaqmifEkdifMuyg-
ap/
3/ oaAÁ blwm = cyfodrf;ukefaom uH-udavomaMumifh xif&Sm;
jzpfMuukefaom owå0gwkdYonf --- ta0&m a[mE a[mEÅÅ K / y / &Guf-
aqmifEkdifMuygap/
4/ oaAÁ yk*¾vm = cyfodrf;ukefaom i&J ü usa&mufjcif;oabm
&SdMuukeaf om owå0gwdoYk nf -- ta0&m a[mE
a[mEÅÅ K / y / &Guaf qmif
EkdifMuygap/
5/ oaAÁ twåbm0y&d,myEém = cyford ;f ukeaf om cE¨mud, k f twå-
abmü tusK;H 0ifMuukeaf om owå0gwdo Yk nf --- ta0&m a[mEa[mEÅÅ K
/ y / &GufaqmifEkdifMuygap/
tm;vHk; aygif;vdkufawmh &nfñTef;csufr&SdwJhyk*¾dKvf (5)rsKd;rSm
taem"daom z&Pm arwåmu (5)csuf jzpfomG ;ygw,f/ wpfrsK;d wpfrsK;d
rSmvnf; (4)csufpD yGm;&ygw,f/ aemufwpfck --- &nfñTef;csuf&SdwJh
Mo"daom z&Pm arwåmu (7)csuf &Sdygw,f/
1/ oAÁm £w¬ad ,m = cyford ;f ukeaf om trsK;d orD;wdo
Yk nf --- ta0&m
a[mE
a[mEÅÅ K / y / &GufaqmifEkdifMuygap/
2/ oaAÁ yk&dom = cyfodrf;ukefaom trsKd;om;wdkYonf --- ta0&m
a[mE
3/ oaAÁ t&d,m = cyfodrf;ukefaom t&d,molawmfaumif;wdkY-
onf --- ta0&m a[mEa[mEÅÅ K / y / &GufaqmifEkdifMuygap/
4/ oaAÁ te&d,m = cyford ;f ukeaf om t&d,mr[kwaf om olawmf-
aumif;wdkYonf --- ta0&m a[mEa[mEÅÅ K / y / &GufaqmifEkdifMuygap/
5/ oaAÁ a'0g = cyfodrf;ukefaom ewfwdkYonf --- ta0&m a[mE a[mEÅÅ K
/ y / &GufaqmifEkdifMuygap/
6/ oaAÁ rEkóm = cyfodrf;ukefaom vlom;wdkYonf --- ta0&m
a[mE
7/ oaAÁ 0dedygwdum = cyfodrf;ukefaom tyg,fbkHom; owå0gwdkY-
onf --- ta0&m a[mEa[mEÅÅ K / y / &GufaqmifEkdifMuygap/
'Dvdk ydkif;jcm;jcif; &SdaewJhyk*d¾Kvf owå0gawGrSm Mo"daom z&Pm-
arwåmu (7)csuf &Syd gw,f/ taem"daom z&Pm arwåmç Mo"daom-

z&Pm arwåm ESp&f yfaygif;vku d af wmh (12)csuf jzpfomG ;ygw,f/ wpf-
csuf wpfcsufrSm ½IyGm;enf; (4)rsKd;pD (4)rsKd;pD arwåmjzefY&wJhtwGuf
]12_4 = 48}rsK;d jzpfomG ;ygw,f/ 'D (48)rsK;d aom arwåmawGukd tdr0f if;
wpfck odrYk [kwf ausmif;0if;wpfct k wGi;f rSm yGm;vdYk atmifjrifNyq D vkd Qif
aemufxyf tdr0f if;ESpcf çk tdr0f if;oH;k ckç ausmif;0if;ESpcf çk ausmif;0if;ok;H ckç
&yfuGufwpfck ponfjzifh wkd;csJUNyD; yGm;Munfhyg/
v,fxGefwJha,mufsm;[m tv,facgif ao;ao;uav;uae
pNy;D awmh wjznf;jznf; wpfpwpfpeJY csUJ xGiNf y;D xGeo f mG ;&ovdyk J a,m*D
yk*K¾d vuf vnf; arwåmpsmefu tpGr;f rxufrrD mS wjznf;jznf; csUJ Ny;D awmh
yGm;&ygw,f/ 'Dvdk csJUNyD; yGm;vdkufwm aemufqkH; &yfuGufwpfckuae
&yfuu G Ef pS cf çk NrKd Ue,fwpfcçk jynfe,fwpfcçk wpfwidk ;f jynfv;Hk ç wpfurÇm
vk;H ponfjzifh wjznf;jznf; jzef½Y &I ygw,f/ wpfurÇmvk;H jzef½Y v I Ykd atmif
jrifrI&&SdwJh tcsdeftcgrSm (31)bkHwdkifatmif jzefY½Iyg/ 'D (31)bkHudk
b,fvdkvkyf jrifEkdifrvJvdkY wcsKdUyk*d¾KvfawGu 'Dvdk oHo,&Sd Muw,f/
oHo,&Sad evQiaf wmh taumif;qk;H u bmvJ¿ Ak't ¨ bd"r®monf
tajymtbd"r®m r[kwyf gbl;/ vufawGUusi&hf wJh tbd"r®m jzpfygw,f/
'gaMumifh bmvky&f rvJ¿ vufawGUusi&hf ygr,f/ (31)bkH wu,fxif&mS ;
&Sçd r&Su
d kd orm"daMumifh jzpfay:vmwJh vif;a&mifjcnfprG ;f tm;udk tok;H -
csNyD; MunfhvdkY&ygw,f/ 'Dvif;a&mifjcnfeJY jzefYMuufNyD; MunfhvdkufwJh
tcsdeftcgrSm ewfawGç tyg,fbHkom; owå0gawGç jA[®mawGudk jrif-
atmif MunfNh y;D rS arwåmyGm;&ygw,f/ 'Dowå0gawGukd rjrifbeJ YJ rSe;f q-
NyD; arwåmyGm;aevQifawmh arwåmpsmefvnf; b,fvdkrS rjzpfay:Edkif
ygbl;/
'Dae&mrSm >cif;csuf tenf;i,fawmh &Sdygw,f/ ,ckvkd arwåm-
bm0emukd pD;jzef;wJt
h cg arwåmpsmef&UJ pGr;f tm;aMumifv
h nf; tvif;-
a&mifawGu qufvuf jzpfay:aeygw,f/ xkt d vif;a&mif tultnD-
ESihf pku
d ½f v
I u
dk w
f t
hJ cg yHo
k P²mef ½kyyf v
kH mT r&Sw
d hJ t½lyjA[®mawGuadk wmh
a,m*Dyk*¾dKvfu rjrifEkdifygbl;/ okdYaomf ½lyjA[®mawG ewfawGukdawmh
txkduftavsmuf jrifEkdifygw,f/
'gaMumifh i&J wu,fxif&Sm; &Sdçr&Sd odcsifw,fqkdvQifawmh 'D
arwåmur®|mef;udk pD;jzef;Munfhyg/ tyg,fbHkom; owå0gawGxJrSm
tusKH;0ifaewJh wapä-o&JawG &Sdçr&Sd wu,fxif&Sm; odcsifw,fqkd-
vQiv f nf; bmvky&f rvJ¿ arwåmyGm;Munfyh g/ arwåmyGm;Munfv h u
dk v
f Qif
tyg,fbo Hk m; owå0gawG wu,fxif&mS ; &Sçd r&Sq
d w
kd mvnf; twdtus
odEkdif jrifEdkifygw,f/
odaYk omf 'Dvif;a&mifjcnfprG ;f tm;uawmh vdt k yfaeygw,f/ vif;-
a&mifjcnfpGrf;tm; r&SdbJeJYawmh MunfhvdkY b,fvdkrS rjrifEdkifygbl;/
tarSmifxrJ mS yuwdrsupf ed YJ Munfv h Qif Munfvh Ykd rjrifEidk o
f vdbk J orx-
0dyóembm0eme,frSmvnf; vif;a&mifjcnfpGrf;tm; r&SdcJhvQifawmh
rdrwd &Ykd UJ t½Ict
H m½kaH wGukd vSr;f Munfvh Qif Munfv h Ykd jrifyghrvm;¿ rjrif-
Ekdifbl;/ 'Doabmudkawmh vufcHzdkY vdktyfygw,f/
teEÅpMu0VmokdY
'Dvkd arwåmpsmefawGjzifh uGejYf rL;Ny;D wJh tcsed t
f cgrSmawmh pMu0Vm
wpfckrSm (31)bkHtzGJUtpnf;wpfck &Sdovkd tjcm;tjcm;aom pMu0Vm
awGrmS vnf; (31)bkt H zGUJ tpnf;awG rsm;pGm &Sad eygw,f/ (31)bkt H zGUJ -
tpnf;wpfckrSm olESifhqkdif&m jrif;rdk&fawmif ae-v-eu©wfwm&m
ponfwjYkd zifh zGUJ pnf;xm;wJh tzJUG tpnf;udk pMu0Vmwpfcv k Ykd owfrw
S f
xm;ygw,f/ 'Dvdk (31)bkHtzGJUtpnf;aygif;vnf; teEÅ = rsm;pGm
&Sad ewJt
h wGuf xkt d eEÅpMu0Vmwkid af tmif vif;a&mifjcnfeYJ jzefMY uuf-
NyD;awmh teEÅpMu0VmrSm &SdaeMuwJh owå0gawGudk tm½kH,lNyD;awmh
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yGm;rsm;tm;xkwv f Ykd atmifjrifrI &Nyq
D v
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taemuft&yfç awmift&yfç ajrmuft&yfç axmifhav;axmifht&yfç
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awGawmh b,fvdk oabmaygufMuovJ¿
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wnfaeMuygw,f/ 'DrmS (31)bkt H zGUJ tpnf; &So
d vkd bke;f Bu;D wdYk (31)bkH
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&Sad ewJt
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ud,k qf if;&J uif;apcsiw f q
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ovm;¿ rjzpfEkdifawmhbl;/ raumif;bl;vm;¿ odyfaumif;w,f/
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uif;Edkifw,f/ odyfaumif;w,f odyfaumif;w,f/
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aecsiMf uw,fqv kd Qif csr;f omaMumif; usiphf OfawGxrJ mS 'Dusiphf Ofwpfck
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jrwfu arwåmpsmefudk 0ifpm;NyD;awmh 'Darwåmpsmeform"drS xNyD;wJh
tcsdeftcgrSm olu 0dyóemur®|mef;udk ul;½Iavh&Sdygw,f/
Ak'¨gEkówdur®|mef;
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ygw,f/
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aewJh ½kyyf mG ;awmfwpfqu l kd vSr;f Ny;D awmh vif;a&mifjcnfeYJ xk;d pdu k Mf unf-h
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bk&m;&SifyJvdkY trSwfxm;NyD;awmh xkdykHawmfuae wpfqifhwufNyD;
*kPaf wmfukd ajymif;&ygr,f/ b,fvkd ajymif;&rvJ¿ *kPaf wmf (9)yg;xJ-
u rdrd BuKd uEf pS o f uf&m *kPaf wmfwpfcu k kd odrYk [kwf *kPaf wmf (9)yg;-
vkH;udk yGm;Ekdifygw,f/
t&[H*kPfawmf
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qdv k Qiaf wmh t&[H*P k af wmfukd yGm;r,fqMkd uygpd/Yk t&[H*P k af wmfrmS
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d ,f? ynm*kPaf wG &Sw d ,f/ olrwlwhJ 'DovD *kPçf orm"d*P
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oabmuav;udk ÓPfeJY jrifatmif MunfhNyD;awmh --- ]aom b*0g
£wdyd t&[H}qkdNyD; 'Dvdk yGm;&ygw,f/ ]aom b*0g}b*0g}udk jzKwfNyD;awmh-
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f hJ tcsed -f
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pdwfudk Nidrf0yfpGm uyfNyD; wnfaeatmifom BudK;pm;yg/
o'dolypm& --- Oypm&orm"d
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a&mifuodkPf; (= Mo'gwuodkPf;)jzifh pwkw¬psmeform"dqdkufatmif
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ygvdrrhf ,f/ wpfem&Davmuf Nird af eNyq D v kd Qif psmeft*FgawGukd qifjcif-
r,fqv kd Qif qifjcifvYdk &Edik yf gw,f/ Nird af ewJph w d uf kd jyefMunfvh ukd v
f Qif
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xif&Sm;aeygvdrfhr,f/ odkYaomf 'Dpsmefonf Oypm&psmefrQom jzpfyg-
w,f/ tyÜempsmefvaYkd c:wJh psmeftppfawmh r[kwyf gbl;/ psmef&UJ teD;-
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awmfukd ÓPfrzD q Ydk w
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w&m;awGtay:rSm bm0empdwu f Nird 0f yfpmG uyfaezkq Yd w
dk mu tifr-
wef cufcw J thJ wGuf Oypm&orm"drQom &&SEd ikd w f ,fvYkd qdv k ydk gw,f/
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awGu eufew J t hJ wGuaf Mumifh jzpfygw,f/ okaYd omf psmefteD;em; uyf-
aewJh Oypm&orm"dtppfESifh ,ck Ak'¨gEkówd Oypm&orm"dwkdY[m
nDrQwJh orm"dvu©Pm &SdaewJhtwGufaMumifh o'dolypm&tm;jzifh
wifpm;Ny;D Ak'g¨ Ekówdur®|mef;ukd pD;jzef;vkYd jzpfay:vm&wJh orm"du-dk
vnf; Oypm&orm"dvkdY ac:qkdjcif; jzpfygw,f/
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yGm;rsm;ygav/
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hf ;D Bu;D jzifh aqmif;rk;d Ny;D bk&m;-
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f m
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f cgrSmawmh xkid if ykd gava&m/
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awmh bmrSr[kww f hJ om;awG orD;awGeYJ oGm;Ny;D awmh tvkyaf wG ½IyNf y;D
avmurSm aexkdifvmcJhwm ighb0[m tifrwef uHqkd;vSw,f?
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vnf; jzpfygw,f/ 'gaMumifh y'krw k &å jrwfpmG bk&m;&Siu
f b,fvkd a[m-
Mum;xm;awmfrlovJ¿
bma0[d Ak'¨gEków ð? bm0emerEkwå&H/
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ow
(ty'ge?1?76/ ax&*gxm?|?1?25/)
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aumif;ygw,f/ 'gaMumifh BudK;pm;Muapcsifygw,f/
'd|d0dok'¨dpcef;okdY
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pcef;udk b,fvdk ul;&rvJ¿
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pepfqNkd y;D (2)enf; &Sad eygw,f/ (0do'k ?d¨ 2?222/) 'D (2)enf;rSm rdrd BuKd u-f
ESpfouf&menf;eJY pNyD; ul;Ekdifygw,f/ orx,meduyk*¾dKvfuawmh
emrfw&m;uae pNyD; odrf;qnf;csifw,fqdkvQif psmeft*FgawGu pNyD;
odrf;qnf;&ygw,f/ psmeft*FgawGudk odrf;qnf;NyD;wJhtcgrSm xkdpsmef-
t*FgawGeJY ,SOfwGJNyD; jzpfay:aewJh pdwfapwodufvdkY ac:qdktyfwJh
psmefemrfw&m;awGudkvnf; qufvufNyD; odrf;qnf;&ygw,f/ 'Dvdk
odrf;qnf;wJhtydkif;rSmvnf; ---
wHorÜ,kwåm p "r®m vu©P&om'd0aoe y&d*¾a[wAÁm/
(0dok'¨d?2?222/)
qkdNyD;awmh 0dok'¨dr*ft|uxm 'kwd,wGJ pmrsufESm (222)rSm
twdtus ñTefMum;xm;ygw,f/ 'gaMumifh a,m*Dolawmfaumif;u

