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June 2011
F_N-19
Jackfruit
Ken Love1 and Robert E. Paull2
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Hawaii Tropical Fruit Growers, 2CTAHR Department of Tropical Plant and Soil Sciences
T he evergreen, latex-produc-
ing jackfruit tree can reach
up to 80 feet in height, with a
to tropical Africa. It was prob-
ably introduced to the Philip-
pines in the 12th century and
straight stem that branches near domesticated soon thereafter.
the base. The tree produces a The writings of Pliny the Elder,
long taproot. All parts have as early as ad 100, mention
milky white, very sticky latex. jackfruit’s origin as “where of
The jackfruit flowers are borne the Indian sages and philoso-
on short shoots on the trunk phers do ordinarily live.” The
and older branches. The thick, tree is still highly regarded by
rubbery rind has short, blunt subsistence farmers from India
spines, and the fruit can have to Southeast Asia for its fruit,
up to 500 seeds. Average fruit timber, and medicinal uses. It
size is about 35 pounds, but they was one of the earliest cultivated
are often much larger. In 2010, at a jackfruit festival in fruits. Jackfruit was reported in Hawai‘i prior to 1888.
Kerala, India, a 144-pound fruit was featured. The larg-
est Hawaiian fruit was 79 pounds and held the Guinness Cultivars
book of records for a number of years. In locations where Numerous varieties are found around the world, and
the fruit is relished, only the rind and core are inedible. the fruit is usually divided into two categories, soft or
The fruit odor can be described as blend of grapefruit, firm. The fruit carpel, or section, can be colored from
banana, and cheese, or something between spoiled onions off-white to yellow to dark orange. There are also reports
and sweaty gym socks, and cloyingly sweet. of red-fleshed jackfruit.
Australian cultivars are ‘Black Gold’, ‘Gold Nugget’,
Other common names ‘Honey Gold’, ‘Lemon Gold’, ‘Cochin’, ‘Kun Wi Chan’,
jakfruit, bo luop mi (China), jacquier (French), nanka, ‘Leung Bang’, ‘Bosworth’, ‘Galaxy’, ‘Fitzroy’, and ‘Na-
(Indonesia), jaca, yaca (Spanish, Portuguese), lanka, hen’. In Thailand are found ‘Dang Rasimi’, ‘Golden
(Philippines), kapiak (New Guinea), uto ni India (Fiji), Pillow’, ‘Chompa Grob’, ‘Malaysia’, ‘Mastura’, ‘NS1’,
ulu initia (Samoa), chakka, chakki, kanthal, kathar, panos ‘J33’, ‘J31’, ‘J30’, and ‘J29’. Indonesia has ‘Tabouey’, ‘Bali
(India), jaca, jacca mole, jaca dura (Brazil), mit (Viet- Beauty’, and many others from India including ‘Mut-
nam), khanun, makami, banum (Thailand) tam’ and ‘Varikka’. Elsewhere, ‘Bhadaiyan’ and ‘Busila’
Published by the College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources (CTAHR) and issued in furtherance of Cooperative Extension work, Acts of May 8 and June 30, 1914, in co-
operation with the U.S. Department of Agriculture, under the Director/Dean, Cooperative Extension Service/CTAHR, University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa, Honolulu, Hawai‘i 96822.
Copyright 2010, University of Hawai‘i. For reproduction and use permission, contact the CTAHR Office of Communication Services, ocs@ctahr.hawaii.edu, 808-956-7036. The university is
an equal opportunity/affirmative action institution providing programs and services to the people of Hawai‘i without regard to race, sex, gender identity and expression, age, religion, color,
national origin, ancestry, disability, marital status, arrest and court record, sexual orientation, or status as a covered veteran. Find CTAHR publications at www.ctahr.hawaii.edu/freepubs.
UH–CTAHR Jackfruit F_N-19 — June 2011
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UH–CTAHR Jackfruit F_N-19 — June 2011
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UH–CTAHR Jackfruit F_N-19 — June 2011
and sold in bags; state health officials frown upon this Recipe
practice unless the fruit was cut in a certified kitchen In addition to Indian jackfruit curries, there are a num-
and kept chilled at the market. Some Hawai‘i wholesal- ber of other jackfruit curry-like dishes from Malaysia,
ers will pay from $1.50 to $2.00 a pound for the fruit, Indonesian, and Thailand. Jackfruit is often added to
but sales are infrequent and dependant on chefs’ needs. rice dishes and salads, mixed with shrimp, or used in
At some farmers markets, dried jackfruit retails for an drinks like lassi or even martinis. Jackfruit lumpia and
average of $3.50 for a 2 oz bag. Seeds are seldom sold halo halo is popular in the Philippines.
in Hawai‘i but are sometimes given out as samples at
farmers markets. Chefs in Hawai‘i are just beginning to Jackfruit, Coconut, and Macadamia Nut Ice Cream
work with jackfruit, and demand for the fruit is expected Chef Matt Zubrod
to increase.
1c canned coconut milk
1c whole milk
Nutritive value
2c sugar
Per 100-g edible portion; edible portion averages 28%
1 tsp salt
of fruit weight.
