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Section 07 - Fired Heaters PDF
Section 07 - Fired Heaters PDF
Section 07 - Fired Heaters PDF
FIRED HEATERS
7.00
OBJECTIVES
7.01
PROCESS ENGINEER’S FURNACE WORK
• Furnace Screening/Design -
– Grass Roots & Modifications, Check of Vendor Designs
• References:
– ExxonMobil Design Practices Sec. VIII
– Blue Book Section 10 - Combustion Data
– Global Practices: Sec 7-Fired Heaters; and Sec. 15-1-1 Instruments
• Computer Programs:
– 3558 Fired Heater Simulation
– 3660 Furnace Pressure Drop
7.02
FURNACE TERMINOLOGY
Horizontal Tube, Box Heater
Vertical
Cylindrical
Heater
JOHN
ZINK (Can or
CO. Cylindrical
Updraft)
7.03
STACK
FURNACE
TERMINOLOGY
CONVECTION Vertical Cylindrical Heater
SECTION
(Cylindrical Updraft)
BRIDGEWALL
AREA (ARCH)
RADIANT SECTION
INSIDE REFRACTORY
7.04
STACK
FURNACE
TERMINOLOGY
CONVECTION Vertical Cylindrical Heater
SECTION
(Cylindrical Updraft)
INSIDE REFRACTORY
7.05
FURNACE
TERMINOLOGY
Vertical Cylindrical Heater
(Cylindrical Updraft)
TUBES
The cylindrical updraft
heater requires a smaller
plot area than other
BURNER BURNER heaters. It is frequently
used when plot space is
BURNER CIRCLE limited.
DIAMETER
Tubes are expanded
BURNER BURNER vertically for larger heaters
rather than horizontally on
horizontally-tubed heaters
ACCESS
DOOR
7.06
STACK
FURNACE
TERMINOLOGY
CONVECTION Vertical Cylindrical Heater
SECTION
(Cylindrical Updraft)
SHOCK (SHIELD)
BANK (AT BOTTOM)
Most common type of refinery
heater.
Usually less expensive when
<100 MBtu/h (29 MW) heat
BRIDGEWALL absorption.
AREA (ARCH)
INSIDE REFRACTORY
7.07
PURGE STACK
STEAM
DAMPER
SAMPLE
CONNECTIONS
TUBE SHEET
FURNACE
INLET
TERMINOLOGY
CONVECTION Vertical Cylindrical Heater
SECTION
SAMPLE
TUBES
(Cylindrical Updraft)
CONNECTIONS
SHOCK (SHIELD)
BANK (AT BOTTOM)
CROSSOVER Most common type of
TUBE PULLING
refinery heater.
DOOR
Usually less expensive
when <100MBtu/h (29
BRIDGEWALL REFRACTORY MW) heat absorption.
AREA (ARCH)
TUBE
HANGERS TUBE CIRCLE DIAMETER
Has the smallest footprint
of all heaters
RADIANT SECTION
TUBES
INSIDE REFRACTORY
INSPECTION
DOOR
TUBE
GUIDE
BURNER
ACCESS
DOOR 7.14
FURNACE
TERMINOLOGY
TUBES
Vertical Cylindrical Heater
(Cylindrical Updraft)
BURNER BURNER
In any heater, the flame
dimensions should be sized for
BURNER CIRCLE the tube arrangement. Too
DIAMETER
small of a flame could increase
tube metal temperatures. Too
BURNER BURNER large of a flame could reduce
the radiant section efficiency
and lead to flame impingement
ACCESS
of the shield tubes. Burners
DOOR placed too close to the tubes
could overheat the tubes or
cause flame impingement.
7.15
FURNACE
TERMINOLOGY
BREECHING
EXTENDED
SURFACE
(STUDS OR
FINS)
SHOCK (SHIELD)
BANK
(BOTTOM BARE
ROWS)
7.16
FURNACE
TERMINOLOGY
7.17
FURNACE
TERMINOLOGY
HEADER
BOX RETURN
BENDS
BREECHING
EXTENDED
SURFACE
(STUDS OR
SOOTBLOWING OR STEAM FINS)
LANCING LANE
SHOCK (SHIELD)
BANK
(BOTTOM BARE
ROWS)
END TUBE
INTERMEDIATE
SHEET
TUBE SUPPORT
SNUFFING 7.22
STEAM REFRACTORY
FURNACE TERMINOLOGY--- TUBE BANK ARRANGEMENT
The allowable pressure
Definition: drop for a given service
determines the tube
Pass: A flow circuit size and the number of
consisting of one passes for that service
or more tubes in within a heater.
series with or
without connecting
fittings. 4 PASSES
2 PASSES
1 PASS
7.26
FURNACE
TERMINOLOGY
BREECHING
The bare tubes at the
bottom of the convection
section “shield” the
extended surface (fins or
studs) tubes from the
effects of direct radiation.
