Basic Sentences and

Essential Vocabulary
In Daily Life1
 dhnnzruauirn EN 101 dzr~um$u~iluuard~n'dit6~1u~imds::~i3'~
( ~ a s i cSentences and Essential Vocabulary in Daily Life) ~ ~ u H ~ ~ % , ~ ~ ~ u u u M ~ ~ . I : : u ? u
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ciimrnduu?aitnutdu~auum R i R m ~ i ~ i s mz.q~u
d aI=imlnaBmb 'hlnra'
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duariuninkunlun~saoudniunifi $t3~~utu~a~~rhtmu2niimn"~ 2 qn n u &
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~t3iiari~m~zrh~tuuAnCmqnttuuAnCm unrms~~taaduri7utdu~au
dizitdudfl@uu 3 nu l o
za.i'a3 vraiaud 8uuund 1 - 4
sa.ms.kan t v k w i h thur~nd5 - 8
d
sa.ms.srfim nsYwu'roun 14umunn 9 12 -
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ad' a: w ,
n I ~ i ~ ~ ~ ~ r d ~ ~ d ~ ~ t ~ ~ ~ zaunu ~ u orruhar@dautdua
f i ~ i t n ' ~ ~ ~ R ~ i ~
hqniiu

sa. w"?r wwa1as6

sa. ns. ~ Y Q Q ~~I i s w l i h
sa. ~ 1 9 . s z G nwYwilaun
~
10 nsnginxl 2 5 5 1
 1.3 W O & S ~ ~ ~ U ~ U
uuu3nGfiiYiuun I

d
YMM 2 d 1 ~ 1 1 1 6 1(DetkrminersJ
~1~

2.1 IIhKltu9!fll514 ~rticlea, an,the

2.2 Demonstratives:this, these, that, those
2.3 Possessives: my, our, your, his, her, its, their (LL% Tom's)
2.4 diJiwGiuirnrnn4d?um ~xpressiomof Quantity)
LLYuitlnCfiP2(7uun
d
'I I M ~ 3 dinrr~uirr(Pronouns)
3.1 dsarnnu~~dinsrwuiu
( a d s ofpronoun)
one, ones
fll5%#t755W~lU
?\
d I2
3.2 dinrmuiun'lusanir (Indefinite Pronouns)
IGUIJ~UU ni~14di1~11diCl
Determinefs Pronouns
3.3 dinr rnum~ldi5wda
irr (Interrogative Pronouns)
3.4 d5:I?l.4%~155~U'IU(Relative Pronouns)
LY
3.5 dinsrwwiurrawi~(Dem~mtrati~ePr~n~uns)
und 4 diqt~&td
(~djectives)
4.1 8f1tl(U1~84dlq(Uhd
4.2 d 5 ~ 1 ~ ~ ~ ~ 4 ~ 1 ~ ( U i h l of
d (Adjective)
Kinds
4.3 rnr~irdi~~~~dtuordiq~a"wM'
(orden of Adjective)
4.4 d l q ~ f i d d ~ # L ~ ~(Adjectives ~ as nouns)
~ 1 ' U l used

~ruuillnCfis-ru
mi 5 thfliUl (Verbs) 197
5.1 flfl55lJfl?Ul (Transitive verbs) 210
f l ? ~ i ~ % 5 5 0(Ditransitive
1 verbs) 215
5.2 ofl55~fl?Ul(Intransitive verbs) 217
~nnd6 dlfl?Ul (Verbs) 225
niuihuldurm:n3uid3u~"a ,
(Single Modals and Phrasal Modals) 23 5
uni 7 rhfl?Ul (Verbs) 261
d d
f l i 5 1 k ~v. + ing ~ f l ~ ~ i ?
9
7.1 1 h ~ 27 1
a
. 7.2 ~~?UIWAIU&W v +infinitive without to 279
7.3 f l ? ~ l d ~v l+~infinitive
h ~ with to 280
¶.In?!8 difl?~i?6flNd(Adverbs) 29 1

U M 9
~ n~i~flo~n#o~ua1d~:6iu~~azdin?ui
(Agreement of Subjects and Verbs) 325
~ n ' n m 5 l #Agreement of Subjects and Verbs 330
d
unn 10 d5:1ufIdU? (Simple Sentences) 363
z d l ~ ~ d 5 zsimple
l ~ n sentences 370
d
UVIM 11 ~ ~ : ~ u ~ I P ~ ?(~orn~ound
~ o J ~ ? sSentences)
J 379

d
unn 12 dr:hnn?iu.bou (Complex Sentences) 393
12.1 ~ f l p l f ~ : d ~ : ~ u n ~ l ? i u # o u 397
12.2 Adjective Clauses 40 1
12.3 Adverb Clauses 412
12.4 Noun Clauses
 1

upli 1
~ U I (Nouns)
U
-

~d ~ splu
~nnau$ ,

nl t3 61J w ~ ' hesitation, self-doubt, uncertainty, role,

plagued, predecessors, unaffected,affection,
prosperity
nid?uifl.roi h u l u (Nouns)

Asked whether she was happy to be taken on the title of first

tady, Mamie Eisenhower ans wend wjthout hesitation, "What
American woman wouldn't want her husband to be the President?"
As always, it was Ike who came fmt with Mamie. Without any of
the self-doubt and uncertainty about her role that plagued so many
of her predecessors, Mamie Eisenhower moved into the White
House in 1953 and proudly cdled herself a housewife, admitting
that the 1952 election had been the first in which she had voted.
With her w m , unaffected manner, she won the affectionof a
nation devoted to peace and prosperity.

From: "First Ladies of the White House* by Nancy Skarmeas

 title - d7unriJ
first lady = qma~dnuiotaan&
hesitation - n1515o malukm, I

I
American woman = m"s~u^sn'~ I
I
the President - d~s~7uiEu8 I
I!
I

lke -- Eisenhower ,
I

~
I

Mamie - Mamie Eisenhower

I

the self-doubt - m-riu~~ttu~~~~~rn It

uncertainty - m~iultj~~U)u~u
role - unuin
predecessors = @idou ~6ngilurhi~cr$umun'u
1 '
the White House = rh t~uudsrmui8u#a~C~o~~3ni
a housewife = tlz/&u
election - m5tbon&
- a:
the first Fl54LL5tl

the affection = h3ius'nlmf

a nation - znG dsgmnqG
peace
prosperity

1. hesitation (n.): n i ~ 3 5 o ~77~64la

synonym: pausing in speech, delaying momentarily
 Ex: After some hesitation, he shook his hand.
(n~.jwn&madmjn& ta#iuinrinniu)

2. self-doubt (n.): nnu~riuuio~uri?~n.j

synonym: lack o f confidence or faith in oneself
Ex: My sister performed her acting on the stage without any of self-doubt.
(hmaaa.jciuuam.juntlo.j~~ouu~a~~aunaiu~ut~)

3. uncertainty (n.) : naiulu'uduau

synonym: state of doubt about the future or dubiety
Ex: Having political uncertainty, Bob decided to go back to the school of
law.
(~rmznnulu'~~iuauni.jnis~~o.j
~o'nusiR~ul~nduld~"suun~~uiuio)

4 . role (n..): unuin

synonym: behavior pattern, parficular position
Ex: Both countries have roles to play.
(6'4 ao.jd.rz~nnh.j8tduunuinvo.jmuto.j)

5. plagued (v.) : ditfilnm%u dit$nqm~h vt1'1~'fi~lw

synonym: troubled, suffered
Ex: I'm not going to plague you with a lot more questions.

6. predecessors (n.): {inn'au { $ ~ ~ ~ u i h u ~1 ~u ~n ~w~y u~ ~ o u

synonym: ones that precede, ancestors
Ex: Jim learned everything he h e w fiom his predecessor Kenneth Pike. ,
tn~ilslwei)
(~u~~uu~qnkqnnrh.jwin{$o~uiriou~o

7. unaffected (adj.): r~us.r.ruznftva4o's.j ~u'twri3i.j

synonym: natural, genuine behavior
 E x Mr. and Mrs. Smith are unaffected, charming couple. .
(uiuuaeln~a~a~~u~aijn~5uidij~alid~~~)z~~~I'i)'bd~s~b~ai~)

8, affection (n.): ~?IUQUUPIUPIEIUn?ius'n%ni

, synonym: fondness
Ex: She always thinks of him with affecthn.
(~oaFi~Z~m~a~o6?urniuTn)

9. prosperity (n.): n~iugsuruysoinnurktk~

synonym: The condition of beingsuccessfularid
. economically welfieing,
Ex: All countries are troubled with economic prosperity at
present.
('l,uillgGu r l n d s e n a i i ~ r y u ~ I u d a . j n ~ ~ u $ ~ ~ . j n ~ ~ ~ a 5 w 3 ~ ~ )

