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Bullying
Bullying
Bullying
aggressively dominate others. The behavior is often repeated and habitual. One
essential prerequisite is the perception, by the bully or by others, of an
imbalance of social or physical power. Behaviors used to assert such domination
can include verbal harassment or threat, physical assault or coercion, and such
acts may be directed repeatedly towards particular targets. Justifications and
rationalizations for such behavior sometimes include differences of social class,
race, religion, gender, sexual orientation, appearance, behavior, body language,
personality, reputation, lineage, strength, size or ability.[1][2] If bullying is done
by a group, it is called mobbing.[3] "Targets" of bullying are also sometimes
referred to as "victims" of bullying.
Bullying can be defined in many different ways. The UK currently has no legal
definition of bullying,[4] while some U.S. states have laws against it.[5] Bullying
consists of four basic types of abuse – emotional (sometimes called relational),
verbal, physical, and cyber.[6] It typically involves subtle methods of coercion
such as intimidation.
A bullying culture can develop in any context in which human beings interact
with each other. This includes school, family, the workplace, home, and
neighborhoods. In a 2012 study of male adolescent American football players,
"the strongest predictor was the perception of whether the most influential
male in a player's life would approve of the bullying behavior".[8]
Translate:
Bullying dapat didefinisikan dalam berbagai cara. Inggris saat ini tidak memiliki
definisi hukum bullying, [4] sementara beberapa negara bagian Amerika Serikat
memiliki undang-undang terhadap itu [5] Bullying terdiri dari empat jenis dasar
penyalahgunaan -.. Emosional (kadang-kadang disebut relasional), verbal, fisik,
dan cyber [6 ] Ini biasanya melibatkan metode halus pemaksaan seperti
intimidasi.
Bullying berkisar dari yang sederhana satu-satu intimidasi yang lebih kompleks
intimidasi di mana pengganggu mungkin memiliki satu atau lebih "letnan" yang
mungkin tampaknya bersedia untuk membantu pengganggu utama dalam kegiatan
intimidasi nya. Bullying di sekolah dan tempat kerja juga disebut sebagai
penyalahgunaan rekan. [7] Robert W. Fuller telah menganalisis intimidasi dalam
konteks rankism.
Definitions
Physical, verbal, and relational bullying are most prevalent in primary school and
could also begin much earlier in preschool. Cyber-bullying, arguably the most
destructive and common form today, is more common in secondary school than in
primary school.[10]
Etymology
The word "bully" was first used in the 1530s meaning "sweetheart", applied to
either sex, from the Dutch boel "lover, brother", probably diminutive of Middle
High German buole "brother", of uncertain origin (compare with the German
buhle "lover"). The meaning deteriorated through the 17th century through
"fine fellow", "blusterer", to "harasser of the weak". This may have been as a
connecting sense between "lover" and "ruffian" as in "protector of a prostitute",
which was one sense of "bully" (though not specifically attested until 1706). The
verb "to bully" is first attested in 1710.[12]
History
High-level forms of violence such as assault and murder usually receive most
media attention, but lower-level forms of violence such as bullying have only by
the 2000s started to be addressed by researchers, parents and guardians, and
authority figures.[13] It is only in recent years that bullying has been
recognised and recorded as a separate and distinct offence, but there have
been well documented cases that have been recorded over the
centuries.[which?] Virginia Woolf considered fascism to be a form of bullying,
and wrote of Hitler and the Nazis in 1934 as "these brutal bullies".[14][15]
Characteristics
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Studies have shown that envy and resentment may be motives for bullying.[16]
Research on the self-esteem of bullies has produced equivocal results.[17][18]
While some bullies are arrogant and narcissistic,[19] bullies can also use bullying
as a tool to conceal shame or anxiety or to boost self-esteem: by demeaning
others, the abuser feels empowered.[20] Bullies may bully out of jealousy or
because they themselves are bullied.[21]
Of typical bystanders
Bystanders who have been able to establish their own "friendship group" or
"support group" have been found to be far more likely to opt to speak out
against bullying behavior than those who have not.[36][37]
Of victims
Dr. Cook says that "A typical victim is likely to be aggressive, lack social skills,
think negative thoughts, experience difficulties in solving social problems, come
from a negative family, school and community environments and be noticeably
rejected and isolated by peers".[28] Victims often have characteristics such as
being physically weak as well as being easily distraught emotionally. They may
also have physical characteristics that make them easier targets for bullies
such as being overweight or having some type of physical deformity. Boys are
more likely to be victims of physical bullying while girls are more likely to be
bullied indirectly.[40]
Effects
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definisi
Bullying dapat didefinisikan sebagai aktivitas berulang, perilaku agresif
dimaksudkan untuk menyakiti orang lain, secara fisik, mental atau emosional.