It prevents the extended
surface tubes from coking
or deteriorating as a
result of too great of a
CORBEL
heat pick-up.
SHOCK (SHIELD)
BANK
7.27
HORIZONTAL TUBE, CABIN HEATER
Horizontal, bottom-fired heaters provide an equal heat flux along the
length of the firebox.
STACK
Horizontal tubes are often used in coking services where it may be
necessary to turbine the coke out of the tubes.
CONVECTION
SECTION
RADIANT
SECTION
6.12
7.28
CABIN HEATER VARIATIONS
Horizontal
firing is
often used
when oil
must be at
least one
of the
fuels.
Any oil
drippage
will fall into
the firebox.
It could fall
on the
operator
The use of a firebrick Sometimes an air-cooled when
centerwall in the radiant centerwall is used should vertically
section allows each side of a firebrick wall be too firing.
the heater to be controlled high to support itself or in
independently of the other. greater seismic areas 7.32
BOX-TYPE
HEATER STACK
JOHN STACK BOX-TYPE,
ZINK VERTICALLY
(Horizontal COMPANY
Tubes) TUBED HEATER
CONVECTION
CONVECTION SECTION
SECTION
Vertically-tubed
designs are
preferred over
Horizontal tube horizontal
RADIANT designs are heaters when
RADIANT
SECTION preferred for footprint is
SECTION
coking services. limiting or
multiple passes
Spalled coke is are employed
less likely to get
wedged in the Tubes are
bottom return extended
bends and upward rather
turbining out than over a
coke (last wider area
resort) is easier. horizontally.
7.33
STACK Multi-cell heaters are used
MULTI-CELL when the size of a heater
becomes too large for one cell.
BOX-TYPE or
The distribution of the number
HEATER CONVECTION
SECTION
of passes cannot easily be
provided in one cell.
7.35
SINGLE WING HEATER
Radiant Section
7.36
To stack VERTICAL TUBE, BOX-TYPE
FIRED HEATER
PROPRIETARY EXXON HIGH
INTENSITY, FIRED HEATER
7.38
Double-fired heaters better utilize
the tube surface. Firing from both
sides transfers around 50% more
heat to the tubes than tubes fired
from only one side.
7.40
ACTUAL AVERAGE
AVERAGE FLUX FLUX
ACTUAL
FLUX
FLUX
TUBE
TUBE
3.5
2 NOMINAL 3 NOMINAL
DIAMETER DIAMETER
3
SPACING SPACING
2.5
Max./Ave. Flux
1.5
0.5
0
1 1.5 2 2.5 3
Spacing Ratio (Center to Center Distance/Tube O.D.)
7.43
7.44
7.45
FURNACE SELECTION & DESIGN
Design Conditions for Process Heaters are Listed in the Design
Practices, Section VIII-B, Page 55, Table 1.
• Usually limit average heat density for design to 12,000 Btu/hrft2 (37,800
W/m2) but this is dependent on the service.
– Many services that coke tubes are designed for lower heat densities
to reduce tube metal temperatures and increased run length.
- Mass velocity is normally 250-400 lb/sec ft2 (1200-1950 kg/s*m2) for most
heaters. Once again this is dependent on the service.