~uu6a-diw@~?ods::lum
u ~-d~-nou~doiuriioim 7 Miu diuiu
Ainiui d i q e l n ' d i n 3 u i i ~ a dA78ufiiu 1 ~ 1~muild~u,iu~~udi$d
w d s r
diu~uuinC(qe kwn-diuiu~-viirru~m~duds::~iu tfllmssuaiinhr 7 u~::
tfluhuh~iy~w'maiu~ui~aa~ds::~umso~~ al?
in6inui
The teacher is teaching English.

l u d s ~ ~ u4'~ ua.9 - du m i n l ~ 7 1 u ~ u iRa

u ~ ateacher,
'n teaching' uar
Errglish ~nrrddiuiu2 di R'a teacher = i n ? ~ . r lue- U
~ English =
nqsuuarnia~is teaching
d ~ u l u(Noun) Ao niC1t8uBoa~qmu 8msli &am ~n~ud
 dcr d
HN
I . Common Noun ~ B I U ~ V ~ W ~ ~) ~ o P~ M
' ~ U ~ U ~ L ~ U U O L ~ ( ~ ~ R
8sri &am m u d Iu~ddo~d*cir
cri?adI~ bird, tiger, elephant, man, girl, uncle, sky, sun, table, kitchen, car,
school, pen, road, , mountain, waiter, actor, prince, president
rO U ~
~ ~ : T ~ J ( I The
A singer is singing a song.
(u"n+b~fi~&5a~~wns)
2. Proper Noun ( % ~ ~ u ~ u B v~U7tJihl
~u) d~WU~LQW):~JMAU
8d
kam mud ~?mduud7u~ids-~nnd~:ol'~4~~ol'~63~1~3o'nvs1~~
(CapiM
letter) LElUO
had14 d a ~ Patchara, ~ Somchai, Peter, Elizabeth
~ D R O ~ U C ( LGQU S i m Square, Soho, London
dad5s~ns Thailand, Singapore, &many, F m e
Y

daumay n5 nsca ttJJI The pacific, The Baltic, The Thames

das~57 dh Sony, National, Mitsubishi, Panasonic
danirrcrwsP$ a m 5 The Bids, The South Pacific ~flu6u

'idA7~7nd~u~u~ii~fluq(u~wn'
U ~ R ? ~ U ~ V I I % ds:mrntl~a~~~~n$~ds:~nfl

8u 7 ~ua:au7ak rnrnfha'finhu n 7 s d ~ c l u 3d d' d. 7 u a ~ ~ $ 7 ~ ~ ~ u n ~ ' i t i u i l

(suffix) Rw 7 ~ i ~ ~ ~ 7 ~ ~ d d ~ u ~ d d 7 I d t a u f l l t i
4aadIu

Afiica Afilcsn
Alaska Alaskan
1 Algeria 1 Algerlan I
1 America 1 American I
Asia Asian
I
1 Australia I Australian I
Bolivia Bolivian
.'

Cambodia Cambodian
1 Cuba Cuban
I India Indian
1 Indonesia Indonesian
Nigeria Nigerian
Panama Panaman ( ' l d d ~ ~3 ~h~ ~1 f fp a n a m a n f a n )
Persia Persian
Russia Russian
Venezuela Venezuelan
rEuUoGu - iaa ni~oiiui~oialrld
Brazil Brazilian
Belgium Belgian
Canada Canadian
Ecuador Ecuadorian
Egypt Egyptian
Iran Iranian
.Norway Norwegian
Panama Panamanian
Peru Peruvian
Ukraine Ukrainian
tGud9?'U - ish ~ ~ U ~ ~ W U I U ~ # ~ U ~ B U ~ I D D ~ ~ ~ B
ddfl - ish
Britain British
Denmark Danish
England English
Finland ~innish
Ireland I&
Scotland Scottish
 Spain Spanish
Sweden Swedish
, Turkey Turkish
~ 6 U a ~- lese
h - nese - ese n ~ 7 8 d 1 ~ 1 ~ ~ i ~ l l d 6
Bunna Burmese
Ceylon Ceylonese
China Chinese
Congo Congolese
Japan Japanese
Java Javanese
Lebanon Lebanese
Nepal Nepalese .
sim Siamese
vietnain Vietnamese
tAuJo,'a - i fliil.iiu~uGiald$
Bengal Bengali
Iraq Iraqi
Israel Israeli
Pakistan Pakistani
Punjab Punja bi
Yemen Yemeni
rfiuiloo'u - o
7'he Philippines Rilipino
rAulIs4'a - ic
Iceland Icelandic
rdd~uZdr5uadwdu
Afghanistan Afghan
Argentina Argentine
Belgium Belgian
Denmark Dane, Danish
( Holland, The Netherlands I Dutch I 1
:I
1 Switzerland 1 Swiss I i;
I

Thailand Thai ,I
.I
'itT1u7uuq~fh6(Proper Adjectives) ~74~1019~dl~~tll~l~-

q t ~ h n '(Common u
~djectives) l m ~ m ~ $ ( i i ~ < n w ~ ~ 7 1UE~;~~FI?TUHUI
dn
t w n d 7~~tlnnucluiu&dtdo~ifiu
~~ Proper Adjectives 07% roman type (97n
Rome) = ~ ~ G U ~ S Uitalic
R I type (97n Italy) = s i ? % u ~ u h ~ chinaware
ou
(9ltl China) = LP%.~ULR~OUIULWI japan m y (970 Japan) = 0 1 ~ ~ ~ congo
~ 0 9 8 ~

snake (11n Congo) = 2 ~ G ~ ~ d u ~ 8 i~~n di ~ami ~l m

~ ~~ ~ u a n n ~ G ~ u P d i ~ n ~ n ~ s " ~ -
nurim titanic person (wn Titan) = nuhumul~cyjm [nnnwk a6 Common
Adjectives ~ w h f i ~ ~ ~ d ~ n ~ ~n
~fi~ G uw
India M%" % a ~ ink (JTI
Indian
India) = nu'na~cl~du
$IIU~ULLR-~I$JManila paper (97n Manila) = nsrcnma
v
li7mia
3. Collective Noun ( H ~ / w u ~ N )~ u l U S 4 c h u l ~ 6 ~ ~ 7 7 u ~ u l U ~ t l f l 4
nlju ad U w7n I & (air mu WI) iuld
(Aiuiuaijrd~r~~.nuau7~uinni7
075 group, team, cornminee, government, cabinet, family; class, mob, party,
faculty (m7973d)
w a o
njuum~u C5 SiJuou LLBZ
u~umnyau~udsrmnClauiuS~
d' 0,

rysuiu~adid~~~ni~6~~n~.a'6~~~~nu~uo~n'u~aiuru~
mz94ill~un~uuo~Ru~"s0#0)i i i ~ Collective Noun
H ~ o d 4 ~ 0 4 d S ~ l lf%l J~r l1

Collocations
 Collective Nouns of Common Nouns Translation
d
an army of soldiers wni~nsqnu4
a band of singers, musicians, G i o s Cnnum3aaswds
outlaws {<iunijundq
a basket of fruit, fruits walh~n$inds
I battalion soldiers I
/ bench magistrates
I
bevy
bunch
girls
keys, grapes,
I
bananas, flowers
bunch (bouquet, flowers I
garland)
bundle hay, cash, sticks

chickens, birds,
ducklings
catch fish
chain (range) mountains
class students, pupils
cloud insects
clump dirt
cluster stars, flowers,
people, bananas,
animals, coconuts

company soldiers, actors

constellation stars
crowd (throng, people
concourse)
division soldiers I
fleet ships, motor cars

sheep, birds, geese

1 (brood) chickens
stars
a gang
workmen, prisoners ~~au'nOn~ndu~fh
a group of people, animals, nunj u ~ J , Q.I~~u& mi:
islands n(u~&
a grove of trees fllI~~014~d.~
a heap of stones iuna4~if.~
a herd of cattle, cows, pigs, k h HZ RSIU@H~~
buffaloes
JY d
a hive of bees W4SUHU.J
a horde of savages, lucusts )IUIIILCI~M~U &LLQIU@H~U
a pack of cards, hourids I ~ ~ ~ Iqu'~;bntdadq~&
~ u w ~ ~
' V l d
a pair of shoes, trousers s~utnqwwni~~nnnmmha&
a regiment of soldiers nH73n~4~R~if.J
a stack of wood l$no.~~d.~
a staff of teachers ~~4~ ~64
(RN"&)
a school (shoal) of fish, whales J K I ~ ~ Hdam
& W&H$
a set , of tools, cards L R ~ ~ D ~ J O '~ lR d
H ~h ~~~h
a sheaf of arrows, papets gnffshndr ns:~iw~au~&
a shower of rain, applause h1/1~& ~8usd~~Ja$nnd4
"

a species of birds, animals, un rl.5 uua4wirtfndr

insects
a squad of soldiers, polirrmCn WH;Iihns H I ~ J U H ~ ~
a string of camels g y ~ ~ ~ n &
a swarm of bees &+HL
a team of football players ~nv/nuaa~unih
a tribe of people, citizens nu~d~nil.~
a troop of boyscouts, soldiem, g n t n nw~qnmn&
horsemen nnisu'7nosnii.J
d
a tuft of grass nryinszgnnu4
d i l o d i ~ d s ~ T u ~~a $uai ~u
1. The government hav lving the problem about
traflc jam.
(?juiaAi$q~~~Jywi~flim)
2. I saw &flockof sheep grass.
(djl6hd~llnZfi7$966a~6~81~.9$7)