psmefemrfw&m;awGudk odrf;qnf;csifw,fqkdvQifawmh vu©Pç &oç
ypöKy|mefç y'|mefenf;tm;jzifh odrf;qnf;zdkYawmh vdktyfw,f/
psmefemrfw&m;awGukd odrf;qnf;NyD;wJh tcsdeftcgrSm 'Dpsmefemrf-
w&m;awGonf bmukd rSDNyD; jzpfay:aeMuovJvdkY vSrf;MunfhvdkufwJh
tcsed t
f cgrSm psmefemrfw&m;wd&Yk UJ rS&D mjzpfwhJ [',0w¬K½yk u
f kd oGm;awGU
ygw,f/ 'D[',0w¬Kuvnf; bmudk rSDNyD; jzpfaeovJvdkY vSrf;Munfh
vdkufr,fqdkvQifawmh [',0w¬K&JU rSD&mjzpfwJh blw½kyfeJY Oyg'g½kyfvdkY
ac:wJh ½kyfw&m;awGudk oGm;NyD; awGUygw,f/ 'DtcsdeftcgrSm blw½kyf
Oyg'g½kyfawGudk qufNyD; odrf;qnf;&ygw,f/ 'gu emrfw&m;u pNyD;
odrf;qnf;csifwJh yk*¾dKvftwGuf ajymjcif; jzpfygw,f/
'Dvdk emrfw&m;awGuae pNyD;awmh rodrf;qnf;csifbl;? ½kyfw&m;
uae pNyD;awmh odrf;qnf;csifw,fqdkvQifawmh bmvkyf&vJ¿ "mwf-
ur®|mef;uae pNyD; jynfwnf&ygw,f/ bmaMumifhvJ¿ orxydkif;rSm
orxur®|mef; (40) &Sdw,fqdkwmawmh rSefw,f/ 'gayr,fh orm"d
atmifjrifvdkY 'd|d0dok'd̈pcef; ul;awmhr,fqdkvQifawmh 0dyóemydkif;rSm
½kyfur®|mef;ç emrfur®|mef;qdkNyD; ur®|mef;u (2)rsKd;yJ &Sdygw,f/ 'D
(2)rsK;d xJu ½kyu
f r®|mef;½Iuu G u
f kd bk&m;&Siu
f b,fEpS ef nf; a[mMum;
xm;awmfrcl o hJ vJ¿ rlvyPÖmot|uxm yxrwGJ pmrsuEf mS (280)rSm
twdtus zGifhqkdxm;awmfrlygw,f/ b,fvdk zGifhqkdxm;awmfrlovJ¿
ww¬ b*0g ½lyur®|meH uaxaEÅm oacFyreodum&0aoe
0g 0dwm¬ &reodum&0aoe 0g pwk"mwk00w¬meH uaxod/ (r?|?1?280??)
½kyfur®|mef;ç emrfur®|mef; (2)rsKd;&SdwJhteufu ½kyfur®|mef;udk
bk&m;&Sif a[mMum;awmfrw l thJ cgrSm "mwfur®|mef; tusO;f ESv;Hk oGi;f
enf;ç "mwfur®|mef; tus,f ESv;Hk oGi;f enf;qkw d hJ 'DEpS rf sK;d rSm wpfenf;-
enf;eJYyJ bk&m;&Sif a[mMum;awmfrlygw,f/ 'gaMumifh bkef;BuD;wdkYu-
vnf; ½kyfw&m;awGudk t&if pNyD; ½IcsifwJh a,m*DawGudk oifay;wJh
tcgrSm "mwfur®|mef;udk pNyD; ½Icdkif;ygw,f/ "mwfur®|mef;udk p½IwJh
tcsdeftcgrSm "mwfav;yg;eJY jynfwnfNyD; orm"dxlaxmifwwfwJh
a,m*DawGtzkdYuawmh 'Dtydkif;rSm odyfvG,foGm;ygw,f/
arwåmpsmefrS "mwfur®|mef;okdY
arwåmpsmefudk wwd,psmefwdkifatmif 0ifpm;NyD; arwåmpsmefrS
xwJt h csed t
f cgrSm cE¨mtdrrf mS "mwfav;yg;udk jyefNy;D awmh pdu k ½f v
I u
kd yf g/
cE¨mtdrrf mS pdu k ½f vI u
kd Nf yq
D vkd Qiaf wmh xkt d csed t
f cgrSm a,m*Doal wmf-
aumif;tzdYk tjzLudk vG,v f , G uf ul el YJ jyefawGUygr,f/ tJ'D tjzLrSmvnf;
qufNyD; "mwfav;yg; pdkuf½IvdkufwJh tcsdeftcgrSm tjzLuae Munf-
oGm;ygr,f/ tJ'D tMunfrSmvnf; "mwfav;yg; qufpdkuf½Ivkdufr,f
qdv k Qiaf wmh orm"dprG ;f tm;aMumifh cPuav;eJY tMunf"mwfawG[m
NyKd uNJG y;D awmh ½kyuf vmyftrIeu f av;awGtm;vk;H jzpfomG ;wwfygw,f/
tu,fí ½kyfuvmyftrIefuav;awG rjzpfbl;? 'DtMunfjyifu ckdif-
aew,fqkdvQifawmh xkdyk*¾dKvfonf bmqufNyD; vkyf&rvJ¿
tJ'D tMunfjyifrmS tmumoac:wJh ½kyu f vmyfw&Ykd UJ tMum;t-
aygufuav;awG &Sdaeav&JUvdkY tm½kH,lNyD; xkdtcsdeftcgrSm "mwf-
av;yg;ukd ½IyGm;aewJh ÓPfvif;a&mifjcnfeJY xkd;pdkuf½IMunfhyg/ pdkuf½I
Munfvh ukd v
f Qif ½kyu
f vmyfw&Ykd UJ tMum;taygufjzpfwhJ tmumo"mwf-
udk oGm;awGUygr,f/ ½kyuf vmyfw&Ykd UJ tMum;taygufjzpfwhJ tmumo-
"mwfukd awGUonfEiS hf wpfNyKd ief ufwnf; ½kyu
f vmyfawGukd oGm;awGUyg-
w,f/ 'Dtmumo"mwfudk ½I&r,fqdkwmvnf; bk&m;&Sifudk,fwdkifu
r[m&m[kavm0g'okwåef (r?2?86/)rSm &Sif&m[kvmudk "mwf (6)yg;
ur®|mef;udk ñTefMum;ay;ygw,f/ ½kyfur®|mef;ydkif;rSm yx0D"mwfç
tmayg"mwfç awaZm"mwfç 0ga,m"mwfac:wJh "mwfav;yg;ukd
oifay;NyD;wJh tcsdeftcgrSm tmumo"mwfwpfckudkvnf; xnfhNyD; ½IzkdY

ñTefMum;ay;awmfrlygw,f/ tJ'D tmumo"mwfudk ½IzkdY&ef ñTefMum;-
jcif;onf Oyg'g½kyaf wGuv kd nf; ½IzYkd ñTeMf um;jcif; jzpfw,fvYkd t|uxm
(r?|?3?97/)uvnf; twdtus owfrSwfxm;ygw,f/
'gaMumifh a,m*Dy*k K¾d vu f ½kyu f vmyfawGukd jrifatmifawmh a&S;OD;-
pGm Munf&h ygw,f/ bmaMumifh 'D½yk u f vmyfawGukd jrifatmif Munfah e-
&ovJvYkd ar;vQiaf wmh ½kyw f rYkd nfonfrmS uvmyfac:wJh trIeu f av;-
awGtaeeJo Y m jzpfMuygw,f/ 'DtrIeu f av;awGonf b,fí b,frQ
&Sdw,fqdkwmuawmh twdtus ajymvdkY r&Edkifygbl;/ y&rmPkjrLcefY
tao;i,fqkH; tzGJUtpnf;wpfckvdkYom 'Dvdk owfrSwfcsuf &Sdygw,f/
(0do'k ?d̈ 1?361/ r[m#Dum?1?446-447/) y&rmPkjrLeJY wlw,fvYkd 'Dvv kd nf;
rok;H ygbl;/ bmjzpfvYkd 'Dy&rmPkjrLcefv Y Ykd ok;H ae&ovJvYkd ar;vQiv f nf;
bke;f Bu;D wdYk tao;qk;H tzGUJ tpnf;wpfcu k kd ac:a0:oH;k pJx
G m;wJh emrnf-
[m 'Dy&rmPkjrLqkdwJh pum;vkH;xuf ao;i,fwJh pum;vkH; toHk;-
tEIe;f uvnf; r&Sw d thJ wGuf tao;i,fq;Hk a0g[m&eJY ok;H EIe;f &jcif;om
jzpfygw,f/
odkYaomf odyÜHuRrf;usifwJh 'g,umBuD; a'gufwmrif;wifrGefu-
awmh 'Dxuf ao;i,fvrd rhf ,fvYkd ajymygw,f/ 'Dvkd tifrwef ao;i,f-
wJh ½kyfuvmyftrIefuav;awGudk wpfrIef wpfrIefrSm yx0Dç tmaygç
awaZmç 0ga,mqdkwJh "mwfav;yg;udk jrifatmif ½I&ygw,f/ tJ'D
"mwfav;yg;udk ½IwwfNyDqdkvQifawmh ---
blw½kyf + Oyg'g½kyfrsm;ukd odrf;qnf;yg
£ar pwåma&m r[mblaw y&d*¾PSEÅó Oyg'g½lyH ygu#H
a[mwd/ r[mblwH emr Oyg'g½laye y& y&dd päpEdä ?Hé Oyg'g½lyH r[mblawe/
,xm tmwayg emr qm,m, y& y&dd päad Eém? qm,m tmwaye? {0ar0
r[mblwH Oyg'g½laye y&
y&dd päpEd ä ?Hé Oyg'g½lyH r[mblawe/ (tbd?|?2?241??)
'D"mwfBuD;av;yg;udk odrf;qnf;wwfNyDqdkvQifawmh xkdyk*¾dKvf&JU
oEÅmefrmS bmay:vmrvJ¿ Oyg'g½kyv f aYkd c:wJh (24)rsK;d aom ½kyo
f abm
w&m;awG ay:vmygvdrrhf ,f/ 'D (24)rsK;d aom ½kyo f abmw&m;awGxrJ mS
bkef;BuD;wdkY ½kyftwk (10)rsKd; ygaew,f/ tJ'D½kyftwk (10)rsKd;uawmh
0dyóem ½Iwt hJ ydik ;f rSmawmh csev
f yS x
f m;&ygr,f/ ½kyw f &m; emrfw&m;
awGudk odrf;qnf;wJhtydkif;rSmawmh a&maESmodrf;qnf;zkdY&eftwGuf
0dok'¨dr*ft|uxm (0dok'¨d?2?225/)rSm twdtus ñTefMum;xm;ygw,f/
bmaMumifhvJ¿
tJ'D ½kyftwkawGxJrSm tmumo"mwfvnf; ygaeygw,f/
tmumo"mwfqdkwmu ½kyfuvmyfawG&JU tMum;taygufudk ac:yg-
w,f/ tJ'D½kyfuvmyfwdkY&JU tMum;taygufudkrS rjrifEkdifbl;qdkvQif-
awmh ½kyuf vmyfuv kd nf; jrifEikd yf ghrvm;¿ rjrifEidk b
f ;l / 'gaMumifh Oyg'g-
½kyfawGxJu ½kyftwkxJrSm tusKH;0ifaewJh 'Dtmumo"mwfwdkYvdk
½kyftwkrsKd;awGudkvnf; a&maESmNyD; odrf;qnf;zdkY&eftwGuf ñTefMum;-
aejcif; jzpfygw,f/ ½kyftppfawGudk ½Iae&if;eJY 'D½kyftwkwdkY&JU ayghrIç
vsifjrefrIpwJh v[kwmoabmawGvnf; xif&Sm;vmvQifawmh a&m-
aESmNyD; odrf;qnf;zkdY&eftwGuf ñTefMum;aejcif; jzpfygw,f/
aemufwpfcku 'D½kyfw&m;awGudk odrf;qnf;aewJh tcsdeftcgrSm
'D½yk w
f &m;awG&UJ jzpfrçI ysurf çI wnfraI wGuvnf; xif&mS ;aewJt h wGuf
'Doabmw&m;awGudkyg a&mNyD; ½kyfw&m;vdkY odrf;qnf;zdkY ñTefMum;-
aejcif; jzpfygw,f/ odaYk omf 0dyóem½Iwt hJ ydik ;f rSmawmh 'D½yk t
f wkawG-
udk csex f m;cJ&h ygr,f/ aemufwpfcu k ½kytf ppfawGudk wpfcg jyefMunf-h
vkud v f Qif bmawG ygaeovJvYkd ar;vQiaf wmh ta&;tBu;D qk;H ½kyjf zpfwhJ
ZD0dw½kyfç bm0½kyfç MoZm½kyfwdkY ygaeMuw,f/
ZD0w
d ½kyq
f w
kd mu ur®Z½kyaf wGukd jyefapmifah &SmufaewJh obm0-
uav;wpfck jzpfygw,f/ 'Doabmuvnf; MunfwJh½kyfuvmyfawG
tm;vH;k rSm &Sdaeygw,f/ ZD0w