Service Ave. Radiant Section Suggested Design
Heat Density, Mass Velocity,
2 2
Btu/hrft lb/secft
Crude Heater 12000 300 - 400
Vacuum Heater 10000 350 - 450
Preheaters and 12000 250 - 350
Reboilers
Asphalt Heaters 6000 250 – 350
Catalytic Reforming 12000 35 -60
Gas Preheat
7.46a
FURNACE SELECTION & DESIGN
Mass Velocity
= (Mass Flow Rate/Pass)/Tube Cross-sectional Area
= (lb/sec)/ft2
= lb/sec•ft2 (kg/s*m2)
7.47
Heater Specifications
It is important to examine the precise operating conditions for all
cases for a heater. This is applicable for a new heater or a revamp
condition for an existing heater. The following cases and conditions
should be examined:
A.Normal operating
conditions for each case
(i.e., lean feed, rich feed):
7.49
Heater Specifications
It is important to examine the precise operating conditions for all cases for a
heater. This is applicable for a new heater or a revamp condition for an
existing heater. The following cases and conditions should be examined:
Specifying only one case may be possible. This should be done only in
consultation with a heater specialist. The maximum heat absorption
case will not always provide all the information necessary to specify a
heater. The maximum heat absorption case often provides the
maximum, average radiant section heat flux. It does not always
provide the maximum or design tube metal temperature.
7.51
Heater Specifications
• It is important to examine the precise operating conditions for all cases for a
heater. This is applicable for a new heater or a revamp condition for an existing
heater. The following cases and conditions should be examined:
A. Normal operating conditions for each case (i.e., lean feed, rich feed):
1. Start of cycle (SOC)
2. End of cycle (EOC)
7.53
Heater Specifications
B. TURNDOWN CASES
The turndown case may place another, necessary constraint upon the
heater.
Burners may not be able to meet the desired turndown rate. Burners
must be shutdown to increase the turndown.
The heater designer may be forced to use a greater number of smaller
burners to provide the desired turndown with adequate heat
distribution. A greater number of burners allows more burners to be
shutdown to meet the desired turndown.
7.54
Heater Specifications--- Consider:
SURGE
DRUM
TO
SEPARATOR
COLUMN
CHARGE FEED/BOTTOMS
PUMP EXCHANGER
FRACTIONATOR
FEED HEATER REBOILER
HEATER
BOTTOMS
PUMP
7.63
Heater Specifications--- Consider:
SURGE DRUM
HYDROGEN-RICH
RECYCLE GAS
FROM
COMPRESSOR
TO SEPARATOR
FEED/PRODUCT
CHARGE EXCHANGER REACTOR
PUMP
CHARGE
HEATER
7.64
Heater Specifications
C. DESIGN CASE
7.68
Heater Specifications
D. REGENERATION CASE
A regeneration case must be considered if the
heater must be used to help regenerate a
catalyst. The regeneration case may set the
minimum operation of a heater. It may require
unique considerations if the heater is ducted to
another heater
7.70
Heater Specifications
7.73
Heater Specifications
Specifications must consider what affect
one heater may have on the other for all
operating cases.
Failure to consider this may prevent one
heater from meeting its process
requirements.
SOR =
60
SOR =
MBtu/h;
20 MBtu/h;
EOR =
EOR = 60
MBtu/h
40 MBtu/h
7.74
Heater Specifications
Process Requirements for each case are required:
Start of Cycle End of Cycle
Throughput, lb/hr
Inlet Temperature, °F
Outlet Temperature, °F
Outlet Pressure, psig
Max. Pressure Diff., psi
Wt.% Vapor at Inlet and Outlet
MW of Vapor at Inlet and Outlet
Vaporization Curves
Physical Properties of Liquid
Physical Properties of Vapor
7.75
Design Standards–
7.76
FURNACE EFFICIENCY
DEFINITION OF TERMS
• Heat Absorbed (QA) : The total heat absorbed by the process fluid
in MBtu/lb (kJ/kg) fuel.
• Heat Fired (Heat Release): The total heat released in the heater,
equal to LHV of fuel, in MBtu/lb (MJ/kg) fuel.
CALCULATIONS
7.83
FURNACE EFFICIENCY
INPUT/OUTPUT METHOD
The lower heating value of the fuel (LHV) assumes all the
heat released by combustion is recovered when
bringing the flue gas to standard conditions. The water
vapor in the flue gas remains in the vapor phase.
The higher heating value of the fuel (HHV) assumes all the
heat released by combustion is recovered when
bringing the flue gas to standard conditions but the
water vapor in the flue gas condenses to liquid water---
the latent heat of water is recoverable.
7.84
FURNACE EFFICIENCY
INPUT/OUTPUT METHOD
• Determine Heat Absorbed by All Process and Waste
Heat Streams
• Determine Heat Fired (LHV or HHV*)
• Calculate Efficiency
• Requires Data on:
– Fuel Flow Rate and Composition
– Process Flow Rates, Temperatures and Pressures
– Process Enthalpy Information
• Difficult to Achieve Good Accuracy
– Flow meters are often suspect!