3. My sister forgot a bunclr ofkeys in his drawer.

(~'o~a7,sa~airriuw~~y~~97!w~wdn)
4. I bought a basket offruits for my boss birthdayparty.
(d~~awa~u'nif~m:ns'ii!w'6&~7~7!~j7~6B~9;7"~6n'1~))
5. I haven9tclassijied a big heap of books.
(aird9~dn'<rnnu3nn~~w'9~~no~~~~i)
6. While diving under the sea. I saw a slroal of whales.
ju6~~~~da171~)
(7!uamzifi7$9d7&~~~$'~1z6a
7. The team wear white shirts and green shorts.
(iu~a~a~$alui3ua~ni~~n~l~!~7)
8. A staff of lecturers visited the Tower of London.
W ~ W)
(~~191366u'7a81mam~fl66w'9a~ D

9. I would like to have a band of musicians playing folk songs

at my birthday party.
(&afl7nh~mum~u*%a~6wa.j~~~7~7!~97~;7'466n'ms~~6~)
10. On my way home, there was a slzower of rain.
(ducnnnaawwwn$uu'7U)
&a@'u
diuiuaiinaunuiuaiuisat~od'b6n"~tanwilu'ttazwvlwilu'
n~iunuiuluudazu'run(context) kihi.ladwluGa 1 government ludd
~iluw~wilu'
twnznuiuii.r ynnadiil 7 nd~Bu?~uiatiu uiunFjuwli
s'guum: sacruiunijuum', t 9 u h tiuda~n'uGa7 The team nuiuh
the football players & ~ k t r i Lduluiuqnnu diriiudsdan The
%I

team wins the game. dduu^sunif team ilrtdutonwsu' twnznuiuiij

n"u il"ljLdduiu
91
 d PY
~~ouu~r1~o'auiu1~n::ifiu"~nn5"~1~d04ni~iinmui0nwQu'~lnr
wywodumdiu~u
PY d
4 . Material Noun (?@~v?u)
~ I U I ~ ~ ~ ~ ( ~ ~ U P ~ ~ ~ U ~ D ~ Q I ~ L

lntlr IOJLL& uaq~ ~ ~~~diuiuff~iilu~&~w~i::~::~u'~~nm~~i~'1~n'u'~16

n 7 L L ~

~ i~wf i' nu aI ut h* 1~di~?uz6jmUY

~ ~ ~ ~ n ~ i ~ ~ i o ~ i u l ~ s ~ i ~ n ' ~ oi ai u 6~ d 4 i i
f i u ? ~ IU~~QIU~M
o r u ~ n ~ ~ ~ i u u i n h u(quantity) (number) ~ I U I U ~ ~ ~ G & . J
IfiLdunfinolii4ad~ii Mass Noun IuI~ Count Noun Uar Mess Noun Q:~UT#
article JiaUY') ,

he$14 Mass Noun

air oinifl brass no~r~do.~,
bread UUU& clay. 8uu~~ 1I
cloth w'7 coal filu ,
I

c m m4u I
t
flour fog Huon
furniture glass nsron uri?
gold ink d i ~ ~ n
lead leather ~lh#m.3
e
mud oak b'J'J8m
oil rice &?&?

silk silver 1%~

smoke smog vuonm?'u
soil steel ~wfin
water wheat fia~rr$
wood wool auam.3
Yarn zinc #4nril
 diu~u~sztnnif;:ua6qerai~t0utonw;6 c d o ~ ~ ~ n ~ o ~ u i u ' u ~ d ~ ~
# f 8
tdevii agreement iiuriinhi ~ - ~ a ~ ~ ~ i i n ~ a i v o ~ ~ s z ~ i ~ d ~ o n w ~ u ~
tdu

(w a.4Gm'l)
Rice is expensive in the United States.
(~I~~~~~IAIuw~~vzuRM~~~Lu"~~~)
Mass Noun J ~ ~ ~ u I ~ o ~ u ~ ~ ~ I ~ ~ L [&~ ~ I P I ~ ~ ~
onq i n d o a ~ I u ~ d ~ i s ~ ~ u n ' o u tlnuuiil~dniau:
6pdn~~~ d o n h nio
Kaua'~t~uB~uapdsn'-~lm
h a d i ~ m3.a' of - pattern dauanfiuiruaar Mass Noun
1. 'Lwniau-614 7 (containers)
d
a bag of rice ~ ~ ~ Q H V J
d
a bag of sand ws1EJq;rMw~
d
a box of rubbish uuzndawu.~
d
a bottle of catchup aaauz~3orn~um~u1
a bottle of w ine 1,~&1-19dhl-~m~d~
two bottles of ink iiwi3nao.ju-m
a cup of coflee ni~~dfiu~d.1
two cups of tea &uiaaqn'?u
a glass of milk UOJLL&W~.J

five glasses of orangejuice i i2iu iurii

d
a jar of jam bbUOJ'U3GlMMQ
Y

~o packets of sugar iimiaaa4ao.J

a tube of toothpaste EJI%~M~FJG~H~~

two sacks o f f o u r ~ti3qaa~qq

2. ' L w ~ a i u ~ u i s a a r & mar C (measurement)
a foot of ribbon iuifu~rnnd~
a kilo (kilogram) of meat ~.au r n m ~ a w d u
w e
 I
two kilos of sugar &a~nan;r~~n / 1t
a gallon of gasoline riiikunaaoundq 11
I
thirty lit- (AE liters2 of
pet101 (AE gasoline) &u'uwu8u8as *I
I
' a pint of lager beer ~~uf2vcuhif.J I
I

(1 lvcud = 118 unnnou)

A
I
a pound of flour u&c]audn& I
I
three metres of cloth (AE meters) & ~ ~ ~ U L N O I S (1
five spoonf~ls
of sugar ~iainfi~ou $1
a yard of rope donnn7~dq
3. 'IUII?~ ~ ~ ~ 1 1 1 t f h l7& H%t~U(iBU
l (piece)
a bar of soap a~6ounifJ
two bars of chocolate iron~nuaaaoquviq(6u)
a drop of water iinum~dq
two drops of ink ~IM~~~D.JHUA

an ear of corn a'77'lwdnndq

a grain of rice ;I~LU~GIH&

a head of lettuce w'nnihii?nif.r

a loaf of bread
a lump of coal
two lumps of sugar
a piece of wood
a piece of meat
two pieces of cake
three pieces of paper
a roll of toilet paper
a slice of bread
a slice of pork
 a stick (piece) of chalk aodnuriqwdq

1. There are two kilos of sugar on ?lieshelf.

( i i i m i a 2 flanirreriuuL)
2. A cup of coffee is enough for me,
(nirrvl 1 ci?uriuqwoihwz'un'u)
3. Five glasses of orange juice are worth one hundred baht.
(JIL& 5 uri? ncn loo uin),

w - 8
uanoinri7~~11~rt~iu?u (numerds) viit 7 u s u ~ i i i n ~ i u i u d
d d
uanhu?u (quantifiers) du 7 D ~ ~ U O ~ ~ ~ UMars
I N ~ ~ O1
Noun 6
J

Quantifiers~ ~ u ~ ~ ? ~ ~ ~ ? ~ N ~ ~ u I ~Mass
~ ' oNoun
~ ~ ~ " P : : ~ I H M
a lot of, many, much, a few, few, a little, little, every, each, all,
most, both, half, some, any, no, plenty of, a great deal of, enough
I have much sugar in the jar,
u 4:
(auuuimauinlunac[n)
My sister needs a lot of rice for dinner.
( u ' o ~ a i ~ o ~ ~ ~ u o l ' ~ l ~ n i r u ' i ~L~~i Un )~ i ~ r ' ~ ~ ] i ~ i ' i ~
4'
5. Abstract Noun ( @ I ~ ~ ~ s v ? F~~WIU~~~~~~UP::UD~A?INHUIUI~
u) w
ROW:: ~N~%YN::
(F)?IU; R?IUJ~U) rnsnsrrii 7 ~ 7
Abstract Noun 9 % % 4 f ! ! l h U ~ stem $UAVI~V) diqcudiun' .n%~
ol 4'
uui~ddiuiutaunun'uiloC(SUIXX)pltu
5.1 97n6ln?ai + ~ o < u- a1
arrive + arrival (niruih)
deny + denial (nisdfima n i m u ~ h )
propose + proposal (~'EIIUUD)

refuse + refisal (nirdaras)