d vQif (9)ckajrmuf&w dS hJ ZD0w
d e0uuvmyfç
[',½kyfvQif (10)ckajrmuf&SdwJh [','ouuvmyfç bm0½kyfvQif
(10)ckajrmuf&SdwJh bm0'ouuvmyf/ tJ'D ½kyfuvmyfawGuawmh
rMunfMuygbl;/ 'Dvdk rMunfwhJ ½kyu f vmyfawGrmS vnf; ZD0w d u yg&S-d
aeygw,f/
bm0½kyfqdkwmuawmh trsKd;orD;rSm trsKd;orD;bm0½kyfç trsKd;-
om;rSm trsK;d om;bm0½kyf &Syd gw,f/ 'Dbm0½kyu f vnf; uvmyfwidk ;f rSm
&Sad eygw,f/ Ak't ¨ bd"r®mrSm zGiq
hf x
kd m;wJt
h wdik ;f 'Dbm0½kyu f trsK;d -
orD;rSm trsKd;orD;vdkY odavmufwJh trSwftom;? trsKd;om;rSmvnf;
trsKd;om;vdkY odavmufwJh trSwftom;rsKd;awG jzpfygw,f/ 'DtrSwf-
tom;uvnf; rsufpdç em;ç ESmç vQmç udk,fç ESvkH;qdkwJh (6)XmevkH;rSm
&Sdaeygw,f/ rsufpdrSmvnf; bm0½kyfu &Sdaeygw,f/ 'gaMumifh Ak'¨-
tbd"r®menf;u trsm;em;vnfaewJh bm0½kyef YJ wlovm;¿ rwlygbl;/
'Dbm0½kyfonf b,ftcgrSm ½IvdkY &EdkifovJ¿ ½kyfuvmyfudk
"mwfcGJEdkifrSomvQif ½IvdkY &Edkifygw,f/ ZD0dw½kyf MoZm½kyfawGuvnf;
½kyfuvmyfudk "mwfcGJEdkifrSomvQif ½IvdkY &Edkifygw,f/ tvm;wlyJ
usefaewJh ½kyfw&m;awGuvnf; ½kyfuvmyfudk "mwfcGJEdkifrSomvQif
y&rwfe,fajrudk qkdufrSm jzpfygw,f/ ½kyfuvmyfudk "mwfcGJEdkifrS ½kyf
(28)yg;u pkHnDygr,f/ 'D½kyf (28)yg;udk pkHnDatmif r½IcJhbl;qdkvQif r*f
zdkvf edAÁmef &Edkifyghrvm;¿ r&Edkifygbl;/ r&Edkifbl;qkdwmeJY ywfoufvdkY
bk&m;&Siu f ty&dZmeeokweå frsm;rSm twdtus a[mMum;xm;awmfr-l
ygw,f/
oAÁH bdua© 0 tebdZmeH ty&dZmeH t0d&mZ,H tyÜZ[H tbaAÁm
'ku©u©,m,/ (oH?2?249/)
tvkH;pkHaom ½kyfw&m; emrfw&m;awGudk y&dnmynm (3)rsKd;jzifh
ydkif;jcm;NyD; rodvQif 'ku©awG b,fvdkrS rukefEdkifbl;/ odrS ukefr,fvdkY
twdtus a[mMum;xm;awmfrlygw,f/ 'gaMumifh 0dyóem ½IyGm;-
awmhrnfh a,m*Doal wmfaumif;onf 'D½yk w f &m; emrfw&m;awGuakd wmh
ukepf ifatmif odr;f qnf;&rSm jzpfygw,f/ 'Dvkd ½kyu
f vmyfawGukd "mwfcJG
EkdifvdkY ½kyf (28)yg;ukdvnf; odrf;qnf;wwfNyDqkdvQifawmh xkd a,m*D-
olawmfaumif;u a&SUwpfqifh wufNy;D awmh emrfur®|mef;udk ajymif;Ny;D
odrf;qnf;&ygw,f/
emrfw&m;rsm;ukd odrf;qnf;yg
emrfur®|mef;udk odr;f qnf;wJt h cgrSm bke;f Bu;D wdYk orx,medu-
yk*Kd¾ vf jzpfaevQiaf wmh a&S;OD;pGm psmefemrfw&m;awGukd pNy;D odr;f qnf;-
csifvnf; odrf;qnf;vdkY &ygw,f/ bkef;BuD; a[mcJhwJh vrf;pOftwdkif;
rdru d uokP d ;f awGudk atmifatmifjrifjrif orm"dudk xlaxmifxm;r,f
qdvk Qiaf wmh uodP k ;f psmefawGu pNy;D odr;f qnf;vnf; &ygw,f? t½k;d pk
psmefu pNyD; odrf;qnf;vnf; &w,f? arwåmpsmefu pNyD; odrf;qnf;-
vnf; &ygw,f/ 'Dvkd odr;f qnf;wJt h ydik ;f rSmvnf; a,m*Doal wmfaumif;
u a&S;OD;pGm psmeft*FgawGu pNyD; odrf;qnf;&ygw,f/ 0dwuf-0dpm&-
yDw-d okc-{u*¾wmac:wJh psmeft*FgawGukd b,fvkd odr;f qnf;&rvJ¿
arwåmpsmef emrfw&m;rsm;
Oyrm --- arwåmpsmefukd yxrpsmeform"d qdu k af tmif jyefNy;D 0if-
pm;Munfhyg/ 0ifpm;vkdufvdkY yxrpsmeform"d qkdufoGm;NyDqdkvQifawmh
psmeft*Fg (5)yg;u xif&Sm;vmygvdrfhr,f/ xif&Sm;vmNyDqdkwJh tcsdef-
tcgrSm tBurd rf sm;pGm jzpfaewJh 'Dpsmeft*Fg (5)yg;udk jrifatmif Munf&h -
ygr,f/ tBudrfrsm;pGm jzpfaewmudk jrifatmif MunhfvdkY atmifjrifrI
&Nyq
D vkd Qiaf wmh tJ'D 0dwuf-0dpm&-yDw-d okc-{u*¾wmac:wJh psmeft*Fg
(5)yg;eJY ,SOfwGJNyD; jzpfay:aewJh psmefemrfw&m;awGudk wpfpwpfp
qufNyD; odrf;qnf;&ygw,f/
emrfur®|mef; odrf;qnf;enf; (3) enf;

yxrpsmefrSm pdwfapwoduf tm;vkH; (34)vkH; &Sdygw,f/ tJ'D
(34)vkH;aom pdwfapwodufawGudk wpfvkH;pD wpfvHk;pDyJ onf;cHNyD;-
awmh xyfumxyfum odr;f qnf;&ygw,f/ odr;f qnf;wJt h cgrSm zó-
u pNy;D odr;f qnf;wJh enf;pepfç a0'emu pNy;D odr;f qnf;wJh enf;pepfç
todpdwf 0dnmPfu pNyD; odrf;qnf;wJh enf;pepfqdkNyD; oHk;enf; &Sdyg-
w,f/ (r?|?1?280 .../) rdrd BudKufESpfouf&mu pNyD; odrf;qnf;Ekdif
ygw,f/
Oyrm --- todpdwf (= 0dnmPf)u pNyD; odrf;qnf;w,f qdkMupdkY/
todpw d f (= 0dnmPf)udk pNy;D odr;f qnf;vdu
k w
f hJ tcsed t
f cgrSm todpw d f
uav;u tBudrfrsm;pGm qufwkduf jzpfaewmudk jrifNyDqdkvQifawmh
todpdwfESifh zó (2)vkH;udk odrf;qnf;Munfhyg/ (2)vkH; jrifNyDqdkvQif
(3)vkH;? (3)vkH; jrifNyDqdkvQif (4)vkH; ponfjzifh wjznf;jznf; wkd;NyD;
odrf;qnf;&ygw,f/ todpdwfç zóç a0'emç onmç apwemqkdwJh
zóyÍöru (5)vk;H avmufukd Burd zf efrsm;pGm NyKd iw f v
l v dk kd jzpfaewmudk
jrifatmif odrf;qnf;vkdY &NyDqkdvQifawmh vufcarmif;cwfEdkifygNyD/
zóyÍöru (5)vk;H udk odr;f qnf;Ny;D vQiaf wmh useaf ewJh emrfw&m;awG-
udk Z,m;csNyD; ½IMunfhyg/ atmifjrifrI &Edkifygw,f/
arwåmyxrpsmefemrfw&m; (34) vHk;
arwåmpsmefemrfw&m;tm;vH;k [m owå0gynwfuydk J tm½Hjk yKMuyg-
w,f/ teEÅpMu0Vmü wnf&dS Muaom owå0gtm;vHk;wkdYukd jcHKiHkNyD;
taem"daom z&Pm arwåmapawm0drkwåd (= ykdif;jcm; uefYowfcsuf
r&SdwJh arwåmyGm;enf;)jzifh &&SdvmwJh arwåmpsmefuawmh pGrf;tif ykdNyD;
xufjruf BuD;rm;ygw,f/ 'gaMumifh owå0gtm;vHk;ukd jzefYMuufNyD;
yGm;rsm;xm;wJh arwåmpsmef emrfw&m;rsm;ukd yHkpHtjzpf wifjyaytHh ---
1/ todpdwf = owå0gynwftm½Hkukd &,ljcif;oabm/
0dZmeeH tm&r®Pó Oyv'
Oyv'¨¨/d (rlv#D?1?87/)qkw
d hJ rlv#DumESit
hf nD
jzpfygw,f/
2/ zó = owå0gynwftm½Hkukd awGUxdaom tjcif;t&mtm;jzifh
jzpfjcif;oabm (= vu©Pm)ç owå0gynwftm½HEk iS hf todpw d u f dk
qufpyfay;jcif;oabm (= &o)/
3/ a0'em = owå0gynwftm½H\ k t&omukd csr;f csr;f omom 0rf;-
ajrmuf0rf;om cHpm;jcif;oabm/ (yxrpsmefrSm aomreó-
a0'em jzpfw,f/)
4/ onm = owå0gynwftm½Hkukd rSwfom;jcif;oabm/
5/ apwem = owå0gynwftm½Hak y:okYd orÜ,w k wf &m;wku
Yd dk a&muf-
atmif aphaqmfay;jcif; EId;aqmfay;jcif;oabm/
6/ {u*¾wm = owå0gynwftm½Hk wpfcw k nf;ay:okYd pdwu f sa&muf-
aejcif;oabm (= wnfNidrfaejcif;oabm)/
7/ ZD0dw = orÜ,kwfw&m;wkdYukd apmifha&Smufay;jcif;oabm?
8/ reodum& = owå0gynwftm½HkbufokdY pdwfukd (= orÜ,kwf-
w&m;wkdYukd) OD;vSnfh wGef;ykdYay;jcif;oabm/
9/ 0dwuf = owå0gynwftm½Hkay:okYd pdwu f dk (= orÜ,wk w
f &m;wku Yd )dk
a&S;½I wifay;jcif;oabm (= MuHpnfjcif;oabm)/
10/ 0dpm& = owå0gynwftm½Hu k dk xyfumxyfum oH;k oyfqifjcifjcif;
(= qkyfe,fjcif;)oabm/
11/ t"darmu© = owå0gynwftm½Hkukd owå0g[k qHk;jzwfcsufcs-
jcif;oabm/
12/ 0D&d, = owå0gynwftm½Hkay:okdY orÜ,kwfw&m;wkdYukd a&muf-
atmif BudK;pm;tm;xkwfjcif;oabm (= csD;yifhay;jcif;oabm)/
13/ yDwd = owå0gynwftm½Hkukd ESpfoufjcif;oabm/