• Good for design, but not recommended for
checking furnace operation!
7.85
FURNACE EFFICIENCY
STACK LOSS METHOD
• Requires Knowledge of Fuel
Properties, Excess Air, Stack
Temperature, and Estimated Heat
Leakage.
Recommended for Checking
Furnace Operation!
7.86
FURNACE EFFICIENCY
1. DETERMINE FUEL LOWER HEATING VALUE (LHV), BTU/LB
(MJ/KG)
Usually have analyzer/density meter to determine MW, infer LHV
= 8
20.95 − %O2 6
% Excess air
• Dry Basis 4
=
111.4 (%O2 )
Wet O2
analyzed. 0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Excess Air, %
% Excess air
91.2 (%O2 ) Applicable to typical
= hydrocarbon fuel; exact
20.95 − %O2
relationship is function
of fuel H/C ratio and
Where %O2 = Percent O2 in flue gas inert components.
7.88
FURNACE EFFICIENCY
7.89
FURNACE LOSSES
Determine Heat Losses through Refractory
setting of Heater (usually estimated)
MW Heater Absorption, Heat Losses, % of Total Heat Release
MBtu/hr Without an With an
Air Preheat Air Preheat
System System
4
<15 3 3.5
4-29 15 – 100 2 2.5
29 >100 1 1.5
7.90
FURNACE EFFICIENCY
7.91
FURNACE EFFICIENCY
Note:
This chart
applies to
mixtures of
hydrogen,
hydrocarbon
gases and inerts,
where the lower
heating value
(LHV) of the
mixture is 19,500
Btu/lb.
It should not be
used for
mixtures that are
essentially pure
hydrocarbons
7.92
FURNACE EFFICIENCY
From Figure 7A at
• flue gas temperature of 1100°F;
• 30% excess air .
14080 Btu/lb of fuel is the “Heat Available”, the heat extracted from the flue
gas to bring it to 1100°F
19500 Btu/lb fuel is the total heat released (LHV) from the fuel
Our 2% heat losses would be 19500 Btu/lb (0.02)
Our heater efficiency would be:
Efficiency = 100 x Heat Absorbed = 100 x [Heat Available – LHV (Losses)]
Heat Fired LHV
= 100 [14080 - 19500 (0.02)]/19500
= 100 [14080 - 390]/19500 = 70.2%
7.100
AIR PREHEATERS
• Increases heater efficiency by extracting
additional heat from the flue gas. The stack
temperature is reduced (see example).
7.101
AIR PREHEATERS
Stack
DAMPER
Radiant
Section
7.102
AIR PREHEATERS
FROM AIR PREHEATER Stack
BYPASS
TO AIR PREHEATER DAMPER
I.D. FAN
WE CAN RECOUP SOME OF THE Convection
LOST HEAT LEAVING THE Section
CONVECTION SECTION BYUSING
AN AIR PREHEATER, A HEAT
EXCHANGER, TO EXTRACT HEAT
FROM THE FLUE GAS.
HEATER
Radiant
Section
AIR
PREHEATER
7.103
AIR PREHEATERS
FROM AIR PREHEATER Stack
BYPASS
TO AIR PREHEATER DAMPER
I.D. FAN
AIR
PREHEATER
7.104
COMBUSTION AIR TO BURNERS
AIR PREHEATERS
FROM AIR PREHEATER Stack
BYPASS
TO AIR PREHEATER DAMPER
I.D. FAN
COMBUSTION
AIR BYPASS HEATER
Radiant
Section
AIR
PREHEATER
A combustion air bypass
is used to control the flue
gas temperature leaving
the air preheater. 7.105
COMBUSTION AIR TO BURNERS
EFFICIENCY===> AIR PREHEATER===> COLD END CORROSION
7.106
AIR PREHEATERS
Amount of heat recovery limited by flue gas acid
dew point -- Minimum stack temperature ranges
from ~ 266°F (130ºC) with clean fuel gas to >446°F
(230ºC) with high-sulfur fuel oil.
7.110
AIR PREHEATERS
7.111
LJUNGSTROM TYPE REGENERATIVE AIR PREHEATER
7.112
ASSEMBLY DRAWING OF CAST TUBULAR AIR PREHEATER
Flue Gas In Flue Gas In The bottom section of this air preheater
displays borosilicate glass tubes.