2c heavy cream
Ripe fruit Seeds ½ tsp Hawaiian vanilla extract
½c jackfruit arils (edible flesh), pureed
Edible portion (g)
2 oz toasted coconut
moisture 72–77.2 51.6–57.77
4 oz macadamia nut pieces
calories 98
protein 1.3–1.9 6.6 In a small saucepan, place milk and creamy portion
fat 0.2 0.4 of coconut milk and warm over medium heat. Do not
carbohydrate 15.1–25.4 38.4 boil. Remove from heat, stir in sugar, salt, remaining
fibre 1.0–5 1.5 coconut milk, heavy cream, and vanilla extract. Pour
ash 0.8–2.2 1.25–1.50 milk mixture, jackfruit, coconut pieces, and mac nut
pieces into an ice cream maker and let it rip according
Minerals (mg)
to manufacturer’s instructions. Serve with shortbread
calcium 22–37 0.05–0.55
cookies and some good rum.
iron 0.5–1.7 0.002–1.2
phosphorus 38 0.13–1.23
Cost of production
potassium 292–407
It is essential that growers determine their own cost
sodium 2–48
of production for each crop in each growing location.
Vitamins (mg) Including all the variables in figuring your cost to pro-
vitamin C 8–10 duce a specific crop is key to farm sustainability. A few
thiamine 0.03 of the operating (or “variable”) costs include fertilizer,
riboflavin 0.06 weed control, pest control, pruning, irrigation, harvest-
niacin 0.4–4 ing, marketing, and operations overhead. Ownership (or
vitamin A 540 IU “fixed”) costs also need to be taken into account. For
detailed information on the various types of cost, see
“The economics of cacao production in Kona” (www.
ctahr.hawaii.edu/oc/freepubs/pdf/AB-17.pdf).
The cost-of-production spreadsheet on the following
pages can be downloaded as a Microsoft Excel file from
www.ctahr.hawaii.edu/oc/freepubs/spreads/6fruits.xls.
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UH–CTAHR Jackfruit F_N-19 — June 2011
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UH–CTAHR Jackfruit F_N-19 — June 2011
Gross Margin Budgets for Mixed Tropical Fruit Tree Production
Assumptions: (Data entries are annual amounts expressed on a per tree basis) Fruit tree => JACKFRUIT
1. Average number of bearing trees (counted) 2 trees To calculate profitability: Enter wage rate & benefits actually paid (or the rates
2. Yield (expressed in number of fruit [F] or lbs) F 25 fruit / tree one would to pay if labor were hired.) To calculate cash flow enter nothing.
3. Average wt. (ozs.) / fruit = 560.0 ounces The cash flow result is (except for depreciation considerations) one's taxable income.
4. Total lbs. harvested/ tree = 875.0 lbs. gross yield 6. Wage rate ($/hr.) = $12.00
5. Marketable yield /tree (%) = 75% of the gross yield 7. Benefits (FICA, etc.) (%) = 33%
Gross Revenue: % of total: $/lb: Lbs./tree/yr. $ /tree /yr.: $ /total crop /yr. % of gross
1 Wholesale sales 70% 0.29 459.4 marketable lbs. 131.38 263 54%
2 Retail sales 30% 0.57 196.9 marketable lbs. 112.42 225 46%
Total sales = Weighted ave. price/lb. = $0.372 656.3 marketable lbs. 243.80 488 100%
Operating Costs: Enter unit quantities as total per year per tree:
A. Growing costs: Units: $/unit: ¢ /lb. of fruit $ /tree /yr.: $ /total crop /yr. % of gross
1 Fertiliziation Sub-totals => 0.01 6.39 12.78 3%
Fertilizer (lbs.) 3.0 $0.80 0.004 2.40 4.80
Labor (min.) 15 $0.27 0.006 3.99 7.98
2 Irrigation: Assuming ag water rate = $2.00 /1,000 gals. Sub-total=> 0.00 1.33 2.66 1%
Water (gallons) 1 $0.002 / 1,000 gals. 0.000 0.00 0.00
Labor (min.) 5 $0.27 0.002 1.33 2.66
3 Pest control: Sub-totals => 0.00 1.33 2.66 1%
Materials 0.0 $0.00 0.000 0.00 0.00
Labor (min.) 5 $0.27 0.002 1.33 2.66
4 Weed control: Sub-totals => 0.00 1.33 2.66 1%
Chemicals and/or machinery 0.0 $0.00 0.000 0.00 0.00
Labor (min.) 5 $0.27 0.002 1.33 2.66
5 Pruning: Sub-totals => 0.01 5.32 10.64 2%
Machinery 0.0 $0.00 0.000 0.00 0.00
Labor (min.) 20 $0.27 0.008 5.32 10.64
6 Other: Sub-totals => 0.00 0.00 0.00 0%
Materials and/or machinery 0.0 0.00 0.000 0.00 0.00
Labor (min.) 0 $0.27 0.000 0.00 0.00
Total growing costs = 0.024 15.70 31.40 6%
Enter picking costs based on gross yield and packing and delivery costs based on marketable yield .
B. Harvesting costs: Average cents per pound ¢ /lb. of fruit $ /tree /yr.: $ /enterprise /yr. % of gross
1 Picking 5.7 ¢/lb. 5.7 49.88 99.75 20%
2a Packing: for wholesale 1.5 ¢/lb. 1.1 4.82 9.65 2%
2b Packing: for retai sales - ¢/lb. 0.0 0.00 0.00 0%
3 Delivery to market 6.1 ¢/lb. 6.1 40.03 80.06 16%
Total harvesting costs = 11.8 89.91 179.81 37%
University of Hawaii at Manoa Dr. Kent Fleming, Agricultural Economist Email: fleming@hawaii.edu
UH–CTAHR Jackfruit F_N-19 — June 2011
Gross Margin Budgets for Mixed Tropical Fruit Tree Production
University of Hawaii at Manoa Dr. Kent Fleming, Agricultural Economist Email: fleming@hawaii.edu