 9 1 f l 6 1 f l ~ U l+ hkl - ion - tion - ation - sion v
complete + completion (mud1 ~ m u n u y s d m'saUqR)
direct + direction (Sfln7.r)
descdx + description (nisu'ssuiu)
introduce + introduction (nis~~uzdi)
examine + examination (nisnau)
inform + information (n7st~ojp$nmu dl?)
admit + admission (nisiu~#i nisay a%)
permit _, permission (n7sayqjiw) I

8 l f l 6 3 f l ~ U+
l a848 - ment
appoint + appointment ( ~ 1 5 ~ R ~ ~ i t l )

entertain + entertainment ( n i s ~ a u ?niss'u'sn.r~~un)

~
establish -+ establishment (n1st.r . m'snoidu7)
fulfil (I) + fulfil (1) ment (n~sdirijun7'sl$d1~%1)
govern + government (5Yguia nl'sdnFl5~9)
punish -b punishment (m'sadnkt)

9inAiniial + il~C- JJ
deliver + delivery (nissf.ruau nisuau)
inquire + inquiry (enquiry) (nisnauoiu nisoiu)
9 1 f l d l f l ~ U l+ 4 8 k I - "re
fail + failure (n?iu~u~da?i j

please + pleasure . (n?iuwdo) I

press + pressure ( ~ 7n1

n<u)
~

5.2 91f1161~1b(+ fl?<tI - hood

brother -b brotherhood ( n n u ~ ~ u d ~ a . r )
child + childhood (nmu~aur8n)
monk + monkhood (~~~u'lufu~wfl)
 friend + fdmdship (mnu~fluiins ijmsmn)
partner + partnership (mnuQriubiT'u ~!hfurhuh)
salesman + salesmanship (nisuiu ~nmiimnisui
u)
leader + leadership ( ~ 7 1 ~bil~$i)

+ 1gP<tY
~3fld3~30 - ism
alcohol + alcoholism (Tsn~w~rn
da%)
hero + heroism Osnssu)
national + nationalism (m5iiuu ~nwaraum6)
5.3 P ? ~ ~ ? A N S ~ W+$ UP% - acy
1

accurate + accuracy (m7iu~nGaq)

delicate + delicacy (m?iuuauuw m?iunrisumm1iu
dougou)
intimate + intimacy (m?iu~iinauu
n ? i u l n a ~nu
rjubmu)
' ~ 6 - ness
~ 3 n d1 ~ ~ m+ f&6i~
cleanly + cleanliness (m?iuaroim)
happy + happiness (m?iuqu)
d
lonely + ~one~iness(m?iuTmmmu? n~iurm"u?miu)
lovely + loveliness (n37udl?fl)
mad + madness (m?iuTnss m?iu&)
sad + sadness (n?iubflji)
Usp'n
o~ndiqolfi~irtn+ - ty, - ity
cruel + cruelty (mnuqfiu)
honest + honstg ( n n d o 8 ~ ~
royal + w a #
royalty ( 6 l l b ~ ~ ~ n lnmd)
4~1~~
 safe + safety (m-~iud~am~u)
human -, humanity uy~813)
(WJI~L~URU

peculiar -, peculiarity (tYnrrn::fi~m~arnir

aouddan

1. He was dead on arrival at the nearby hospital.

(~vimumoudu~7ul5uauiu~nlnn'~#uu)
2. My sister applied fir admission to U.C.L.A.
(hrnvma'u~&~U'm~~diu~i?nuin'u~d~~o5j~~l)
3. Visiting Disney Land is the fulfilment of a childhood dream,
(ni5~diau6niiunud~buni5+ilH'~3iu
flu1u'j.u~#n~~u~'Su
4. After a brief inquiry about the holid& he returned to the subject of music.
(~~jqinni~niu
7kL l~ ~ U ~ ~ ~ T U H Lvif;?T;n~~~uidauvoumucnt8fl)
~ R G ~ ~ ~ D U

5. This policy is doomed to failure.

(ulu~iuAm~6~ndi~um-ii~::ol'~lun'u~~n~)
8. He praised her leadership during the crisis.
(~fliundau~nu~~u~~v~lu~u~l~u~u3nqcn)
7. People who suffer from alcoholism can't stop drinking large quantities of
alcohol.
7 I&)
(~ud~flu1~m~u~~i~~as'u1u'ai~~::~q61du~~n'idiu~uuin
8. Every bank pays close attention to the speed and accuracy of its staff.
(uui~1~~n~~~ulH'miu~~lil~1.x1n~mn'u~~iu~~mI*s~~~n::~~iu~nol'ouvour
9. , I have so many friend's, but deep down, underneath, I have a fear of
loneliness.
(ciui~dnuuinuriAnnuldniuluu0ml~Qnh~nu~wui)
10. He had been unable to escape the cruelties of war.
(~ailu'muisnsombnn~~iuI~a~du~ni~m~unum5iu)
 Id
h u i udu 1 ~ a f i d d ~ ~ m u r n s t i l u ~ s ~ u n ' i u 7~ i 'cctm
lu
i ianrra=:md
~d~~ Y

diuiui~u~dassu
(Concrete Noun) ~ ~ 1 ~ ~ ~ l ( 1 l l ~ ~ ~ i / d ~ ~ R ~ ~ " s ~ ] ~ ~

r l r i l ~ < u- an, - ian $wi)eriie.s ~'IZMIR de~u

Europe + European (maqhd)
Shakespeare + 6h13kespearian(rean) ( ( L ~ ~ I ~ c ~ ~ ~ E I ~ ~ I E N

luRul41tI4)
r l u i l o h - ant, - ee r i l s i ~ n i a i
assist + mistant ( i d x ~ )
serve + servant (RUYUMrj5'u'La")
employ + employee ( g n h )
Pay + payee ({~'uGu uu?uulu)
refer + referee (nssums Cj6~18u(/?is'uuo u ~ u a )

play
sing /
inspect + inspector (rjm'nn~ cdi~uidnn~aau)
instruct + instructor (@QU EITQW~)

operate + operator (iquLR&P w u'nwuYuhiT~vf)

dictate , + dictator ( { L G J # Q ~ ~ ~ rjuaohuan)

rlrilo<tI - ist fiai7u7r

biology + biologist (u'ngflnm)
chemistry -+ cbemist (linmj)
dwa - 9
commune -+ communist (munuunaansfiouQaiiad)
~ ~

piano -+ pianist (u'nt8du)

violin + violinist (u'na'LaTolu
t%dh<£l - ian $lflqOddirn' H ? D ~ ~ U ~ W

el &tric -+ electrkian (hdd fll)

1Ogic + logkian (u'nolssn3nu.l)
 ttkhnic + tedrakiaa ( i q i ~ u ' i d m ~ a ~ )
/
Zbmy + libr&ian (uqaluiind)
m hit -+ muskian (u'nnud)
pditic + po!itkian (w'nnist~~4)
(8utn~n~.rtrldalcudauni.rau~auu~ciu~1in
slnwu~uhui
w a d - i~ ~5uwcnud#~3iwaiuii - is")
6. Noun - Equivalent ( ( i 7 ~ 7 U f ? U ~d~u~uthImdimuau"mtl~lqd7
~$)
1 d d
u#alu"L8~fIud7~7u
uR't7u7lfluhut~wn~muan'ui7~7u iiuni7 l#~aihuadq
i7rCluA7u7u u 7 u ~ u ~ a ~ ~ a 7 ~ ~ s 7 n ~(phrase)
1 ~ ~ t ~UR:DY(I~:IUA
~10qa~
d u
(clause) ~IGI
6.1 ta' to- verb infinitive L L O U A ~ U ~ U ~ U ~ 7~ L L M ~ ~ ~ ~ ~

To defrost this kidge takes ages.

To turn down the invitation seems rude,

(nisdfitaoiht3qji b ' u m s i ~ ~ n ~ ~ a ~ u ~ ~ ' ~ n i ~ y )
Not to take a holiday is a great mistake.

He forgot to mail the letter,

(ruidud~~n~uiu)
Tom expects to get good grades in the exam.

Mary wants to have a chance to go abqad.

(iiu4ou?nflani~~dhisrl.rimw)
 My ambition is to go to Australia.
(rniuds7sou-1aaqSuR'o
hlooaus~Su)
The important thing is not to panic.
(&C(hn$lfila h.rlrim.~znunmnlq)
The idea was to surprise everybody.
(~a~nuafiln
vli~~nnud~~nnw'h)
It would be wrong to break your promise.
(L$u~37N~~~n~a~C(Qzl~vllmlu~y~l)

6.2 'La' verb - ing n'i~daniiGerund umudiuiu'Luoiiunw-a

479 7
6.2.1 l0dGhkb~d9dSZ87~
Walking is good for you.
' dcr
(ms~luduFlunmhwiuqol)
Dancing is not allowed.
(Odoy w 7 ( i l a X ~ f l 1 5 ~ 6 ~ ~ 7 )
Digging is hard work.
(rnsqmmi:~SuqiuwCn)
ii'aadlc Gerund phrases ~uoi7t.t.si.rdsrsiu
Keeping a copy of your letters is a good idea.
(fl75~7dlL~l~wulfl'11~~~~b~~~37N~~d~fl~1'~~)

Finding the money wasn9teasy.

