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Filtration L 2
Filtration L 2
CH
2040
–
Mechanical
Opera'ons
Basavaraj
M.
Gurappa
Department
of
chemical
engineering
IIT‐Madras
Principles
of
cake
filtra'on
What
are
the
measurable
quan''es
that
change
during
the
course
of
filtra'on?
1.
Flow
rate
2.
Pressure
drop
Chief
quan''es
of
interest
are
–
flow
rate
through
filter
and
pressure
drop
across
the
unit
Constant
Pressure
Filtra/on
–
Pressure
drop
is
kept
constant
and
the
flow
rate
is
allowed
to
fall
with
'me
Constant
Rate
Filtra/on
–
The
pressure
drop
is
progressively
increased
to
keep
constant
filtra'on
rate
Principles
of
cake
filtra'on
What
offers
resistance
to
flow
of
liquids
through
cake
filters?
1. Filter
cake
2. Filter
medium
These
two
resistances
are
in
series
Direc'on
of
flow
of
slurry
Total
pressure
drop
ΔP=(Pa
‐
P’)
+
(P’
‐
Pb)
Filtrate
ΔP=ΔPc
+
ΔPm
P’
=
Pressure
drop
over
cake
+
Pb
Pressure
drop
over
medium
Principles
of
cake
filtra'on
Pressure
drop
through
filter
cake
Sec'on
through
a
filter
cake
and
medium
at
'me
t
from
the
start
of
filtra'on
or
from
the
start
of
flow
of
filtrate
Lc
–
thickness
of
the
cake
measured
from
the
filter
medium
A
–
filter
area
measured
perpendicular
to
the
direc'on
of
flow
dp 4.17 µu(1 − ε )2 (s p / v p )2
=
dL ε3
Defini'on
of
sphericity
sp 6
=
vp Φs Dp
dV / dt
Superficial
velocity
of
the
filtrate,
u =
A
Principles
of
cake
filtra'on
dp 4.17 µu(1 − ε )2 (s p / v p )2
=
dL ε 3
dV / dt
Superficial
velocity
of
the
filtrate,
u =
A
V
is
the
volume
of
the
filtrate
collected
from
the
start
of
the
filtra'on
to
'me.
Mass
of
solids
in
the
layer
is
dm = AdL(1 − ε )ρ p
Principles
of
cake
filtra'on
dp 4.17 µu(1 − ε ) (s p / v p )
2 2
=
dL ε3
dm = AdL(1 − ε )ρ p
Elimina'ng dL from above equa'ons
k1µu(1 − ε )(s p / v p )2
dp = dm
ρ p Aε 3
Compressible
and
incompressible
filter
cakes
In
filtra'on
under
low
pressure
drops
of
slurries
containing
rigid
uniform
par'cles,
k1µu(1 − ε )(s p / v p )
2
dp = dm
ρ p Aε 3
h e
s o l i ds
as s
of
t Constant
to ta l
m
m c
is
the
in
ca ke
p k1µu(1 − ε )(s p / v p ) 2
mc
∫ dp = ∫
a
dm
p′ ρ p Aε 3 0
k1µu(1 − ε )(s p / v p )2 mc
pa − p′ = = Δpc
ρ p Aε 3
Filter
cakes
of
this
type
are
called
incompressible
Compressible
and
incompressible
filter
cakes
k1µu(1 − ε )(s p / v p )2 mc
pa − p′ = = Δpc
ρ p Aε 3
Filter cakes of this type are called incompressible
Δpc A k1 (s p / v p )2 (1 − ε )
α= Where
α =
µumc ρ pε 3
α is specific cake resistance
k2 (1 − ε )
Specific
cake
resistance
in
terms
of
par'cle
size
α=
ρ p ε (Φ s D p )
3 2
Compressible
and
incompressible
filter
cakes
Δpc A
α=
µumc
Specific
cake
resistance
α
is
the
resistance
of
the
cake
that
gives
a
unit
pressure
drop
when
μ,
u
and
mc/A
are
all
unity
α
is
influenced
solely
by
the
physical
proper'es
of
the
cake
–
such
as
–
size,
porosity
k1µu(1 − ε )(s p / v p ) mc
2
pa − p′ = = Δpc
ρ p Aε 3
This
expression
may
not
be
precise
–
if
the
feed
does
not
contain
rigid
par'cles.
Porosity,
constant
‐
k1,
and
sp/vp
very
from
layer
to
layer.
Such
filter
cakes
are
called
compressible.
α
varies
with
distance
from
the
septum
or
filter
medium
–
because
the
cake
nearer
to
the
septum
is
subjected
to
greatest
compressive
force
and
hence
lowest
void
frac'on.