14/ qE´ = owå0gynwftm½Hak y:okYd arwåmOD;aqmifonfh orÜ,w k -f
w&m;wkdYukd jzpfapvkdonfhoabm/
15/ o'¨g = arwåmpsmeform"dodu©m (= arwåmpsmeform"dusifhpOf)ukd
,HkMunfjcif;oabm/
16/ owd = owå0gynwftm½Hük orÜ,w k wf &m;wku
Yd dk bl;awmif;uJo h Ydk
ray:apbJ ausmufzsmuJhokdY epfjrKyfaeapjcif;oabm = owå0g
ynwftm½Hkukd rarhaysmufjcif;oabm (= owå0gynwftm½Hkü
pdwfckdifjrJjcif;oabm)/
17/ [d&d = owå0gynwftm½Hkü raumif;rI tukokdvfw&m; 'kp½kduf-
w&m;jzpfrIukd &Sufjcif;oabm/
18/ MowåyÜ = owå0gynwftm½Hük raumif;rI tukov dk w f &m; 'kp½ku d f
w&m;jzpfrIrS aMumufjcif;oabm/
19/ tavmb = owå0gynwftm½Hkü pdwfruyfNidjcif; rwyfrufjcif;
oabm (= igh[m[k rpJG,ljcif;oabm)/
20/ ta'go = owå0gwkdY\ tusKd;pD;yGm;ukd usifhaom tjcif;t&m-
tm;jzifh jzpfjcif;oabm (= arwåm)/
21/ wMwrZÑwåwm = owå0gynwftm½Hkü pdwfukd tv,ftvwf
xm;jcif;oabm «= pdwf"mwf wuf<u jrifharmufrI = rmeç pdwf-
"mwf usqif;rI (= xde + rd'¨)wkdYbufokdY ra&mufatmif arwåm-
bm0emjzifh owå0gynwftm½Hük pdwu f dk tv,ftvwf xm;jcif;-
oabm»/
22/ um,yó'¨d = owå0gynwftm½Hük apwoduw f Ydk Nird ;f at;jcif;-
oabm/
23/ pdwåyó'¨d = owå0gynwftm½Hkü pdwf Nidrf;at;jcif;oabm/
24/ um,v[kwm = owå0gynwftm½Hkü apwodufwkdY vsifjref
ayghyg;jcif;oabm/
25/ pdwåv[kwm = owå0gynwftm½Hkü pdwf vsifjref ayghyg;jcif;-
oabm/
26/ um,rk'kwm = owå0gynwftm½Hkü apwodufwkdY El;nHhjcif;
oabm/
27/ pdwårk'kwm = owå0gynwftm½Hkü pdwf El;nHhjcif;oabm/
28/ um,ur®nwm = owå0gynwftm½Hük apwoduw f Ydk cHn
h m;jcif;-
oabm/
29/ pdwåur®nwm = owå0gynwftm½Hkü pdwf cHhnm;jcif;oabm/
30/ um,yg*knwm = owå0gynwftm½Hük arwåmyGm;&m0,f apw-
odufwkdY >yrf;wD; avhvmEkdifeif;jcif;oabm/
31/ pdwåyg*knwm = owå0gynwftm½Hkü arwåmyGm;&m0,f pdwf
>yrf;wD; Ekdifeif;jcif;oabm/
32/ um,kZu k wm = owå0gynwftm½Hük apwoduw f Ydk ajzmifrh wfjcif;
oabm/
33/ pdwKå Zu
k wm = owå0gynwftm½Hük pdww f Ydk ajzmifrh wfjcif;oabm/
34/ ynm = owå0gynwftm½Hkukd (= owå0gtrsKd;rsKd;ukd) xGif;azmuf
odjrifaejcif;oabm/
tm;vHk; aygif;vkdufawmh arwåmyxrpsmefemrfw&m; (34)vHk;
jzpfygw,f/ 'D (34)vHk;aom emrfw&m;awGukd wpfvHk;pD wpfvHk;pD
wpfpwpfp wk;d Ny;D (34)vH;k NyKd iw
f l tBurd rf sm;pGm jzpfaewmukd jrifatmif
Munfhum ]emrfw&m; emrfw&m; &m;}vkdY odrf;qnf;&rSm jzpfygw,f/ 'Dvkd
odrf;qnf;wJhtykdif;rSmvnf; ,ckvkd psmefemrfw&m;awGu psme0Dxd-
ac:wJh pdwåed,mrvrf;aMumif;twkdif;yJ jzpfay:oGm;MuwJhtwGuf
,if;wkdY jzpfay:oGm;wJh pdwåed,mrvrf;aMumif;twkdif;yJ qufvuf

odr;f qnf;yg/ wu,f vufawGU odr;f qnf;csiw f ,fqv dk Qiaf wmh q&m-
orm;ESifh csOf;uyfNyD;awmh avhvmwmu taumif;qHk; jzpfygw,f/
tcuftcJ &Scd v hJ Qiaf wmh edAmÁ e*grdeyd #dy'g usr;f pmBu;D rsm;ukd MunfNh y;D -
awmh avhusiyhf g/ 'Dvdk ½kyw f &m; emrfw&m;awGudk odr;f qnf;wJt h ykid ;f
(= ÓPfESifh ykdif;jcm;,lwJhtykdif;)rSm tqifh av;qifh &Sdaeygw,f/
vkyfief;cGif av;qifh
1/ ½kyfw&m;ukd odrf;qnf;jcif;?
2/ emrfw&m;ukd odrf;qnf;jcif;?
3/ ½kyfw&m; + emrfw&m;ukd odrf;qnf;jcif;?
4/ ½kyfw&m; + emrfw&m;ukd ykdif;jcm; rSwfom;jcif;?
'Dvkdtm;jzifh vkyfief;cGif av;qifh &Sdaeygw,f/
1/ 'Gg& (6)yg;ESifh (42)aum|moawGrSm wnf&SdaeMuwJh (54)rsKd;
odkYr[kwf (44)rsKd;pwJh ½kyfw&m;awGukd jcHKiHkNyD;awmh ]½kyfw&m;
½kyfw&m;
&m;}vkdY odrf;qnf;yg/
2/ pu©K'Gg&0Dxdç aomw'Gg&0Dxdç Cme'Gg&0Dxdç Zd0Sg'Gg&0Dxdç um,-
'Gg&0Dxçd raem'Gg&0Dxq d w
dk hJ 0Dxpd w
d t f pOf (6)rsK;d twGi;f rSm wnf-
&Sd MuwJh pdwåu©P toD;toD;rSm wnf&Sd MuwJh pdwf + apwoduf
(= emrfw&m;pk)awGudk MunfNh y;D awmhvnf; ]emrfw&m; emrfw&m; &m;}vkYd
odrf;qnf;yg/
3/ tJ'D ½kyfw&m;awGrSm pu©KtMunf = pu©K'Gg&pwJh rSD&m ½kyfw&m;-
awGvnf; &Sd Muw,f/ ½lyg½HkpwJh tm½Hk½kyfw&m;awGvnf; &Sd Mu-
w,f/ pdwu å P© wkid ;f rSm wnf&adS eMuwJh rS&D m½kyw f &m; + tm½H½k yk -f
w&m;awGEiS hf pdwu å P © wkid ;f rSm NyKd iw
f l jzpfaeMuwJh pdwf + apw-
oduf (= emrfw&m;awGudk MunfNh y;D awmhvnf; ]½kyw f &m;-emrfw&m;ç
½kyfw&m; - emrfw&m; &m;}vkdY 'Dvkd ½kyfw&m;ESifh emrfw&m;ukdvnf;
'Gg& (6)yg;vHk;rSm yl;wJG odrf;qnf;&ygw,f/
4/ tJ'D ½kyw f &m; emrfw&m;awGudk y&rwfoYdk qku d af tmif jrifawGUae-
wJh a,m*DawG&JU ÓPfxJrSm 'D½kyfw&m; emrfw&m;awGxJrSm
a,mufsm;ç rde;f rç yk*Kd¾ vçf owå0gç vlç ewfç jA[®mç toufaumifç
vdyfjymaumifç 0dnmOfaumifç twåaumifqkdwm &SmvkdY rawGU
jzpfaew,f/ tJ'Dvkd twår&Sd rIoabmukd ÓPfESifh jrifatmif
MunfhNyD;awmh -- ]]yk*¾dKvfç owå0gç ZD0ç twå r&Sd? ½kyfw&m;ç emrf
w&m; tpkrQom &Sd\}}vkdY 'Dvkd ½kyfw&m;ç emrfw&m;awGukdvnf;
ykdif;jcm; rSwfom;&ygw,f/ vkyfief;cGifuawmh awmfawmfuav;
us,jf yefw Y ohJ abm &Syd gw,f/ q&morm;ESio hf m csO;f uyfNy;D awmh
avhvmyg/
þuJo
h aYdk om tqifu
h dk &nfñeT ;f Ny;D awmh bk&m;&Siu
f r[mowd-
y|meokwåef a'oemawmfrSm b,fvkd a[mMum;xm;awmfrlovJ¿
£wd tZÑwåH 0g uma, um,mEkyóD 0d[&wd? A[d'¨g 0g
uma, um,mEkyóD 0d[&wd? tZÑwåA[d'¨g 0g uma, um,mEk-
yóD 0d[&wd? (r?1?71/)
þokdY ponfjzifh um,-a0'em-pdwå-"r® trnf&wJh ½kyfw&m;
emrfw&m;awGukd tZÑwå-A[d'¨ ESpfrsKd;vHk;rSm ---
1/ ½kyfw&m;oufouf odrf;qnf;jcif;?
2/ emrfw&m;oufouf odrf;qnf;jcif;?
3/ ½kyfw&m; + emrfw&m;ukd yl;wJG odrf;qnf;jcif;?
4/ ½kyfw&m; + emrfw&m;ukd ykdif;jcm; rSwfom;jcif; ---
'Dvkyfief;cGif (4)ckvHk;ukd jyKusifh&rSm jzpfygw,f/ 'Dvkyfief;cGif
(4)ckudk tZÑwårSm atmifjrifwJhtcg A[d'ödkY apvTwfNyD; ½IMunfhyg/
A[d'ödkY apvTwfvdkufwJh tcsdeftcgrSm tZÑwårSm "mwfav;yg; jynf-