(nishau~uC(ni~ldl~~1ida~iia)
Going on holiday always makes me feel uneasy.
(m~rr'ndnu~$uiuwqm~7~Xdud7uin~aua)
6.2.2 %uG!lbb~d9flSSaJ
Wepracticed catching the baN.
(niiloCugnuea)
I apologizedfor being late.
(Su%aa5fli~l;,)
 I like having friends round'forcoffee.
(ciuaouduniii~~uidou 7 .
Do you mind waiting a moment?
(aofinuqm.robfi$)
6.2.3 f~dll
tiHdJ Complement

The difficultpart was finding the money.

(du7ndqnliiio m D u l l u )
Jane's hobby is inventing computer games.
(~~uoii~nam~oufiiio n~.i~~~~inu~oul9~imoi)
What I suffer fiom is not being able to sleep. 1
' Au
(ihn~uqndmu7uAomsuouidnn'u)
I can't help feeling depressed sometimes.
(d~u1ulXC/~-~nifls'-11~~74~~4)

6.2.4 I U d lU H ~ Jobject after prepositions

/
My wife isn't very good at cooking.
(nssu7aoswuiie7~7sIidauiri4)
,Jack is thinking of selling his motor-bike.
(ri~firi~k~na~usnuai~~ofZ(erda~~i~~)
A holiday is nicer than sitting at a desk.

6.3 rdu good, bad, pwr, rich,

'1~dl~tMdiu~6uon~flln'flljfllt:
brave, right, m n g , old, new, impossible, dead, wounded, dark L Q U L~ ~ U
r t i j, ~ d l ~ l u l a T~ufi
' definite azticle "then D ~ M u I ~ I ~ N J ~ T ~ L M &rat:fi
~ ~ ~
n ~ i u ~ u i u ~ ~ n i j u7 'Luknu
~nna~

hed7u h ~ t ~ . r l j g i i ~ u a a dthepoor/therich,
w thesmng/~w
e ed,
the privileged / the underprivileged, the homeless, the unemployed,
the hungry, the absurd, the mysterious, the unexplained
hU~~lan~aU
the7sick,
h the wounded, the disabled, the
handicapped, the dead, the living, the injured
22 EN 101
 6irriuua-sly the young / the old, the middle-aged, the
aged, the elderly
riiuiudui~in~i~rud~d~~didda~dl~~~4u~~~
6qefiia
1 The old are greatly respected. I

(murr~1~Qp1na7upa"pI~ouin) . .' .
2. Who looks afrer the old and the sick?
1

(Ins~r~anuun'aaznu42u)
3. Theinjuredweretakenlohospital.
(w~n~~QpIi-;uu7~1~u~ni7d~~s~wa~via)
4. The human race has a gieat thirst for the unknown.
(uyuuai5iim~iuau7n$ud~d10i~
5. There are a lot of books on the supernatural.
(rinddouinuiarifuan"pI1aa~iam~
6. The poor have many problems.
(nu~uitIty~iu7nuia)
7. Only the brave deserve the fair. (brave men, fair women)
(yp$ h n i t y n ~ ~ ~ n ' p ~ w ~ ~ ~ ~ u )
8. May God defend the right.
(ua~~ws-r<i~nfin~nud~nol'a~)
9. She was taller than the average.
(t.6aa.sniinudu 1)
10. The good die young.
( ~ l d ~ ~ l ~ L . % )

6.4 78 (phrase) o y d d u n (clause) riiu-~linudi~~nd~tRuan"~

i1u1aJ~~ i

ii'-dafiia
1. I don? know what to do. (noun phrase, object)
 I

2. 1 don't know what you are talking about. (noun clause, object)
*i
(ciUIJii~qturilriJ~m~::l~~d) i tl~
I
3. Where to go is still unknown. (noun phrase, subject) >I
)1
(~::lddl~uiiihlJ$ 4
*I
4. 1 still don't know where to go. (noun phrase, object) 1
t
1
(ciuh~jlriii~~rldd1~u) I

5. I still don't know where 1'11 go. (noun clause, object) $1

1
(F~US~RJ~~LF~~~M~~~MP::~IJ) I
I
~ T U ~ U ~ S tau
7. Compound Noun ( R I V I U ~ ~ I67u7~~t1t~n-h
~U) ZBU t
iI
I
Formation n i ~ n ~ 1 ~ 6 ~ u ~ ~ d ~ t : a ~ ~ ~ B a ' n e , ~ ~ ttaztola
n~~i~6~nau61
d I
(solid) ~du classroom
s~unirua'?~eiuu~nt~u67t~u~n'u M~~SDE~B~~~UUUU~

tau 2 67 (two words) kdu police station A E ~ E ~ ~ ~ ~ G ~ ~ B U T R U I $ ~ R ~ D . J H

hyphen ''-" (hyphenate) t d ~sit-in .

7 . 1 Noun + Noun t % t I ~ 8 ~ t ~ ~ f h t (solid)