Therefore
pressure
gradient
is
non‐linear
Filter
medium
resistance
Analogy
with
defini'on
of
cake
resistance
Δpc A
α=
p′ − pb Δpm µumc
Rm = =
µu µu
Factors
that
affect
filter
medium
resistance:
The
filter
medium
resistance
may
vary
with
pressure
drop
–
larger
pressure
drops
cause
higher
liquid
velocity
and
may
force
addi'onal
solids
into
the
filter
medium
Cleanliness of the filter medium
But
these
factors
are
important
only
during
ini'al
stages
of
filtra'on
and
its
sa'sfactory
to
assume
that
this
is
constant
during
any
given
filtra'on
process
Total
pressure
drop
Δpm
Rm =
⎛ mcα ⎞ µu
Δp = Δpc + Δpm = µu ⎜ + Rm ⎟
⎝ A ⎠
Δpc A
α=
µumc
dV / dt
u=
A
If
c
is
the
mass
of
the
solid
(par'cles)
deposited
in
the
filter
per
unit
volume
of
the
filtrate
and
V
is
the
total
volume
of
the
filtrate
collected
to
'me
t,
then
mc,
the
total
mass
of
the
solids
in
the
cake
is
mc = Vc
dt µ ⎛ α cV ⎞
= ⎜⎝ + Rm ⎟
dV AΔp A ⎠
Expression
for
pressure
drop
using
Darcy’s
law
Δp = Δpc + Δpm
L
represents
height
or
length
of
the
cake
at
any
instance
in
'me,
µ L dV µ Lm dV subscript
m
denotes
the
medium
Δp = +
A k dt A km dt
The
medium
height
or
thickness
and
permeability
will
be
essen'ally
constant
during
filtra'on
and
can
be
replaced
by
constant
medium
resistance
term
(Rm).
L
Rm = m
km
Lc And
it
increases
with
increase
in
Similarly,
cake
resistance,
Rc =
kc cake
height
or
thickness
Expression
for
pressure
drop
using
Darcy’s
law
dt µ This
equa'on
has
too
many
variables
–
= ( Rc + Rm ) 'me,
volume,
cake
resistance,
and
in
dV AΔp some
cases
pressure
drop
Rc = α (W / A)
W = (LA)(C)ρs
Mass
of
cake
Mass
frac'on
of
solid
Volume
of
cake
For
incompressible
cake
filtra'on,
the
cake
mass
will
increase
uniformly
with
filtrate
volume.
The
constant
of
propor'onality
is
called
dry
cake
mass
per
filtrate
volume
(LA)(C)ρs
c=
V
Expression
for
pressure
drop
using
Darcy’s
law
dt µ
Density
of
solids
= ( Rc + Rm )
dV AΔp
W = (LA)(C)ρs
Mass
of
cake
Mass
frac'on
of
solid
Volume of cake
(LA)(C)ρs
c=
V
(LA)(C)ρs = cV
W = cV Therefore,
Rc = α (W / A) = α (cV / A)
Expression
for
pressure
drop
using
Darcy’s
law
dt µ
= ( Rc + Rm )
dV AΔp
Rc = α (cV / A)
dt µα c µ Rm
= 2 V+
dV A Δp AΔp
Constant
Pressure
Filtra'on
dt µ ⎛ α cV ⎞
= ⎜⎝ + Rm ⎟
dV AΔp A ⎠
When
Δp
is
constant,
only
variables
in
above
equa'on
are
V
and
t.
When
t=0,
V=0;
Δp=Δpm
⎛ dt ⎞ µ Rm 1
⎜⎝ ⎟⎠ = =
dV 0 AΔp q0
c
is
the
mass
of
the
solid
dt 1
= = K cV +
1 µcα (par'cles)
deposited
in
the
Where
Kc = 2 filter
per
unit
volume
of
dV q q0 A Δp the
filtrate
Integra'ng above equa'on between limits (0,0) and (t,V)
t Kc 1
= V+
V 2 q0
Empirical
equa'ons
for
cake
resistance
By
conduc'ng
a
number
of
constant‐pressure
experiments
at
various
pressure
drops,
the
varia'on
of
α
with
Δp
may
be
found.
If
α
is
independent
of
Δp,
the
cake
is
incompressible.
But
generally,
α
increases
with
Δp,
as
most
cakes
are
to
some
extent
compressible.
For
highly
compressible
cakes,
α
increases
rapidly
with
Δp.
Empirical
equa'ons
are
generally
figed
to
observed
experimental
data
,
for
Δp
vs.
α.
Most
common
one
is
α = α 0 (Δp)s
α0
and
s
are
empirical
constants
and
s
is
called
the
compressibility
coefficient
of
the
cake.
It
takes
a
value
of
zero
for
incompressible
cakes
and
posi've
for
compressible
cakes.
Its
value
falls
between
0.2
and
0.8
Laboratory
filtra'ons
conducted
at
constant
pressure
drop
on
a
slurry
of
CaC03
in
H2O
gave
the
data
shown
in
Table.
The
filter
area
was
440
cm2,
the
mass
of
solid
per
unit
volume
of
filtrate
was
23.5
g/L,
and
the
temperature
was
25°C.
Evaluate
the
quan''es
α
and
Rm
as
a
func'on
of
pressure
drop.
Comment
on
the
type
of
filter
cake
and
effect
of
pressure
on
the
filter
medium
resistance
t Kc 1
= V+
V 2 q0
⎛ dt ⎞ µ Rm 1
⎜⎝ ⎟⎠ = =
dV 0 AΔp q0
µcα
Kc = 2
A Δp
2.
Quartz
mixture
having
the
screen
analysis
shown
in
the
table
below
is
screened
through
a
standard
10‐mesh
screen.
The
cumula/ve
screen
analysis
of
overflow
and
underflow
are
given
in
the
table.
Calculate
the
mass
ra/os
of
the
overflow
and
underflow
to
feed
and
the
overall
effec/veness
of
the
screen.