These tubes will not corrode when acid
AIR OUT
condensation of the flue gas occurs.
Efficiency can be increased with their
use.
There can be significant breakage of
these glass tubes year by year.
Start-ups are a great concern. Should
the heat-up rate be too great, any water
remaining in the tubes can greatly
expand into steam, breaking the tubes.
Envirochem
OCAP Air
Preheater
7.114
SCHEMATIC DRAWING OF TYPICAL CIRCULATING FLUID AND
PROCESS FLUID AIR PREHEAT SYSTEMS
7.115
AIR PREHEAT EFFECT ON FURNACE EFFICIENCY
SAMPLE PROBLEM:
Process Requirements:
7.116
AIR PREHEAT EFFECT ON FURNACE EFFICIENCY
SAMPLE PROBLEM
Natural Draft Heater, No Air Preheat
7.117
AIR
95
PREHEAT EFFECT ON
With a natural FURNACE
draft heater, we can maximize EFFICIENCY
our efficiency by striving
for a 75°F or less approach. The approach is defined as the process inlet
SAMPLE PROBLEM
90
temperature subtracted from the stack temperature . . . And the stack
temperature is the process inlet temperature added to the approach.
Determine efficiency without air preheat For our problem, the stack temperature
85 = 625°F + 75°F = 700°F
Heater Efficiency, %
80
Refinery Gas Excess Air, %
1000 BTU/ SCF
75 0
10
Heater Efficiency vs.
Stack Temperature and 20
70
Excess Air At 700°F stack and 30
15% E.A: 40
2% Radiant Loss 50
65 Efficiency = 81.2%
60
200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100
Stack Temperature, °F
6.33
7.118
AIR PREHEAT EFFECT ON FURNACE EFFICIENCY
SAMPLE PROBLEM
7.119
AIR
95
PREHEAT EFFECT ON FURNACE EFFICIENCY
SAMPLE PROBLEM
90
80
Refinery Gas Excess Air, %
1000 BTU/ SCF
75 0
10
At 700°F stack
70
and 15% E.A: Heater Efficiency vs. 20
Stack Temperature and 30
Efficiency = Excess Air 40
65
81.2% 50
2% Radiant Loss
60
200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100
Stack Temperature, °F
6.33
7.120
AIR PREHEAT EFFECT ON FURNACE EFFICIENCY
• Heat Absorbed = 170 MBTU/hr
7.126
BASIC STEPS IN FURNACE DESIGN - 1
Process Efficiency =
Overall Efficiency =
7.127
BASIC STEPS IN FURNACE DESIGN - 1
Shield Bank
Radiant Coils
7.128
BASIC STEPS IN FURNACE DESIGN - 2
3. Set Average Radiant Heat Density Based on Experience With
Similar Services (usually 10,000 - 12000 BTU/hft2) Design
Practices, Section VIII-B.(see slide 46a)
Crude 12000
Distillates 12000
Gas Oil 12000
Reboilers 12000
Vacuum 10000
Asphalt 6000
7.129
BASIC STEPS IN FURNACE DESIGN - 2
7.130
CORROSION CONSIDERATIONS:
The tube corrosion rate should not be the only item to be
considered. What could happen to downstream
equipment?
For example, could a catalyst bed plug in the event of
upstream corrosion products depositing on the bed?
REACTOR
CHARGE 7.133
HEATER
AVERAGE TUBE METAL TEMPERATURES
7.135
BASIC STEPS IN FURNACE DESIGN - 2
Design Practices,
Section VIII-B, Figures 1-6
ΙR
These chart has been developed from experience with the styles of
heaters in question.
7.139
To determine the bridgewall
temperature at a 12000
Btu/secft2 heat density and an
average tube metal temperature
of 1000°F.
7.140
6.81
To determine the bridgewall
temperature at a 12000
Btu/secft2 heat density and an
average tube metal temperature
of 1000°F. Correct as necessary
for radiant section height.