wnfxm;wJh a,m*Doal wmfaumif;u A[d'r¨ mS vnf; teD;uyfq;Hk jzpfwhJ
t0wfuae pNyD;awmh "mwfav;yg; pdkufMunfhyg/ 'Dt0wfrSm "mwf-
av;yg; rxif&Sm;cJhvQifawmh vufuav;eJY t0wfudk xdxm;NyD; xd-
xm;wJhae&mrSmyJ "mwfav;yg; pdkufMunfhyg/ tm;vkH; ½kyfuvmyftrIef
awGukdom awGUygvdrfhr,f/ tJ'D ½kyfuvmyftrIefawGu rMunfMuyg
bl;? "mwfcMJG unfrh ,fqv
kd Qiaf wmh ½kyo
f abmw&m; (8)ckpD &SdMuygw,f/
½kyfuvmyf wpfckwpfcktwGif;rSm wnf&SdaewJh awaZm"mwf (= Owk)
aMumifh jzpfaewJh OwkZ½kyfawG jzpfMuygw,f/
tJ'D OwkZ½kyaf wGuae pNy;D wpfpwpfp oufrahJ vmuudk wjznf;
jznf; odrf;qnf;Munfhyg/ odrf;qnf;vkdY atmifjrifrI &NyDqkdvQifawmh
ouf&adS vmuudv k nf; qufvufNy;D odr;f qnf;Munfyh g/ ouf&adS vmu
rSmawmh A[d'üdk ½IwJhtydkif;rSm a,mufsm;ç rdef;rç yk*¾dKvfç owå0gç vlç
ewfç jA[®m rcGJawmhbJ A[d'¨csif; wlvdkY omref aygif;pk jcHKikHNyD;om
½I&ygw,f/ (Oy&dyPÖmoygVd - tEky'okwåef#Dum/ r?#D?3?274-275/)
'Dvkd tZÑwrå mS ½kywf &m;oufouf odr;f qnf;jcif;ç A[d'r¨ mS vnf;
½kyfw&m;oufouf odrf;qnf;jcif;ç tZÑwårSm emrfw&m;oufouf
odrf;qnf;jcif;ç A[d'¨rSmvnf; emrfw&m;oufouf odrf;qnf;jcif;ç
tZÑwårSm ½kyfw&m; + emrfw&m; cGJjcif;ç A[d'¨rSmvnf; ½kyfw&m; +
emrfw&m; cGjJ cif;? tZÑwrå mS ½kyw
f &m; + emrfw&m; ydik ;f jcm;rSwo f m;jcif;ç
A[d'r¨ mS vnf; ½kyw f &m; + emrfw&m; ydik ;f jcm;rSwof m;jcif;wdu
Yk kd atmif-
jrifNyq
D v dk Qiaf wmh emr½lyy&dapä'ÓPfeYJ toift h wifah wmh jynfph oHk mG ;-
ygNyD/ toifhtwifhqkdwmuawmh vu©Pç &oç ypöKy|mefç y'|mef
enf;tm;jzifh odrf;qnf;wJhpepfwpfck usefaeao;wJhtwGuf ajymjcif;
jzpfygw,f/
t&Sifokblwdrax&f jrwf\ twdwfaMumif;
'DtcsdeftcgrSm a,m*Dolawmfaumif;u 'D½kyfw&m; emrfw&m;-
awGonf b,fvdk taMumif;w&m;awGaMumifh jzpfay:ae&ygovJqw kd hJ
taMumif;w&m;awGukd jyefNy;D awmh &SmazG&ygw,f/ 'Dvkd &SmazGwt hJ ydik ;f -
rSm wcsKdUwcsKdU ½kyfw&m; emrfw&m;awGu twdwftaMumif;w&m;-
aMumifh jzpfMuw,f? wcsKdUwcsKdU ½kyfw&m; emrfw&m;awGu ypöKyÜef
taMumif;w&m;aMumifh jzpfMuw,f/ twdwftaMumif;w&m;aMumifh
jzpfay:aewJh ½kyw f &m; emrfw&m;awGuv kd nf; twdwu f b,fvkd t-
aMumif;w&m;aMumifh jzpfw,fqdkwmudk ÓPfjzifh jrifatmif vSrf;NyD;-
awmh Munf&h ygw,f/ ypöKyeÜ t
f aMumif;w&m;aMumifh jzpfaewJh ½kyw f &m;
emrfw&m;awGudkvnf; ypöKyÜefrSm b,fvdk taMumif;w&m;aMumifh
jzpfw,fqkdwmudk vSrf;NyD; Munfh&ygw,f/ t&Sifokblwdrax&f jrwf
uawmh twdwt f aMumif;w&m;awGukd vSr;f MunfNh y;D awmh olu, kd wf ikd f
a[mjyoGm;awmfrlygw,f/ b,fvdk a[mjyoGm;awmfrlovJ¿
owo[ódawm uayÜ? ,H ur®ru u&& ð w'g/
'k*w
¾ ð embdZmemrd? Ak'¨gEkówd,m zvH/
(ty'ge?1?77/ ax&*gxm?|?1?27/)
'Dvkd a[mjyawmfrcl yhJ gw,f/ 'DurÇmuae a&wGuMf unfrh ,fqv dk Qif
vGecf ahJ om urÇmwpfoed ;f xufrmS y'krw k &å bk&m;&Sif yGiahf wmfrcl yhJ gw,f/
xdkbk&m;&Sif yGifhawmfrlwJh tcsdefuae bkef;BuD;wdkY 'Da*gwrjrwfpGm-
bk&m;&Sif omoemawmftwGif;wdkifatmif vlUpnf;pdrfç ewfpnf;pdrfç
jA[®mph nf;pdraf wGukd Burd zf efrsm;pGm cHpm;Ny;D awmh usivf nfvmcJ&h w,f/
'k*¾wdb0awGukd wpfcgrS ra&mufcJh&bl;/ 'Dvdk usifvnfcJh&wJh t-
aMumif;w&m;udk vSrf;Munfhvkdufawmh b,ftaMumif;w&m;udk oGm;-
awGUovJ¿
Ak'¨gEkówdur®|mef;qkdwJh bm0emvkyfief;udkyJ oGm;awGU&w,f/

olU&JU bm0emvkyfief;rSm b,foabmawGu jcH&Hxm;ovJ¿ t&P-
0d[m&vdkY ac:qdktyfwJh udavom uif;uif;&Sif;&Sif;jzifh aeEkdifwJh
&[ef;awmft&mrSm {w'*f&zkçYd 'u©ad P,svaYkd c:qdw k hJ jrwfaomtvSL-
udk cH,lxkdufwJhae&mrSm {w'*f&zdkYqdkwJh 'Doabmw&m;awG jcH&Hxm;-
w,f/ tJ'D t&P0d[m&ç 'u©daP,s0d[m&ac:wJh {w'*f (2)wef
&Edik w
f hJ &[ef;b0udk arQmrf eS ;f Ny;D awmhrS olu 'DA'k g¨ Ekówdur®|mef;udk
pD;jzef;cJhw,f/
ol arQmrf eS ;f aewJh &[ef;b0qdwk m y&rw¬opöme,frmS &So d vm;¿
r&Sdbl;/ &[ef;vdkY todrSm;aewJhoabmu t0dZÆm? tJ'D &[ef;b0udk
wG,w f mwyfrufaewJo h abmu wPSm? pdwu f yfNy;D pGaJ ewJo
h abmu
Oyg'gef/ tJ'D t0dZmÆ -wPSm-Oyg'gefawG jc&H H Ny;D awmh Ak'g¨ Ekówdbm0em
vkyfief;&yfudk jyKpkysKd;axmifcJhw,f/ 'Dvdk jyKpkysKd;axmifrIawGuawmh
ocFg&ukodkvfapwemtkyfpkawG jzpfMuygw,f/ xkdukodkvfapwem
tkypf ak wGuvnf; csKyaf ysmufomG ;ayr,fv h Ykd aemifwpfcsed rf mS tusK;d udk
ay;Ekid wf hJ pGr;f tifur®owåu d av;udk ½ky-f emrftpOfrmS jrK§ yEf NHS y;D rSom
csKyyf suof mG ;ygw,f/ xdpk rG ;f tifowåud av;udak wmh uHvYkd ac:ygw,f/
b,ftusKd;udk ay;rvJ¿
aemufqkH; uRwfwrf;0ifrnfhb0 a&mufvmawmh ol arQmfvifh
awmifw h aewJh t&P0d[m&ç 'u©ad P,s0[ d m&ac:wJh {w'*f ESpw
f ef
bJGUxl;cHwJh &[ef;b0udk r&bl;vm;¿ &vmw,f/ tJ'D &[ef;b0vdkY
ac:qdktyfwJh cE¨mig;yg;udk jzpfapwwfwJh pGrf;tifur®owåduav;u
uHrnfygw,f/ aygif;vdu k af wmh t0dZmÆ -wPSm-Oyg'gef-ocFg&-uHqw kd hJ
taMumif;w&m; (5)ck pkn H oD mG ;w,f/ tJ'D taMumif;w&m; (5)ckaMumifh
t&Sifokblwd&JU y#doaEüvva&MunfrSm wnf&SdaewJh cE¨mig;yg;
tp&SdwJh b0wpfavQmufvkH;rSm jzpfay:aewJh 0dygufcE¨mig;yg;onf
rsm;aomtm;jzifh jzpfay:vm&w,f/ tJ'D 0dygufcE¨mig;yg;awGeJY
y'krw
k &å bk&m;&Sif vufxufwek ;f u jyKpyk sK;d axmifcw
hJ hJ ocFg&-uHawGeYJ
wpfenf;tm;jzifh t0dZÆm-wPSm-Oyg'gef-ocFg&-uHawGeJY jyefNyD;awmh
taMumif; tusK;d quf&ygw,f/ taMumif; tusK;d qufvYkd atmifjrifrI
&NyDqkdvQifawmh a&SUwpfqifh wuf&ygw,f/
twdwf\ twdwfESifh tem*wfokdY
twDawyd ypö,m ap0 ypö,orkyEÜ "é r®m p tem*awyd {w&[d-
yd ypö,m ap0 ypö,orkyÜEé"r®m p? wawm O'¨H oawåm 0g yk*¾avm
0g ew¬d? ok'öcFg&ykaÍÆm {0/ (tbd?|?2?242/)
twdwfMunfhvdkufawmhvnf; taMumif;w&m;eJY tusKd;w&m;yJ?
ypöKyÜefMunfhawmhvnf; taMumif;w&m;eJY tusKd;w&m;yJ? tem*wf
Munfv h nf; taMumif;w&m;eJY tusK;d w&m;vdYk 'Dvkd odatmif ½I&awmh-
r,f/ 'Dvkd ½IwthJ ykid ;f rSm b,fvkd ½IrvJvYkd ar;vQiaf wmh ½IyHk enf;pepf-
awGukd bk&m;&Siu f (4)enf; a[mMum;xm;awmfryl gw,f/ 'D (4)enf;xJ-
u tv,facgifuae azmufNyD;awmh twdwfudk oGm;wJh enf;pepf
wpfckuawmh taumif;qkH;yJvdkY ajymEdkifygw,f/ bkef;BuD;uawmh 'D
enf;pepfeJYyJ a,m*DawGudk rsm;aomtm;jzifh oifay;ygw,f/
aemufwpfenf;uawmh bkef;BuD;wdkY ykaAÁed0gomEkówdtbd-
nmPfyikd ;f rSm a&S;uaecJzh ;l wJh cE¨mtpOfukd vSr;f arQmNf y;D ½IwhJ enf;pepf
wpfck jzpfygw,f/ tJ'D enf;pepfuawmh vuf&dS ypöKyeÜ b f 0rSm teD;pyf-
qk;H jzpfwhJ £&d,mykxrf mS jzpfay:cJw h hJ ½kyw
f &m; emrfw&m;awGu pNy;D -
awmh wpfpwpfp odrf;qnf;wJh enf;pepfyJ jzpfygw,f/ 'Denf;pepfeJY
twdwb f ufukd wmplNy;D awmh ½kyw f &m; emrfw&m;awGukd wjznf;jznf;
odrf;qnf;oGm;cJhvQifawmh twdwfu 'Db0udk jzpfapEdkifrnfh t0dZÆm-
wPSm-Oyg'gef-ocFg&-uHawGudkawmh oGm;NyD; &SmazGvdkY &ygw,f/
t&Sifokblwdrax&fuawmh y'krkwå&bk&m;&Sifvufxufu jyKpk