~tI?fjU

handbag, armchair, weekend, teacup, classroom, businessman

2 i 7 (two separate words)
8tIutran~7fltiut~u

coffee cup, coffee table, face powder, tissue paper, tennis

club, car park, microwave oven, town hall, traffic accident,
sewing machine, vacuum cleaner
7.2 Gerund + Noun U ~ J ~ ~ O Z I # ~ A ~ O J Hhyphen
U~(I 6 - 9 &
5t?liw67 udu?.s678ra'ourruutwo separate words
walking stick,, washing machine, bathing suit, swimming suit,
riding boots
 7.3 Adjective + Noun dau~~~wt~fiuiirncu
darkroom (&~R~III%&JJ~), greenhouse, blackboard,
blackbird, shohand, hotplate, cheapskates (nuian), light-
house, longboat, yellowjacket (a bee-like insect = (Ru?&~lfr~"n~)
7.4 Noun + Gerund 9rtd(luttuu hyphenate H%~IURA(~V~U
coin- collecting, taxi-driving, sightseeing
7.5 Participle + Noun
boiling water (61LD~an), cheering crowd, barking dog, stolen
car, controlled condition
7.6 Numbers + Noun
a three-day visit, a six-mile journey, a car with four-wheel
drive, a hundred-yard-long queue
7.7 Noun + Adverb Q @ u u uhyphenate
~~~ t d ~
passer-by (tramw;w~i~rrSupassers-by)
runner- up (uamw;wohrrau runners-up)
I \

nisn.~r#u.~ru'u~u'n
diuiudsaausrn~r#u.~ stress rruu /
w d
l o rnsn.~tBw~uir~unng~~.~uud~ucrsnu~l.~diuiud'iru
oiff ddrkrodm,
t6ilet paper
8. Agent Noun (679dl~dfi9d#fl~d7)r h u l umdkniiia~d
~~ 1162
d
lurso~uo~
Concrete Noun kdu assistant, singer, biologisf, technician L ~ I U ~ U
diuiur~~ii~~raii~diuiu~muriidin"suidiuiu
ua:diq~(rWY/uir6uB~G.1
(suffix)sin 7 6.~1~n'ndnuih
TmaalJ h r n u & t ~ u d i d h ~ d u n t d ~ i n d ~ m l u n i s n d i ~ d o u d i
7
M ~ O ~ S E ~ ~ &R ~~ N~ ~ ~ ~ ~ u ~ J ~ ~ ~ ~ ~8 fl43-J
~ N M%l
E ~ ~ w E

8 Jsrmn
 Exercise 1 Tell whether fie following nouns are Common, Proper, Collective,
Material, Abstract, Nbun Equivalent, Compound or Agent.

1. salmon .........................,........ 11,'rnob ..................................

2. establishment .................................. 1 2. boy scout ..................................
3. Korean .................................. 13. assistant ..................................
4. moose .................................. 14. pianist ..................................
5. cluster .................................. 15. honesty ..................................
6. leather .................................. I 6. decision ..................................
7. committee .................................. 1 7. bunch ..................................
8. soil .................................. 18. Thai ..................................
9. beauty .................................. 19.coal ..................................
10.reading .................................. 20. servant ..................................

A~u?uu'2 R'nwt~::iio si~u1uaiind~u16

(Countable Noun) UR~~IU~U

: d r i i i l u ~(Uncountable NO&

d1u~u~uniw?~nqw~s~n1~ttnn~~d~;~~u'63~n1~t6ud~F1"~n'1~k1
v i s o o ~ ~ ~ : a n n ~ n i u n ~ 5 1 d ~ ~ u t i ~ ~k1t ~us n~1s~ I1~~?6 s~ ~ J L ! u u ~ ~ ~ ~ u
v a:
~$oqc;iutioui~hu~unCJ
8 aiindlniiuu~ituaquuil~7u7uaiinlrrjiqdnulso
u'ul6 utirozurn~w~rtorll6
t t ~ : d i u ~ a a i i n l n C u l ~ " I ~u~ l uu ' ~ o ~ ~ ~ % ~ n ~ ~ d
u a : d ~ u ~ u a i j n ~ n d ~ i A ~ u ~ ~ t ~ l ~ t t n n ~O~~dDw
~ D; w
? ~~U~A~I H
uS"OI ~~ 1B ~ U
$lul$riud7uiuifu 1 lnluldrinwd8u 7
1. Countable Noun 4 7 1 . ~ 75~d~~tnnoi~1ddt~u~7u7~du'ultil'
Common Noun: sky, ox, car, cartoon, table, house s
'
Proper Noun: John, Bangkok, England, Tharnes
 Collective Noun t group, bunch, herd, team
Compound Noun : claS$rbom, blackboard, boy scout
Agent Noun: teacher, sailor, assistant .
2. Uncountable Noun d7G& 3 ~~PL~WS~~I~
cAiuoud7u7ureu uoin~u~sn~ruii~fis3un'u1~un~un'au
ou?umaur~:orfiu U

UYR ifludo i?JudiU diuiu~Uiilu"L(ii'lrl~iti

I

Material Noun n?iso Mass Noun: air, cod, oil, rice

Abstract Noun: arrival, advice, cash, description, h m , health,
appointment, failure, gossip, friendship, leisure,
madness
Noun Equivalent: to go, to do, sending, exercising, what to say,
how to do, ,where to go
d
3. d 7 t l 7 ~ ~ ~ 7 ~ 7 ~ 0 6 Countable
6 ~ ~ ~ ~ U6Rnr "Uncountable
J Noun
3.1 ~7~7alr/t~~sd575al
U (Concrete Noun) ~ ~ U ~ ~ ~ ~ U ' ~ ~ ~ ~ U
v d u
ILFIZIUU~~S)~~~ 7 ~ 7 ~ d 7 ~ # ~ 3 ~ ~ i f 8 7 9 9 ~ i ~ ~ d 7 ~ 7 ~ d u " ~ ' l ~ ~ f l i

aiiaviseqolnu%ao~&$u 7 ibu
The couple had a beautihl carpet in the bedmom, -+ (countable)
(airin~.iui~~riw5uda~uu7uilU,'Lu~~4uau)
They bought five square meters of carpet. -+ (Uncountable)
(w~na~bawsuu~~inm~um~)
VJ u
3.2 #m5 *a w'n wdu'n7u75nMUUri L L S ~ ~ " U U ~ U " L ~ L ~ E ) L I F )
J J
?u do iueitroua~&i?ir(i$aqnoiplaoniQuviou,$u)
I'll buy a whole chicken for dinner. -+ (Countable)
( ~ Q ~ ~ I ~ M & ~ L ~ u D ~ H I ~ L ~ u ~

I'd like to put some chicken in the soup. -+ (Uncountable)

(h~~d~u'a'lnlu~d)
Jane needs three more tomatoes. -+ (Countable)
 A pizza with tomato is my favorite food. -,(Uncountable)
(fi~~nh'Lduz~~arntr~fiu~i~isTdsmaa.~n'u)

3.3 d 1 ~ 1 1 1 1 Countable
5 URr ~ficoktebletU
o~n'ufi~iu~u~u~uicol'nru3un
(context)

a glass of milk (Ufhdl) some glass of the window (nszon)

a daily paper (H;.Ja~fiUd) some wn'ting paper (nsrtaiw)
my term papers (¶U.SIU)
,
an iron (L~I%) madeofiron (LMB~ m q ~ ~ A n )
a tin1 of beans (pineapples, cigamttes) tin (mq#qn)
(nsdm)
a down light ( ~ U ~ ~ U U U ~ . J L W ~ I U ) the s p d of light (UN.Ja h)
a hair / many hairs on your collar comb'my hair (H~WU)
I

(~dirwuo~if~n~d'o) Your hair is the fine thnad-like.

(uu~mqol~wileu~.'iu~d~.~#)
She won a red dress. (qtd~6l.J) She won evening dress.
(rXorhduuuuffi~sunai.~Ciu)
an interesting experience experience m the job
(d5:aunis&lrhWu1o~lu'i.~~d.~) (tlsadunisdunir~u7u)
a drawing, a painting good at drawing / painting
(filW31GI, ~ ~ I W L ~ U U ) (rri.Jnuoi7u~itaniw)
heard n noise ( I ~ u L ~ ~ ~ I . J H ~ . J ) trafficnoise ( L ~ W ~ O )
.an interesting conversation the art of conversation
(~~urnsaunuid~~utod~l.~wil.~) (~atl:~t~ni5mnui)
Badminton is a sport. I like sport. (uEIu~~U~)
(uu~~u~iu~~u~iun~m~d.~)
a happy life I
Life is unfair.
(8mdimnuqu) (aim#uuaqianu)

1
~ M I ~ ~ ~ ~ M L L U U D L Ua 'can
~ ~of
' ~beans
~::'~~
 3.4 d1uiundiio77~~uwono7iuf~ndiq 1 ~~~iludiuiudriu
ldn' aiR dislike, doubt, disgust, fear, hope, pleasure un'diuiu
tiu
tnriida7liin~iuwuiuriu1m~uuiqu~uw
I have a strong dislike of quiz shows.
(iiuf~nlriailunums~~i~u'u(ilau4~~1~d1~~1n)
My advisor had many doubts about the wisdom of
the decision.
rd 4
(w~i~und~ntiaa~@'~u"fiai~~~~u~nduan'u~~~~~lu~i5m'm~~l~
Jane has had afear of dogs.
(au~fim~?iunril~CwBuu~)
Watching T V is our only pleasure.
(ms~~n~riplli~una1u~~B~1;1b~uaaa~~a1
3.5 diuiundtifu?nirniiuf~nda~8~z~;d~onw~u~,n'
~du
delight, pity, pleasure, relieJ shame, wonder tdu
The aircraft was a helight tofly.