Bullying dicirikan oleh individu berperilaku dengan cara tertentu untuk
mendapatkan kekuasaan atas orang lain [9] Hal ini dapat diklasifikasikan ke
dalam empat jenis:. [10]
Fisik (memukul, meninju, menendang atau)
Verbal (nama-panggilan atau mengejek)
Relational (menghancurkan penerimaan teman sebaya dan persahabatan)
Cyber-bullying (menggunakan sarana elektronik untuk merugikan orang lain)
Fisik, verbal, dan relasional intimidasi yang paling umum di sekolah dasar dan juga
bisa dimulai lebih awal di prasekolah. Cyber-bullying, bisa dibilang yang paling
merusak dan bentuk umum saat ini, lebih sering terjadi pada sekolah menengah
daripada di sekolah dasar. [10]
etimologi
Kata "bully" pertama kali digunakan pada 1530-an yang berarti "Sayang",
diterapkan untuk kedua jenis kelamin, dari Belanda Boel "kekasih, saudara",
mungkin mungil Tengah Tinggi Jerman buole "saudara", asal tidak pasti
(bandingkan dengan Jerman buhle "kekasih"). Arti memburuk melalui abad ke-17
melalui "sesama baik", "pelagak", untuk "peleceh yang lemah". Ini mungkin
sebagai rasa penghubung antara "kekasih" dan "bajingan" seperti dalam
"pelindung pelacur", yang merupakan salah satu rasa "bully" (meskipun tidak
secara khusus dibuktikan sampai 1706). Kata kerja "menggertak" pertama kali
dibuktikan dalam 1710. [12]
sejarah
Bullying juga hasil dari predisposisi genetik atau kelainan otak pada si
pengganggu. [27] Sementara orang tua dapat membantu balita mengembangkan
regulasi emosi dan kontrol effortful untuk membatasi perilaku agresif, beberapa
anak gagal untuk mengembangkan keterampilan ini karena keterikatan aman
dengan keluarga mereka , disiplin yang tidak efektif, dan faktor lingkungan
seperti kehidupan rumah stres dan saudara bermusuhan. [10] Selain itu, menurut
beberapa peneliti, pengganggu mungkin cenderung ke arah negatif dan berkinerja
buruk akademis. Dr Cook mengatakan bahwa "pengganggu khas memiliki masalah
menyelesaikan masalah dengan orang lain dan juga memiliki masalah akademis.
Dia biasanya memiliki sikap dan keyakinan tentang orang lain negatif, merasa
negatif terhadap dirinya / dirinya sendiri, berasal dari lingkungan keluarga yang
ditandai dengan konflik dan miskin pengasuhan, memandang sekolah sebagai
negatif dan negatif dipengaruhi oleh rekan-rekan ". [28]
Ini adalah keengganan umum pengamat mengeluarkan jenis energi dan untuk
melakukan jenis risiko yang pengganggu sering mengandalkan untuk
mempertahankan kekuasaan mereka. Kecuali tindakan yang diambil, "budaya
bullying" sering diabadikan dalam suatu kelompok selama berbulan-bulan,
bertahun-tahun, atau lebih. [35]
Selain komunikasi harapan jelas bahwa pengamat harus turun tangan dan
meningkatkan individu self-efficacy, ada penelitian yang berkembang bahwa
menunjukkan intervensi harus membangun di atas dasar keyakinan anak-anak
bahwa bullying adalah salah secara moral. [38]