ysK;d axmifcw
hJ hJ t0dZmÆ -wPSm-Oyg'gef-ocFg&-uHawGu 'Db0rSm vmNy;D
tusKd;ay;aew,fvdkY oludk,fwkdifu 0efcHxm;ygw,f/ 'gaMumifh
'DaMumif;-usK;d quf y#dpo ö rkygÜ 'foabmw&m;udk r½Icv
hJ Qif edAmÁ ef&Edik -f
yghrvm;¿ r&Edkifbl;vdkY bk&m;&Sifudk,fawmfwdkifu r[med'geokweå rf mS
('D?2?47/) twdtus a[mMum;xm;awmfrlygw,f/ t|uxmrsm;u-
vnf; ---
tdyfruf\twGif;üaomfvnf; r&SdcJhpzl;yg
b0puúry'gavwGm? toed0dpuúrd0 edpöedr®xeH/
oHom&b,rwDawm? e aumpd okydeEÅa&ysw¬d/
(0dok'¨d?2?221/)
]]aMumif;-usK;d quf y#dpo
ö rkygÜ 'foabmw&m;udk y&d nmynm (3)-
yg;jzifh ydkif;jcm;rodbJ oHo&m0#fqif;&J'ku©rS ausmfvTm; vGefajrmuf
oGm;wJh yk*¾dKvfqdkwm tdyfrufxJawmifrS wpfcgrS r&SdcJhzl;ao;ygbl;}}vdkY
twdtus &Sif;vif;xm;ygw,f/ 'gaMumifh edAÁmefudk vdkvm;awmifhw-
aewJh a,m*Dolawmfaumif; rSefcJhvQifvnf; 'Dy#dpöorkyÜg'foabm-
w&m;udk ½I&rvm;ç r½I&bl;vm;¿ ½I&awmhr,f/
'gayr,fh owdy|mefusiphf Ofukd usiv hf Qivf nf; edAmÁ ef r&Ekid bf ;l vm;
vdYk 'Dvadk wmh ar;p&m &Sad eygw,f/ 'Dy#dpo ö rkygÜ 'feYJ owdy|mefusiphf Ofu
qkid of vm;vdYk 'Dvv kd nf; ar;csif ar;ygvdrrhf ,f/ a'oemawmfawG[m
,lqwwfvQifawmh twlwlygyJ/ owdy|mefusifhpOfrSm bk&m;&Sifu
tZÑwo å EÅmefç A[d'o ¨ EÅmefrmS wnf&adS ewJh ½kyw f &m; emrfw&m;awGukd
odr;f qnf;zd&Yk ef ñTeMf um;Ny;D wJt
h cg aemufwpfqifw h ufNy;D awmh b,fvkd
ñTefMum;xm;awmfrlovJ¿
ork', + 0,"r®mEkyóD
ork',"r®mEkyóD 0g um,o
um,o®® ð 0d[&wd? 0,"r®mEkyóD 0g
um,o um,o®® ð 0d[&wd/
um,o®® ð 0d[&wd? ork',0,"r®mEkyóD 0g um,o
('D?2?232/)
um,o
um,o®® ð = um,ü (0g) ½lyum,ç emrum,ü/ ork',"r®m-
EkyóD 0g = jzpfaMumif;oabmESihf jzpfjcif;oabmudk tzefzef txyf-
xyf ½Iavh&o dS nfjzpfírlvnf;/ 0d[&wd = aeav\/ um,o® ð = um,
ü (0g) ½lyum,ç emrum,ü/ 0,"r®mEkyóD 0g = ysuaf Mumif;oabm
ESihf ysujf cif;oabmç csKyaf Mumif;oabmESihf csKyjf cif;oabmudk tzefzef
txyfxyf ½Iavh&Sdonfjzpfírlvnf;/ 0d[&wd = aeav\/ um,o® ð
= um,ü (0g) ½lyum,ç emrum,ü/ ork',0,"r®mEkyóD 0g =
jzpfaMumif;oabmESihf jzpfjcif;oabmç csKyaf Mumif;oabmESihf csKyjf cif;
oabmudk tzefzef txyfxyf ½Iavh&Sdonfjzpfírlvnf;/ 0d[&wd =
aeav\/
'Dvdk bk&m;&Sif a[mMum;xm;awmfrlygw,f/ 'Da[mMum;csufu
t0dZÆm-wPSm-Oyg'gef-ocFg&-uH pwJh taMumif;w&m;awG xif&Sm;
jzpfcv hJ Qif tusK;d ½kyw
f &m; emrfw&m;awG xif&mS ;jzpfy?Hk t0dZmÆ -wPSm-
Oyg'gef-ocFg&-uH tp&Sw d hJ taMumif;w&m;awG csKyNf ird ;f oGm;vQif tusK;d
½kyfw&m; emrfw&m;awG csKyfNidrf;oGm;ykHudk tzefzef txyfxyf ½IzdkY
ñTefMum;xm;jcif; jzpfygw,f/ taMumif;-tusKd; (2)&yfvkH;&JU tedpö-
oabmç 'kuo © abmç tewåoabmawGuv kd nf; tzefzef txyfxyf
½IzYdk bk&m;&Sif ñTeMf um;aew,fqw kd mudk t|uxmrsm; (r?|?1?257/283/
285/291/)rSm twdtus zGifhqdkxm;ygw,f/
'gaMumifh t0dZmÆ -wPSm-Oyg'gef-ocFg&-uHawGonf 'Db0rSm jyKpk
ysK;d axmifvukd wf hJ uHrsK;d [kwo
f vm;¿ r[kwyf gbl;/ wpfenf;tm;jzifh
'DypöKyÜefb0rSm jzpfay:aeMuwJh ur®Z½kyfqkdwJh ½kyfw&m;ESifh 0dyguf

emrfw&m;awGudk jzpfapwwfwJh uHonf 'Db0rSmyJ xlaxmifxm;wJh
uHrsK;d [kwo
f vm;¿ r[kwyf gbl;/ twdwu f jyKpyk sK;d axmifcwhJ hJ uHawGyJ
jzpfygw,f/ twdwu f jyKpyk sK;d axmifcw
hJ hJ uHaMumifh 'Db0rSm ½kyw f &m;
emrfw&m;awG xif&mS ; jzpfay:vm&w,f/ 'gaMumifh taMumif;w&m;-
awG xif&mS ;jzpfjcif;aMumifh tusK;d w&m;awG xif&mS ;jzpfyu kH kd jrifatmif
½IygqkdvQifawmh twdwfudk vSrf;½IzdkYç tem*wfudkvnf; vSrf;½IzdkYawmh
rvkdbl;vm;¿ vkdtyfaew,f/ 'Db0rSm jyKpkysKd;axmifaewJh uHawGu-
vnf; aemiftem*wfumvrSm ½kyfw&m; emrfw&m;awGudk jzpfapyg-
vdrfhr,f/ 'gu oHo&m0#fqif;&Judk vdkvm;awmifhwwJh 0¥edódw-
ukodkvf tukodkvftwGuf ajymjcif; jzpfygw,f/
aemufwpfck bk&m;&Sifu taMumif;w&m;awG csKyfNidrf;oGm;vQif
tusKd;w&m;awG csKyfNidrf;ykHudkvnf; jrifatmif vSrf;½IzdkY 'Dowdy|mef
usifhpOfxJrSm ñTefMum;xm;awmfrljyefw,f/ t0dZÆm-wPSm-Oyg'gef-
ocFg&-uH pwJh taMumif;w&m;awGu b,ftcsdeftcgrSm t<uif;rJh
csKyNf ird ;f oGm;rvJ¿ t&[wår*f t&[wåzv kd f &&Sw
d t
hJ csed t
f cgrSm csKy-f
Nidrf;oGm;ygr,f/ (r[m#D?2?421/)
t&[wår*fç t&[wåzdkvf &&SdwJh tcsdeftcgrSm &[EÅm jzpfNyD/
&[EÅmjzpfwJh tcsdeftcgrSm t0dZÆm-wPSm-Oyg'gef-ocFg&-uHawGu
t<uif;rJh csKyfNidrf;rSmjzpfawmh rdrdwdkYu ,ckvkd w&m;tm;xkwfaewJh
tcsdeftcgrSm &[EÅmuvnf; rjzpfao;bl;/ t0dZÆm-wPSm-Oyg'gef-
ocFg&-uHawG t<uif;rJh csKyfjcif;aMumifh aemifwpfzef ½kyfw&m;
emrfw&m;awG rjzpfaom csKyfjcif;jzifh csKyfNidrf;rIudkvnf; jrifatmif
½IygvdkY bk&m;&Sifu 'Dowdy|mefusifhpOfxJrSm xnfhoGif;NyD; a[mMum;-
xm;awmfrlygw,f/ rdrdu xkd&[EÅmjzpfrnfhtcsdef a&mufrSvnf;
'DtaMumif;w&m;awGu csKyfrSmjzpfawmh xkdtaMumif;w&m; csKyfrnfh
tcsdefonf ,cktcsdefuae vSrf;MunfhvdkufvQif tem*wfvdkY rajym-
Ekdifbl;vm;¿ ajymEdkifw,f/
wpfenf;tm;jzifh &[EÅm rjzpfao;wJt h wGuf 'Db0tem*wfvnf;
jzpfcsifjzpfr,f? aemufaemifb0wpfckck&JU tem*wfvnf; rjzpfEkdif-
bl;vm;¿ jzpfEidk w
f ,f/ 'gaMumifh twdw½f u
I u G çf tem*wf½u I u
G af wGukd
bk&m;&Siu f owdy|mefusiphf OfxrJ mS xnfo h iG ;f Ny;D a[movm;ç ra[m-
bl;vm;¿ a[mxm;awmfryl gw,f/ a'oemawmfrmS twdtus &Sad eyg-
w,f/ 'gaMumifh owdy|mefusiphf Ofonf ypöKyeÜ o f ufoufuokd m ½I&r,fh
usifhpOfrsKd; r[kwfygbl;/ twdwf½IuGuf tem*wf½IuGufawGudkvnf;
bk&m;&Sifukd,fawmfwkdif twdtus xnfhNyD;awmh C*Pe a[mMum;-
xm;awmfryl gw,f/ C*Peqdw k m bmajymwmvJ¿ 'gu CBu;D ç 'gu
*i,fç 'gu PBuD;ç 'gu ei,fvdkY wdwdususBuD; bk&m;&Sifu a[m-
Mum;xm;awmfrlwJh a'oemawmfwpfck jzpfygw,f/
vu©P-&o-ypöKy|mef-y'|mef
'DaMumif;-usK;d qufE, G rf I y#dpo ö rkygÜ 'foabmw&m;awGukd odr;f -
qnf;NyD;wJh tcsdeftcgrSm xkda,m*Dolawmfaumif;u vu©Pç &oç
ypöKy|mefç y'|mefenf;tm;jzifh 'D½yk w f &m; emrfw&m;awGç 'DtaMumif;-
w&m; tusKd;w&m;awGudk wpfzefjyefNyD; odrf;qnf;&ygw,f/ odrf;-
qnf;vdkY atmifjrifrI &NyDqdkwJh tcsdeftcgrSm twdwfbufudk wmpl-
NyD;awmh rdrd odrf;qnf;vdkY &Ekdifoavmufawmh odrf;qnf;yg/ twdwf
oHo&mc&D;qdw k mu &Snv f sm;vSwt hJ wGuf ukeaf tmifawmh b,forl S
rodrf;qnf;Ekdifygbl;/
0dyóemykdif;
'gaMumifh ESpb
f 0ç oH;k b0ç av;b0ç ig;b0 ponfjzifh rdrd odr;f -
qnf;EkdifavmufwJh twdwfuae pNyD;awmh tem*wfqkH;wJhtxd
wdk;vQKdayguf ½kyfw&m; emrfw&m;awGç taMumif;w&m; tusKd;w&m;-
awGudk odrf;qnf;&ygw,f/ 'Dvdk odrf;qnf;NyD;wJh tcsdeftcga&muf-
awmhrS 'D½kyfw&m; emrfw&m;ç taMumif;w&m; tusKd;w&m;awGudk
tedpöç 'ku©ç tewå vu©Pma&;okH;wefwifNyD; wGifwGifBuD; ½IEdkifcJh-
r,fqkdvQifawmh 0dyóeme,fxJ ul;oGm;ygNyD/ xkd0dyóemÓPfudk
&ifuh suaf tmif BuKd ;pm;cJrh ,fqv
kd Qiaf wmh t&Sio
f b
k w
l rd ax&fwu
Ykd o
hJ Ykd
b,fvdk jzpfoGm;rvJ¿
0dyóeH 0a¹wGm t&[wåH ygykPd/
(ax&*gxm?|?1?27/ ty'ge?|?2?35/)
0dyóeH = 0dyóemÓPfudk/ 0a¹wGm = wdk;yGm;atmif jyKvkyfí
(0g) jyKvkyfEkdifcJhonfhtwGuf/ t&[wåH = t&[wåzdkvfodkY/ ygykPd =
qdkufa&mufawmfrlay\/
t&[wåzkdvf qkdufNyD
0dyóemÓPfawGudk &ifhusufatmif BudK;pm;tm;xkwfvdkufr,f
qkdvQifawmh t&[wåzdkvfwdkifatmif aygufa&mufoGm;ygvdrfhr,fwJh/
0dyóemÓPfawGudk &ifhusufatmif BudK;pm;tm;xkwfcJhwJhtwGuf
t&Sio f bk wl rd ax&fjrwfuawmh t&[wåzv kd f qku
d af &mufomG ;ygw,f/
t&Sio f bk wl rd ax&f jrwf[m rdrd jznfu h sichf w
hJ hJ yg&rDawmfw&Ykd UJ txGw-f
txdyjf zpfwhJ t&[wåzv kd o
f Ydk qku
d af &mufNy;D wJh tcsed t f cgrSm avmu-
tv,frSm tvGefxif&Sm;wJh rax&fjrwfwpfyg;tjzpf a&muf&SdNyD;
avmu vltaygif;wkdY&JU tusKd;pD;yGm;tvdkYiSm a'opm&D <ucsDawmfrl-
cJyh gw,f/ t&Sio f b
k wl rd ax&f jrwfu 'Dvkd <ucsv D m&muae &mZN*Kd [-f
jynfoYdk a&muf&w
dS t
hJ csed t qEém ar uk#u
f cgrSm ]]qEé d mm}}tp&Sw
d hJ tpydik ;f rSm
bkef;BuD; a[mcJhwJh *gxma'oemawmfuav; jzpfay:vmcJhygw,f/
AdrÁdom&rif;BuD;\ arhavsmhrI
wpfcsdef t&Sifokblwdrax&f jrwf[m &[EÅmjzpfawmfrlNyD;aemuf
a'opm&D <ucsDvm&muae &mZN*dK[fjynfokdY qkdufa&mufawmfrlwJh
tcsed t f cgrSm Adro dÁ m&rif;Bu;D uvnf; vma&muf zl;awGUygw,f/ zl;awGU
NyD;wJh tcsdeftcgrSmawmh t&Sifokblwdrax&fukd olu avQmufxm;-
w,f/ ]]t&Sifbk&m; ...'D&mZN*dK[fjynfrSmyJ 0gqdk 0guyfawmfrlyg?
wynfhawmf t&Sifbk&m;twGuf ausmif;wpfaqmif aqmufvkyfvSL-
'gef;ygr,f}}qdkNyD; avQmufxm; awmif;yefNyD;awmh jyefoGm;wJh tcsdef-
tcgrSm ausmif;aqmufzdkY&eftwGuf rif;BuD;u vkH;vkH; arhaeygw,f/
ausmif;aqmufzYkd arhaewJh tcsed t f cgrSm t&Sio f b
k wl rd ax&f jrwfvnf;
ausmif;r&SdwJhtwGuf vGifwD;acgifrSmyJ oDwif;oHk;ae&w,f/ oDwif;-
oHk;zkdY ausmif;r&SdwJh tcsdeftcgrSmawmh t&Sifokblwdrax&fjrwf&JU
bkef;wefckd;aMumifh rkd;uvnf; &Gmcsdefa&mufaeaomfvnf; rkd;pdkrSmpdk;vdkY
r&Gm jzpfaejyefw,f/
'Dvdk rkd;r&GmwJh tcsdeftcgrSm wdkif;oljynfom; vltrsm; pkaygif;-
NyD;awmh AdrÁdom&rif;BuD;&JU eef;awmfwHcg;0rSm oGm;NyD; [pfatmfMu-
w,f/ [pfatmfMuwJh tcsdeftcgrSm AdrÁdom&rif;BuD;uvnf; b,fvdk
taMumif;aMumifh 'Dr;kd u &Gmcsed af &mufaeygvsuf r&Gm&ovJvYkd vSr;f Ny;D
qifjcifMunfyh gw,f/ qifjcifvu dk wf hJ tcsed t
f cgrSmawmh ]]aMomf ig[m
t&Sifokblwdrax&f jrwfudk 0gqkd 0guyfzdkY&eftwGuf avQmufxm;NyD;-
awmh ausmif;aqmuf vSL'gef;ygr,fvdkY 0efcHpum;twkdif; ausmif;-
aqmufNyD; rvSL&ao;bl;? rax&f jrwf vGifwD;acgifrSm oDwif;oHk;-
ae&wJt h aMumif;aMumifh rk;d r&Gmwm jzpfayvdrrhf ,f}}vkYd rif;Bu;D u trSwf
&oGm;w,f/ tJ'Dvkd trSwf&vkdufawmh cyfjrefjref opf&Gufrkd;ausmif;-
uav; wpfvHk;udk aqmufvkyfapcJhygw,f/