(riuaaudum.rl~lu~d0~3u)
I

It seemed a pity to let it all go to waste.

(i1~#um1udda'ou1~'~4~umb3uld)
Watching TV is our only pleasure.
44 *
(rn~~na~dumiu~w~~~w~u~w"u~au'i~~~uaa~~~51)
They did not nough money to adopt a child. It
was such a s
d d l
(w~nm-~lu'ihjunod~:s"uu,m~u,~~~~u
~4ur~~nun#ulou1n)
d d
3.6 'Luniui~p~
nis$qaiw+15 L V I S D ~ R U ~30~m~~uat-Tudiuia.d

uiild"lday'luniaul:uz tilu~utiluil~uazbtam~diuiun"od"u16
~du
19dlike to have a beer. + (a glass of beer)
(&au~nozi(u~iul8ntbn'3wdq)
Two coffees, please. + (Twowps of coffee)
(uan-t~td2 bun':)
Two sugars, please. + (Two spoonfuls of sugar)
(z~(ilm2 Luriz)

EN 101 29
 3.7 "rIszmnV nJo 6baiin99
diuiudrjul~lkzod"p1lo'61'iw~~iu~~
aeqijy?u 7
These beers are all the same. + (kinds of beer)
(~~u$wan~~~u4urdu$%~@b~uan"w~.~~um)
There are lots of difSerent grasses.,(kinds of grass)
(rincyiwaiudwnn)

. Aiuiu suitcase r9u countable usi luggage r9u

uncountable
2. diuiu damage &rau countable ~zwuiuB'~
,
bbGun~rrnu

He received damages for his injuries.

(~ui16%~Guan~aubbnw
n'i~4umi
uuowi)
3. diui u knowledge uaz education dau~w$t?r9u
"fi-riu$' ua:: "nisdnwiv bavh 7 1d rrsi
uncountable cilljoaiu~uiuB~
oiiin~iu~uiur~wi~~iliz~~wJo~~iuwuiul~n"alrIuinod"n~zr~uronw~u~o'
I had a good education.
(siuln'iunis4nl*iti)
A knowledge of French is essential in Europe.
( m l * i d ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ u ~ . ~ ~ i ~ ~ u ~ u n ~ d ~ ~ ~ d )
4. diuiu help nuisnla'r9uronwqu'a help ijnaiu~uiu=
helpful rdu
You've been agreatthelp. (qordauuinfi~tiu-a)
5. diuiu work mrnzorau countable lo' ~ u i u 8 4cc$uaaclnun
du a work of art, the works of Shakespeare
6 . 'La' four clothes ldo' &ad$, four shirts w?o four
trousers d o l a ' some clothes uazfi~zihiauuoniiuauGp1q5~ 7 6aqid
aii four items of clothing
 I

62a dlr c i ~ u ? u a i i s l(Uncountable

~i Nouns)
/

1. ke7n75u~uaiind~r
7 diim7u~u~uuenan7wnown7w qoln'ounr~
ra r beauty, confidence, enjoyment, happiness, health, honesty, intelli-
gence, justice, knowledge, luck, patience, pride, progress, significance,
truth, wealth
2. a?a??m
674 7 biology, chemistry, economics, engineering, geology,
gemology, history, linguistics, literature, mathematics, psychology, theology
3. f17W Arabic, Chinese, Italian, Japanese, Norwegian, Persian, Spanish
4. LAN ;l.n baseball, basketball, chess, football, poker, soccer, tennis
d
5. 7 ~ P Z i z verb
n75n5~6lM~isofiPn55~~674 d + ing ll%fi~nj7gerund
betting, drawing, driving, eatingy jogging, swimming, skiing, traveliyg,
walking
6. d3Vypl5d835Ntng dew, darkness, earthquake, elecfricity, fire, fog, hail,
heat, humidity, light, rainbow, sleet, snow, sunshine, thunder, wind
7. %?fie $.u2due~e t ? ~ i$% ("article) chalk, corn, dirt, dust, earth (Au),
hour, grass, hair, pepper, rice, salty sand, wheat
8. U ~ J L M R ~ I I S7~ ~beer,
~ J blood, coffee, gasoline, honey, juice, oil,
porridge, shampoo, soup, tea, water, wine
9. w 3tla7nlflaly 674 7 .air, nitrogen, oxygen, pollution, smog, smoke, steam
d
lo. ~47~~14n7u3~ o'sln'ukkd~(MU?) bread, butter, cheese, cotton, fish, glass,
gold, ham, ice, lamb, paper, rubber, silver, .soap, toast, wood, wool
d
'
1 1. kneds~uhtflundu baggake, cash, clothing, equipment, food, fruit,
furniture, garbage, hardware, jewelry, mail, make up, postage, scenery,
traffic

Exercise 2 Tell whether the following nouns are countable or uncountable. If

they can be both countable or uncountable, state them both.
&lad74 table = countable
 air = uncountable
dislike = countable and uncountable
1. , thunder 1 6. journey

2. rubbish 17. jewelry

3. camp
I 18. fear

4. fact 1 9. beer
.............
.
.
.
.

5. harm 20. health

6. cash 2 1. rumour

7. coin 22. vehicle

8. storm 23. job

24. behavior

10. light 25. pleasure .a. . . . . . . . . . . . . Y......................

26. chicken

12. fun \
27. housework
I

13. luck 1 28. toast,

14. pity ........................................... , :*
29. hobby .......................................
............................
n............. ......................................
15. noise ..................................... .... " 30.fiuit .......................................

Exercise 3 Underline the words which are uncountable nouns.

professor, courage, star, fun, notebook, help, hospital, hospitality,

waterfall, recreation, receipt, violence, aeroplane, sociology,
Portuguese, castle, brick, swimming, hockey, maid, exercising,
lightning, gravity, cave, forest, rain, sugar, university, building,
liquor, meat, iron, pillow, money, grammar, space

Aiu~u'lun~uiknquozu'nisrluJofi'un'~~A~
dntd~uut~daq~danq

diuiu L ~ J A I U ~ U L ~ U W ~ W I k~ ' u ~ u ~ m u d ~ ~ d ~ r ~ t a ~ w ~ w ~ u ~
-s, -es dnntiuq i s / ~ 3 /z/
e M ~ D/az/ a15 books, bags, churches ttarA7
u ~ u u n ~ 7 i i h u 2 u r i n u d g-en
u oontiuq /an/ 873 oxen, childnn A~UTUUN
n~uumqwvwlu'~mun7stddauriu~as::n7~'1w ns t o n n d foot -,wtwou'
d
feet ronwsd mouse + wyw9u' mice tau& uudi~u'~rns~dauu-ttda~~dAi
L ~ D U ~ ~l ~~ 9 Q~'W1 fLOAWIG
~ u i fish -, w ~ w ? Ufish,
( L O ~ ~ Wsheep
P~'

W ~ W S Usheep
'
nisdnuidnqnisuarnw ~ u ' a n ~ ~ 1 u ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ u d ~ ~ i ~ t 6
n ~ s t d d u u d i u ~ u ~ ~ n ~ d A t t a m ~ ~ ~ n w ~ lmuiinqiiid
u'~bu~dw~w~u'
d
d 7 u 7 u ~ 9 r ~ ~ ~ ~ d w ~ ~ 9 ~ " L 6 9 r Common
: ~ ~ ~ LNoun
~ u dL 7L R~~7 u % ~
Ih:
Collective Noun L ~ ~ u El73
u a book -,books, a man-+men, a herd-, herds, a
bunch -,bunches ~wou"L~U'IQI,~ R ? T U M U ~ U
7 ~79ttfl(il~W
~?U~IU~U%G@I~U
 a o ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ s U ' ~ a ~ ~ n u ~ u ~ ~ m tdun ~d D~L ~Q Y~ CMr.
d~ ~~ ~ n ~ d ~ l ~ ~
~ ~~ ~~ ~d~f l~ ?n Jf ~i i~i j b l ( l
\
'

,Jmjth +H l H d the Smiths 9 L l l ~ T U f i ~ R S ~ ~ R ~

uh tanwsrl wood, light ~sij~munuiuii~ Iu' u a d n muheiu udh I

ant ants
book books
CUP cups
map maps
month months
staff staffs
bag bags
~ Q Y boys
bee bees
( conjunction conjunctions
dog dogs
egg
fan fans
king kings
log logs
mother mothers
nun nuns

1 pencil
queen
pencils
queens
,

river rivers
star
van '
HU?IItH(I 1. 3 6 -s~9rElElnl#8~/ s / L ~ E ~uD ~ ~ ~ U L ~ W W C ~ ' L I M Z ' J I W P ) L
d -ir
( t ~ u u ~ ~ r ~ c n i 5 ~ u n : : t ~ ~ uIsiltdlw ~ ~t, ~k,) f ,e
n t % i u/t p,
39<a -S 9: / z / t~oodriiat~nwCqjauduur
u (dwd
tftcn15i~irfl~doudtd~ta~~) I'Utit~wi b , d, g, v, 6 , r, I , m, n, I ) / ttamia
Y

tIaun5::qntaau
d
2. LRu~PP'U-es ~&diu~~nruviiuRia~~ntnc -s, -SS, -z, -ZZ,
d
-sh, -ge, -ch ur:: -dge M~DDI~YJ~I~~I~~~LA -es akdiuiunoontIur i s , Z, I
o n -es li]u / az/
t . t ,I / t t ~ r 9 r ~ tat14

bridge bridges /a21 nawiu

box boxes /az/ nhs
bus buses /az/ solud
buzz buzzes /az/ t~urh7
cause causes /az/ EnLvlq
clause clauses /az/ e y d s d u ~h d a u 7