7.141
6.81
BASIC STEPS IN FURNACE DESIGN - 3
7.142
BASIC STEPS IN FURNACE DESIGN – 3
7.143
BASIC STEPS IN FURNACE DESIGN - 3
Radiant Calculations
(Design Practices, Section VIII-B)
7.145
BASIC STEPS IN FURNACE DESIGN - 3
Radiant Calculations
(Design Practices, Section VIII-B)
Tube Diameter
No. of Passes (Pressure Drop,
Mass Velocity)
Tube and Burner Layout
7.146
BASIC STEPS IN FURNACE DESIGN - 4
7.147
BASIC STEPS IN FURNACE DESIGN - 4
7.148
BASIC STEPS IN FURNACE DESIGN - 5
Convection Section Calculations
(Design Practices, Section VIII-C)
– Similar to Shield Section Calculations
Except that there is No Direct Radiant
Heat Transfer from the Radiant Section
But there is radiant heat transfer from the
radiating constituents (CO2 and H2O) in the flue
gas when evaluating any bare rows of tubes
– Must Consider Effect of Extended
Surface Tubes if Applicable
– For Top Section, Calculate Number of
Rows of Tubes Required to Meet or
Exceed Specified Furnace Efficiency
7.149
EXTENDED SURFACE TUBES
SOLID
FINS
CUT OR
SEGMENTED FINS
7.150
EXTENDED SURFACE TUBES
• Used in Cooler Rows (above shield
bank) of Convection Section to
Enhance Heat Recovery
• Must Consider Limitations on:
– Max. Fin or Stud Tip Temperature
– Max. Allowable Tube Metal
Temperature
– Max. Allowable Film Temperature
(coking or fluid degradation)
7.151
MAXIMUM TUBE METAL
TEMPERATURE
1. The maximum tube metal temperature (TMT) does not always occur at the
outlet of a heater.
2. The maximum TMT can occur where the heat flux is the greatest in the
radiant section. In bottom-fired heaters, this often occurs at about 2/3 the
visible flame length in standard burners. The maximum flux may occur at a
different height if low NOx burners are employed.
3. The maximum TMT can occur where the fluid temperature is the greatest. In
vaporizing services, this may not occurs at the heater outlet.
4. The maximum TMT in a heater may occur in the convection section. This
can occur in heaters with a low, outlet to inlet, process temperature
difference and where considerable extended surface is present.
7.157
FURNACE STACK DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
DPM VIII-C
7.158
FURNACE STACK DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
DPM VIII-C
7.159
FIRED HEATER PRESSURE BALANCE
Exit Loss
Damper Loss
Damper
Absolute Pressure
Inside Furnace & Stack
Convection
Section
Draft at
Bridgewall Atmospheric
Radiant The draft in a heater is the Gradient
difference in pressure between
Section that at an individual point
(inches H2O)
within the heater and the
outside atmospheric pressure
Absolute Pressure 7.160
Draft at Floor
STACK HEIGHT DETERMINATION
∆P = Stack Exit Loss + Stack Damper Loss + Stack
Entrance Loss + Convection Section Pressure Drop
+ Draft Required at Top of Radiant Section (0.1 inch
H2O) - Convection Section Stack Effect
Hm = ∆ P/ SE
Hm = Minimum Stack Height Required for Draft
SE = “Stack Effect” @ Average Stack Temperature
See Sec. VIII-C, Figure 16, of the Design Practices
or Other References
7.161
Stack effect at 820°F average flue
gas temperature and 90°F ambient
air
= 0.008 inches of water/ft of stack
7.162
INSTRUMENTATION AND PROTECTIVE SYSTEMS
7.163
MINIMUM INSTRUMENTATION REQUIREMENTS
(Existing Rather than New Heaters)
• Flue Gas Side
– Pressure At Bridgewall (With PHA), Floor, And
Up/Downstream Of Dampers
– 02/Combustibles Analyzer
– Bridgewall/Stack Temperature
– Dampers And Positioners
• Process Side
– Total And Individual Pass (Usually) Feed Flow Meters
(FLA)
– Coil Inlet/Crossover/Coil Outlet Thermocouples (THA).
7.164
MINIMUM INSTRUMENTATION REQUIREMENTS
(Existing Rather than New Heaters)
• Fuel System
– Pressure Indication On All Fuels (With PLA/PHA)
– Flow Control/Indication On All Fuels
– Pilot Flame Detection
• Typical of Natural Draft System, Forced
Draft/Air Preheat Systems More Extensive
7.165
PROTECTIVE SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS
7.166
PROTECTIVE SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS
7.167
PROTECTIVE SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS
7.168
Section 7
Move to Problem
7.169