zufr;kd zufumxm;wJh opf&u G rf ;dk ausmif;uav;wpfck aqmufvyk -f
Ny;D wJh tcsed tf cgrSm ]]t&Sib f &k m; ... þopf&u G rf ;kd ausmif;ü oDwif;-
oHk;awmfrlygbk&m;}}qdkNyD; avQmufxm; vSL'gef;ygw,f/ t&Sifokblwd
rax&fjrwfvnf; ausmif;uav;xJ 0ifNy;D jruftcif;uav;rSm xuf-
0,fzUGJ acG xdik af eawmfrv l u kd w f ,f/ xdt k csed rf mS rd;k uvnf; zJzG u GJ av;
&GmoGe;f p jyKvmygw,f/ rd;k a&tvsOjf zifh r&GmoGe;f ao;ygbl;/ rax&f-
jrwfvnf; vltaygif;&JU rdk;r&GmoGef;jcif;aMumifh jzpfay:aewJh ab;-
tEÅ&m,fukd y,fazsmufvw kd t hJ wGuf rdr&d UJ tZÑwo å EÅmef A[d'o ¨ EÅmef-
awGrmS ab;&ef uif;&Si;f aewmudv k nf; azmfusL;vdw k t hJ wGuf 0rf;om-
vGe;f vdYk 'D*gxmuav;udk &Gwq f Nkd y;D O'gef;usL;awmfryl gw,f/ b,fvkd
O'gef;usL;awmfrlovJ¿
t&Sifokblwdrax&f jrwf\ O'gef;pum;awmf
qEém ar uk#dum okcg ed0gwm? 0ó a'0 ,xmokcH/
pdwåH ar okorm[dwH 0drkwåH? tmwmyD 0d[&mrd 0ó a'0/
(ax&*gxm?19/)
ar = ig\/ uk#dum = ocFrf;ausmif;udk/ qEém = rkd;vkHatmif
rk;d í xm;tyfayNy/D ed0gwm = wHcg;&Guf tumt&H ponfwjYkd zifh av-
rwkdufatmif umxm;onfhtwGuf/ okcg = csrf;csrf;omom aexdkif&
ayonf/ wo®m = xkdYaMumifh/ a'0 = yZÆKEé = rkd;ewfrif;/ ,xmokcH =
tvdk&Sdwdkif;/ 0ó = rkd;&GmoGef;ygapawmh/
ar = ig\/ pdwåH = pdwfonf/ okorm[dwH = t&d,r*form"d
t&d,zkdvform"dESifh ,SOfaom orm"dpdwf"mwfjzifh aumif;pGm wnf-
Munfí aeygay\/ 0drw k Hå = udavom[l tylcyford ;f rS t&Si;f uRwí
f
uif;vGwf xGufajrmufcJhygay\/
tmwmyD = t&P0d[m&ç 'u©ad P,s0[ d m&ac:qdt
k yfwhJ ESprf sK;d -
aom aexkdifjcif;jzifh aexkdifEkdifatmif BudK;pm;tm;xkwfaewJh vkHYv-
0D&d,&Sdvsuf/ 0d[&mrd = omoemawmfü aexkdifíaeyg\/ wo®m =
xkdYaMumifh/ a'0 = yZÆKEé = rkd;ewfrif;/ 0ó = &GmoGef;ygavawmh/
t&Sio f b
k w l rd ax&f[m t&[wåzv dk o
f Ydk qku
d af &mufomG ;ayr,f-h
vnf; omoemawmfrSm aMumifhMurJh aeovm;qdkawmh raeygbl;/
tvd&k w
dS ikd ;f rk;d &Gmvku d pf rf;ygqkNd y;D awmh vlom;awGtwGuf Bu;D rm;aom
u½kPmawmf"mwfjzifh vIHUaqmfawmfrlNyD;awmh olu 'D*gxmO'gef;-
uav;udk usL;&ifhawmfrljcif; jzpfygw,f/
rdrdoEÅmefudk vSrf;MunfhNyD;awmh igh&JU pdwf"mwfawGrSm bmrS
tEÅ&m,f r&Sad wmhb;l / igh&UJ pdw"f mwfawGonf t&d,r*f t&d,zkv d Ef iS hf
,SOw f aJG ewJh orm"drsK;d jzifh wnfwhH cdik cf ahH ewJh orm"dawGvnf; jzpfaeNy?D
udavom[l tylcyfodrf;rSvnf; igonf t&Sif;uRwfNyD; uif;vGwf
xGuaf jrmufaewJh t&[wåzv kd o
f Ydk qku d af eNyv D Ykd qifjcifawmfryl gw,f/
aemufwpfcku t&P0d[m&ç 'u©daP,s0d[m&vkdY ac:qdktyfwJh
ESpfrsKd;aom aexkdifjcif;jzifh aexkdifEkdifatmif BudK;pm;tm;xkwfaewJh
vkvYH 0D&, d &Sv
d suf omoemawmfrmS aexkid Ef idk Nf yq D w dk mukv
d nf; qifjcif-
awmfrlygw,f/
t&P0d[m& + 'u©daP,s0d[m&
'Dae&mrSm t&P0d[m&qdw k muawmh udavom uif;uif;&Si;f -
&Sif;eJY aexkdifEkdifjcif;udk ac:ygw,f/ &[EÅmyk*¾dKvfwdkif; udavom
uif;uif;&Si;f &Si;f jzifh aexkid Ef idk w
f phJ rG ;f tm; &Sd Muygw,f/ odaYk omfvnf;
bk&m;&Sif a[mMum;awmfrlwJh enf;vrf;twkdif; w&m;awmfukd a[m-
Mum;wJhae&mrSm yk*¾vm"d|meftm;jzifh w&m;ra[mMum;bJ yk*¾dKvf
wpfa,mufa,mufudk cs;D rGr;f jcif; uJ&h UJ jcif; rjyKbJ "r®m"d|mefenf;jzifo h m
w&m;awmfukd a[mMum;awmfrlavh&Sdygw,f/ 'Dvdk aexdkifenf;udk

t&P0d[m&
m&vdkY ac:ygw,f/
'u©daP,s0d[m&qkdwmuawmh jrwfaom tvSLudk cH,lxkdufwJh
yk*Kd¾ vuf kd 'u©ad P,svYkd ac:ygw,f/ tdrpf Oftwdik ;f qGr;f cH<uawmfrw l hJ
tcsed t f cgrSm b,ftrd u f ykd aJ &mufa&muf avmif;vSLwJq
h rG ;f udk tvSLcH-
awmhr,fqdkvQif tvSLrcHrD tcsdefuav;rSm xkdtvSL&Siftay:rSm
arwåmpsmef 0ifpm;NyD; arwåmydkYNyD;awmhrSyJ xkdtvSLay;wJhyk*¾dKvfwdkY&JU
qGrf;udk tvSLcHawmfrlavh&Sdygw,f/ tJ'Dvdk arwåmpsmef 0ifpm;NyD;rS
qGrf;tp&SdwJh vSLzG,f0w¬K tpkpkwkdYukd tvSLcHwJhenf;pepfjzifh aexkdif-
enf;udkawmh 'u©daP,s0d[m& m&vdkY ac:ygw,f/ bmaMumifhvJ¿
rdru
d kd vSL'gef;aeMuwJh 'g,um 'g,dumrawG tusK;d Bu;D Muygap
qdkwJh 'Dvdk BudK;pm;tm;xkwfaewJh vkHYv0D&d,awG ighoEÅmefrSm &Sdaeyg-
w,fqNdk y;D awmh rk;d &Gmatmif opömqkw d hJ O'gef;*gxmuav;wpfcvk nf;
jzpfygw,f/ 'Dvkd opömqkw d *hJ gxmrSm t|uxmq&mawmfu aemufxyf
wpfenf; zGifhqdkxm;wJh zGifhqdkcsuft& ---
ar = ig\/ uk#dum = cE¨mudk,fwnf;[laom twåabmudk/
qEém = udavomrkd; rpkdpGwfatmif zkH;uG,fí xm;tyfay\/
ausmif;udo
k m uk#u d mvdYk ok;H pGjJ cif; r[kwyf gbl;/ rdr&d UJ cE¨mud,
k f
twåabmBuD;udkvnf; tdrfvdkY ausmif;vdkY okH;EIef;xm;wmvnf; &Sdyg-
w,f/ 'gaMumifh 'DcE¨mud,
k f twåabmBu;D rSm udavomrk;d awG rpdpk w G -f
atmif igonf tjrJ rkd;umí xm;NyD;ygNyD/
ed0gwm = rmefrmetp&Sw
d hJ avjyif;rkew
f ikd ;f wdYk rwku
d af tmif ydwq
f Ydk
xm;tyfonfhtwGufaMumifh/ okcg = csrf;csrf;omom aexdkif&ayNyD/
udavomrkd;awG rpdkpGwfatmifvnf; rkd;umí xm;tyfayNyD?
rmefrmetp&Sw
d hJ udavom avjyif;rkew
f ikd ;f awG x<u wku
d cf wfrvm-
atmifvnf; umqD;NyD; xm;EdkifwJhtwGuf igonf csrf;csrf;omom
aexkdif&ayNyD/ 'gaMumifh ---
wo®m = xkdYaMumifh/ a'0 = yZÆKEé = rkd;ewfrif;/ ,xmokcH =
tvdk&Sdwdkif;/ 0ó = rkd;&GmoGef;vdkufprf;yg/
'gaMumifh toif rk;d ewfrif; tvd&k w dS idk ;f csr;f csr;f omom &GmoGe;f -
vdu
k pf rf;ygvdYk 'Dvkd rd;k &Gmzd&Yk eftwGuf opömjyKay;awmfryl gw,f/ aemuf
wpfck ---
ar = ig\/ pdwåH = pdwfonf/ okorm[dwH = t&d,r*form"d
t&d,zkv d of rm"dEiS hf ,SOaf om orm"dpwd "f mwfrsK;d jzifh aumif;pGm wnf-
Munfí aeygay\/ 0drw k Hå = udavom[l tylcyford ;f rS t&Si;f uRwí f
uif;vGwx f uG af jrmufí aeay\/ tmwmyD = t&P0d[m&ç 'u©ad P-
,s0d[m&vkdY ac:qdktyfwJh ESpfrsKd;aom aexkdifjcif;jzifh aexkdifEkdifzkdY&ef
vGefpGm BudK;ukwftm;xkwfvsuf&Sdonfjzpfí/ 0d[&mrd = aexkdifyg\/
wo®m = xkaYd Mumif/h a'0 = yZÆKEé = rk;d ewfrif;/ ,xmokcH = tvd&k w dS ikd ;f
csrf;csrf;omom/ 0ó = &GmoGef;vdkufprf;yg/
'Dvdk opömjyKvkdufygw,f/ 'Dvdk opömjyKvdkufwJh tcsdeftcgrSm
rkd;uvnf; wjznf;jznf; a&tvsOfudk jyKNyD;awmh &GmoGef;vmygw,f/
owå0gawG&JU tusKd;twGufvnf;aumif;ç rdrd&JU t&P0d[m&ç 'u©d-
aP,s0[ d m&ac:wJh jrwfaomaexdik jf cif;jzifh omoemawmfrmS aexkid -f
Ekdifwmudk xif&Sm;jyvdkonfhtwGufaMumifhvnf;aumif; 'DtaMumif;
ESpfrsKd;aMumifh 'D*gxmuav;udk O'gef;usL;&ifhawmfrljcif; jzpfygw,f/
uJ - t&Sifokblwdrax&f&JU xkH;uav;awmh NyD;oGm;ygNyD/ 'DxHk;-
uav;twdik ;f rdrw
d vYkd nf; t&Sio
f b
k w l rd ax&f jrwfvkd t&P0d[m&ç
'u©daP,s0d[m&ac:wJh {w'*fbGJUxl;rsKd;udk r&vQifvnf; aeygap?
'Db0rSm t&Siof b
k wl rd ax&f jrwfuohJ Ykd aexdik cf siMf uw,fqv
kd Qiaf wmh
bmvkyfMu&rvJ¿ t&Sifokblwdrax&f&JU xkH;udk ESvkH;rlNyD;awmh &SdorQ

pnf;pdraf wG tukev
f ;kH pGev
fY w
T Nf y;D awmh w&m;bm0em usiMhf uBH uKd ;ukwf
yGm;rsm;tm;xkwfMuygvdkY wdkufwGef;&if;eJY w&m;odrf;MupdkY ---
[dwGm umar yAÁZ ðok? oaEÅm *rÇD&pdEÅum/
aw wkarSysEkodu©ma0Sg? yAÁZdwm okayovm/
oaEÅm = bk&m;tvsm yapöumESifh t&d,mEG,favmif; [dk
wdkYa&SUuolawmfaumif;wdkYonf/
*rÇ&D pdEu
Å m = eufeo J nfh "mwfoabmawGukd eufepJ mG Muq H if tMuH
aumif; 0ifawmfrlMuukefonfjzpfí/
umar = a&S;ujyKzef ukodkvfuHwdkY pDrHaxmufr vufa&muf
&om; rsm;vSZeD;onf BuD;BuD;i,fESifh ESD;EG,fa&m,l
udk,fawmfwdkY ydkifoonfh umr0w¬KtpkpkwdkYudk/
[dwGm = igwdyYk ikd jf im; þumrw&m;wdo Yk nf trsm;ESihf qufqH
ab;awGu 0ef;&H &efawGu ajrmufjrm; wu,fudk
aMumufvefYzG,fawGygwum;[k aMumuftm;awmf
ÓPf<u,f vGwv f w
G Bf u;D pGeyYf ,fawmfrMl uukeo f nf
jzpfí/
yAÁZ o
ð k = C&m0go orÁm"[k udpörsm;ajrmif vlwdkYabmif 0#f
aESmifudk vGwfatmifMuHK;vsuf ½kef;uefxGufí ESpf
ouf&Tifvef; &Sif&[ef; jyKí awmxGufawmfrlMu
avukefNyD/
wkarSyd = jrwfaeu©r® "mwftmo,[k qEúdef;atmif; oif
olawmfaumif;wdkYonfvnf;yJ/
yAÁZdwm = 0w¬Kumr [lorQrS r&t& MuHK;vsuf ½kef;uef xGuf
Muukefonfjzpfí/
okayovm = pmr&Dom; NrD;zsm;ckHrif ykHtoGifodkY cspfcifav;jrwf
ESpfouftyfaom oDv udk,fpDudk,fi &Sd Muukefonf
jzpfí/
aw = xdkbk&m;tvsm yapöumESifh t&d,mEG,favmif; [dk
wdkYa&SUu olawmfaumif;wdkYudk/
tEkodu©ma0Sg = twkvdkufum usifhwwf&mudk usifhumraoG ..
tm;xkwfEdkifMuygapukefownf; .../
(om"k om"k om"kygbk&m; ...)
zm;atmufawm&q&mawmf
pdwåvawmifausmif;
zm;atmufawm&
armfvNrdKifNrdKUe,f
rGefjynfe,f/
rSwfom;zG,f&m tu©&mpOftñTef;
tu©&mpOftñTef; - rmwdum
tu©&mpOf pmrsufESm tu©&mpOf pmrsufESm
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« tm » 116 «,» 120
«£» 116 «&» 120
«O» 117 «v» 120
«{» 117 «0» 120
« Mo » 117 «o» 121
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«u» 117 « ocsFm » 121
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«p» 117
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«Ú» 118
«w» 118
«'» 118
«"» 118
«e» 118
«y» 118
«z» 119
«A» 119
«b» 119
116 ] arwåmpGrf;tm;ESifh Ak'¨gEkówdpGrf;tif (ok
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t*¾om0u 8 qkdufa&mufawmfrlMuNyD 19
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tem*wfokdY 102 t&[H*kPfawmf 82
t"d*r 29 t&d,mEG,favmif; 114
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taem"daom z&Pm arwåm 75 t&Sifokblwdrax&fjrwf\
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tjzLa&mifuokdPf;okdY 63 twdyÜd,yk*¾dKvf 73
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{w'*fbGJUxl; 5 «C»
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« t-f » «p»
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pum;rsm; 7 pMu0aw;rif;pnf;pdrf 26
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aomfvnf; r&SdcJhpzl;yg 103 pmr&Dom; NrD;zsm;ckHrif 114
«u» pdwå0dok'¨d 35
pdwå0dok'¨d = or®morm"d 35
uokdPf;psmefESifh pdwfapwodufawG csKyfaewJh
arwåmpsmef 42 ormywf 10
okblwdaw¬&ty'gef)
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usef&pfcJhjcif; 24
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psmefynm 14 pdwf"mwfpGrf;&nf 12
«Ú» eE´&aohBuD;\ qkawmif;
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(2)rsKd; 45 ae,syk*¾dKvf 35
aemufqHk;b0
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y'krkwå&jrwfpGmbk&m;&Sif 3 xl;jcm;aom
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²²²

၁၅. ေမတၱာစြမ္ းအားႏွင္ ့ဗုဒၶါႏုႆတိစြမ္ းအင္ PDF

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၁၅. ေမတၱာစြမ္ းအားႏွင္ ့ဗုဒၶါႏုႆတိစြမ္ းအင္ PDF

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arwåmpGrf;tm;ESifh Ak'¨gEkówdpGrf;tif

'getm;vkH;udk "r®'geu atmifEdkif\/

pd&H wd|wk o'¨ar®m? "ar® a[mEÅ K o*g&0g/

0dZÆmrsKd;aphESifh p&PrsKd;aphyg&rDrsm; ................. 28

earm wó b*0awm t&[awm or®morÁK'¨ó/

8/ pdwfonf vsifvsifjrefjref aumif;pGm wnfMunf\/

5/ bk&m;&SifESifh twlwuG aexkdif& jcif; trSwfonmukd &&SdEkdif\/

1362-ckEpS ?f waygif;vqef; (9)&ufaeY? NrKd io

y&dowf av;aomif;av;axmifw&Ykd UJ t&[wåzv kd &f aMumif; Oyedó,

pGrf;tm;&Sdoavmuf vSLzG,f0w¬K tpkpkawGudk bk&m;&Siftm; qufuyf

tusKd;pD;yGm; csrf;omtvdkYiSm csD;ajr§mufawmfrlMuygbk&m;}}qkdNyD;awmh

0ifpm;awmfrlvkdufwJh tcsdeftcgrSm ---

w&m;awmfawGudk em,lNyD;awmh 0dZÆmrsKd;aphaumif;vdkY ac:qdktyfwJh

baEÅ ,Gm,H r,m owåm[H ykyæpäwåH "ma&aEÅe ouúma&m

t&P0d[m&ç 'u©ad P,s0[ d m&vdYk ac:qdtk yfwhJ t*Fg&yf ESpyf g;eJY

eE´&aohBuD; wpfyg;wnf; usef&pfcJhjcif;

owo[ódawm uayÜ? ,H ur®ru u&& ð w'g/

twGuf zGifhqkdcsuf jzpfygw,f/ y#dorÇd'gÓPfawmfjrwf (4)yg;ukd &&Sd

'Dvdk zGifhqkdxm;ygw,f/ bmajymvkdwmvJ¿ a&SUykdif;rSm bkef;BuD;

pdwfudk xkHrGrf;xm;wJh pGrf;tm;awGu odyfuGmaeygw,f/ &Sif&[ef;

'gaMumifh bk&m;&Siu f , kd af wmfwidk u

oabmw&m;awGudk [kww f idk ;f rSepf mG odaewJÓ

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awGUwwfygw,f/ tJ'D aysmhrI xif&Sm;&m wpfae&mu pNyD; aysmhwJh

tmayg"mwf oabmw&m; (2) rsKd;

"mwf? yx0D"mwfç tmayg"mwfç awaZm"mwfç 0ga,m"mwf}} -- 'Dvdk

orm"dç tyÜemorm"dqdkNyD; rsm;aomtm;jzifh orm"d (3)rsKd; &Sdygw,f/

wGiof mru A[d't ¨ xd ysUH ESaYH tmif jzpfapMuygw,f/ ÓPftmEkabmf

xifaewJh tvif;a&mifom jzpfygw,f/ wjcm; ab;uyk*¾dKvfawG

rlvu "mwfav;yg;udk tajccHNy;D yGm;rsm;xm;wJh orm"deYJ ,SOw

tndKa&mifuodP k ;f tjzpfeYJ ½IvQif ormywf (8)yg; tm;vk;H aygufEidk -f

A[d'¨aum|moawGukd oufrJh t½kd;pkuJhokdY okdYr[kwf aum|mouJhokdY

av;pm;wJh yk*d¾Kvu f pNy;D awmh arwåmyGm;&ygr,f/ cspcf ifav;pm;tyfwhJ

om;ç orD;wGif rubl;? tazjzpfap tarjzpfap ryGm;ygeJ/Y 'Dvkd owf-

0dyæm& = jyefYum; BuD;us,f jrifhjrwfaom arwåm

arwåmu (7)csuf &Syd gw,f/ taem"daom z&Pm arwåmç Mo"daom-

'D (48)rsKd;aom arwåmawGudk yGm;rsm;tm;xkwfay;&ygw,f/

owå0gtcsif;csif; tEÅ&m,f uif;&Sif;

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twdtus ñTefMum;xm;ygw,f/ 'gaMumifh a,m*Dolawmfaumif;u

oifay;NyD;wJh tcsdeftcgrSm tmumo"mwfwpfckudkvnf; xnfhNyD; ½IzkdY

tm;vH;k rSm &Sdaeygw,f/ ZD0w

emrfur®|mef; odrf;qnf;enf; (3) enf;

13/ yDwd = owå0gynwftm½Hkukd ESpfoufjcif;oabm/

,if;wkdY jzpfay:oGm;wJh pdwåed,mrvrf;aMumif;twkdif;yJ qufvuf

A[d'¨odkY apvTwfvdkufwJh tcsdeftcgrSm tZÑwårSm "mwfav;yg; jynf-

Ak'¨gEkówdur®|mef;qkdwJh bm0emvkyfief;udkyJ oGm;awGU&w,f/

t&Sifokblwdrax&fuawmh y'krkwå&bk&m;&Sifvufxufu jyKpk

'DypöKyÜefb0rSm jzpfay:aeMuwJh ur®Z½kyfqkdwJh ½kyfw&m;ESifh 0dyguf

uav; wpfvHk;udk aqmufvkyfapcJhygw,f/

w&m;awmfukd a[mMum;awmfrlavh&Sdygw,f/ 'Dvdk aexdkifenf;udk

bmvkyfMu&rvJ¿ t&Sifokblwdrax&f&JU xkH;udk ESvkH;rlNyD;awmh &SdorQ

(om"k om"k om"kygbk&m; ...)

£a`E´ig;&yf - Avig;wef 13 umrm0p&orm"d 36

arwåmur®|mef;ukd pwif a&S;jzpfa[mif;

rSwfom;zG,f&m tu©&mpOftñTef; NyD;\/

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eJY b,fvdkrS EdIif;pmvdkY r&EdkifwJh oDvkPfawG &Sdw,f? orm"dkPfawG

raeYuyJ a,mD 'g,dumrBuD;wpfa,mufu 'DkPfawmf yGm;ae