face faces /az/ HUY?
house houses /az/ &u
kiss kisses /az/ 3"
loss losses /az/ msgqtau n i s r b
nose noses /az/ ~ y n
3. diu~uronrcoAruniu~i'3u
-y t t a r ~ ~-yh $uwtq.j~ur tdotddau
5 d d u d i u i ~ w ~ w 9 ~ ~ i o ~-yt dtQlu
U d ~ u-i t i 3 4 loontaw
~ ~ ~ n ' 3 -es ~ /z/
twnzsliuakt8wmrdutflut~wlaw::(voiced)

baby babies /z/ r h msn

city cities /z/ lhs
counny counmtnes /z/ dsam~
duY duties /z/ f)75a %Ifid
ferry ferries I 121
frr flies
galaxy galaxies

gallery galleries

ladies
parties
PUPPY puppies
story stories
strategy' strategies yn~mamf uwu I
territpry territories 121 I ~ULLRU

~ u i c n ~1)q diuiuronwp6#~qgiunis-y rra-nui -y r8u~zre-uanq

w~wd6auoi.rdu-s tau ~ouW6oqdguu-y tflu -i trrznontiuq -s AD I

cd 1
Id r w n m i un& ~#u~~s-mrflutiu~Twwz rtiu bays, boys, days, guys,
donkeys, monkeys rflugu
de: d d
2 ) diuiunrduaar~wi-na~w'iu&au -y uaznd'i -y rauw$qjaur
fi&~u~-nnoliut8u b k k ~ d d u u-y tflu -i IGr'rAu -s I'rau ~dlrMarys
($nasdnuu4naiu~u) Germanys (~uezuCol~Tuiuoonaazn:iuoln) I

4. ' ~iuiutonw~lAnqfliu6au -f nio -fe ~ ~ t d d u-funio -fe tflu

-v n'ou tta'a!.jrtiu -es oonduq IzI rwzi: Iv/ rfluriIfl~Twtt:
1
~iuqusonwod l;iaumin &asda -es
3

caw calves 121 an??

elf elves IzI . $5 d n 8 ~muuL
half halves 121 n%
knife knives lzl u"tl
leaf leaves lzl lerru"
life lives 121 8?n
loaf loaves 121 L L ~(ueduuuil~)
?

{au (U~JLUU)
- -

36 EN 101
self 1 selves I /z/
sheaf
shelf
thief
wife
wolf

dwarf dwarfs /s/ flut~fl5!:

dwarves /z/ fiu~ar#u
hoof hoofs /s/ flu l#i (~04fi)
hooves /z/
scad scads Is/ ciifiqaJ1tla'
scarves /z/ &W'U~~D
wharf wharfs /s/ vilrfi~ufi~i
wharves /z/ dit%
diuiutonwsddrufiadirr -f dohld 'tau -S &$'tau dod~uutflu
strife strifes /s/ n?swzmiz??7n
Lw$

echo echoes
hem hems
mango mangoes
negro news

potsto potatoes
tomato tomatoes
torpedo torpedoes
volcano volcanoes /z/ I OL~IIIV~
n ' ~ ~dddd
~ a a n r ~ u u h ~ ~ u i ~ u ~ u b o n w ~-0u ' dMn~~D-00 ~a~

albino albinos
banjo banjos
bamboo bamboos
cameo cameos
canto cantos
casino casinos
commando commandos
concertino concem'nos

concerto concertos (or

concemi)
cuckoo cuckoos
 curio curios
dynamo dynamos
ego egos
embryo embryos
espresso espressos

gigolo gigolos
folio folios
kangaroo kangaroos
kilo kilos
logo logos
magneto magnetos
mambo mambos

Octovo ns=mwdmau7m 118 aa9~wiassumi

Y U 8
memo uunnau 7
piano pianos r n hL~EI'IU
photo photos gdhia
piccolo piccolos adaraasunau
portfolio portfolios ns~'ci1ir~)nrns
u3ui~)nrns
quang'' quangos n~:nsu~sunisdiguia~'~n~tt~~i.~R.~~~'
~7117ulma5as::
quarto quartos
radio radios
ratio ratios
solo solos
soprano sopranos
tango tangos
tattoo tattoos
tempo tempos (or
tempi)
I UFO (unidentified UFOs
1 flying object)
 I Virgos I
yobbo yobbos
YOYO YOYOS

l zoo I ZOOS I /z/ Ia2u8GI-3 I

calico calicos,
calicoes
'=go cargos, cargoes
domino dominos,
dominoes
ghetto ghettos, ghettoes
grotto glvttos, glvnoes
halo halos,
haloes
lasso lassos, lassoes
memento mementos,
mementoes
magnifico magnificos,
magnificoes
mosquito mosquitos,
mosquitoes
pinto pintos,
pin toes
poJticos,
poJticoes
 unt5u'udiuiu buffalo J-iisdunnqwclw~u'Ln'
9J u 3 .rdtuu
v ;a tWud~6
-s (buffalos) tWuiT~b -es (buffaloes) uazlai6a.rrWa.d~$u~
rau
(buffalo) tduBuffalo(s) are usually found in southern and
eastern Africa. (m~udnis=wun~~um7un1nl~~~a::n~~m::a"~aan.oa~ds::~nfi

d r:
6. tlu-deh -en ~ ~ ~ d ~ u i u u i cP lI dJ Li ~ U ~ I U I U ~weak
~ U noun

-en tau /an/

diuiuaonwqb 6iuiuwgwob alasoin -en diuda
OX oxen ian I ?'a ( L W F I ~
child children /an I ~6n
brother brethren (dl /an I iydw'os~axla15+au
Tu-~I~) Hiaui
7. r i ~ u i u u ~ ~ n ~ u ~ - t d ~ ~ u ~ d ~ ~ n ~ ~ u ~ uhun1.i
tanw~~t~uwyw~Pd
tdiuut3uqns-n7ulud7 & d a u l ~ ~ ~ - t ~ ~ m . r t d d u u r r d a ~ ~ ~ n d ~ u ~ a . r a n w ~ ~ d d d
aank3usazmaj (back vowels iriu / U, u /) r~udiuiuwyw~Pdd~~en
t B u ~ n s - ~ &vront vowels rdu / I$ i / a 5 foot 4 feet
 foot I feet 1 /u/+ /i/ 1m i
goose 1 g- 1 /u/ +/i/ I )/7~
louse 1 lice I a u l + al/ I LMI M& is
man 1 men I / ~ e/ + /e/ 1 (I~U
mouse mice
moth teeth
woman women /u,a/ + / ~ , a / 1 @a
8. diuiuui.m~u~zu"~d b ~ ~ ~ i ~ i u t o n ~ q 6u t t a : : ~ ~ w q d
t#~-dn"~tu'a

I antelope I
banrrcks barracks '

corps corps nnsnnls mi~unms( d * r n M ~ r ~tdu

u
Hd?U~L~ndnH75~n
,(the Army Medical

cod cod
crossroads crossroads
deer deer
elk elk (or elks)
1 Ash fish (or Ashes)
flounder flounder (or flounders)
glouse glouse
1 hening I hemng (or henings) 1 di3llZId.5 I
1 headquarters 1 headquarters Ih h ~ h i I
1 mackerel 1 mackerel I dain:railth6iahrd~? I
I means 1 33 auaunn tn4wilnluumsii~~ln7 I
pike pike I d a d d (d~l&3")
alms trauu5wn r3u mumps 'Isfifi~uqu
M L R ~ ~ Z ~ news h1
athletics niw3 physics WnA
billiards Iduilsrilan politics I mrcilou

' diwywou' swlnes o~Iduuuld~flun7anis

~flun~~1duuun'uroo
~R~INHNIPJ 4 4 ~ RU
~ ~ ~ ?

I d # * * B i ~ w y w o u ' m e= qns n y
3 h ~ ~ ~ # ~ f (l~ m~ p de rno o ~d ~H w
~ O~ ~ ~~ ~ ~ W ~ U I U I~~uru(/kdiytt~iiri~u
W # ~ U ~ ~ J / ~ 7 no

ri.IaAiadw s, z I do~iA~ufliaii~a.ia:nm-ss n?a -se QZ~~~~L~~~~'U#ULO~WO~UAZW~WOU'

a Burmese + two Burmese n?wdi
a Ceylonese + two Ceylonese UI.~%ROU
a Chinese + , two Chinese 1114~
a Congolese + two Congolese 111~ouh
a Japanese + two Japanese UI~~QU
a Javanese + two Javanese 111111
a Lebanese + two Lebanese tll?LfiUlUOM
a Nepalese + two Nepalese ai~~udin
a Siamese + two Siamese 111tlUlN
a swiss + two~wiss UI~A?U
a Vietnamese + two Vietnamese 111~?j~mUlN
 draughts I
(AE checkers)
economics
ethics United States
gallows

home economics

1 Linguistics I niwor7nmi I I I
Mathematics p l 6 h~nncilj

Measles T5plh
mechanics naflinmf

lo. h u i ~ u i u n ~ u ~ r ~ r i d n n ~ ~ drdu d~ ~ ~ ~ u w -s,

m~ri)uil~61 ~~~w'
Y d
-es, vise -en ~ r d r i l ~ A i ~ ~ u w ~ wi ~uwi '~ ~ ~ F i i ~ ~ a ~01sd ~ ~ ~ w o u '

anii (calves) iiuiu cattle U i p I r o n w ~ c itiioai~dronwo#i~r~unoon~~u

U

a cow -,cows, a buU -, bulls, a calf -, cakes L ~ U ~ U

ifqeli7u Many cattle are sufferingh r n this disease. . I

(iqct~icluinrnuhkiqudiqu~sfid)

cattle ~Y?R~Iu people d s z m ~watil~s

clergy ~3 =md police 9113'~~

gently wan@ poddry tan In' un

majority fludau'L~4 vermin 8d69tfifi 7 tdu H\I
minority f l ~ d ~ ~ u ' a ~ tO~dcil4~di~spl~iIfi
uywel A

siioli7u hdiiadrri?errrilrrrenw~u'uci~ilud~u~un~nou'
1. The police are looking for a secofid cir.
2. Vermin are small animals such as ra& and mice.
(ne43u~flui.ltiin 1 ~ d uw\j)
3, Catholic clergy were deported to SiWa.

' d
7 rrhr housers = n i w q (jlvi~leqai)eye-glasses = ~ i u m
~uiauamZIJn~flud

nhdffmfidsp scales
n~lna
ds~quau scissors
ni.~~ndfi sheam
eye-glasses U~UO~ shorts
jcans nwrw8ud spectacles
pants (AE) ni.~rnmen? trousers (BE)
pincers Aur~ftn tweezers
Auhnunuffi
pliers AN #udinri!a
P Y ~ ~ U pnuou (rifa +
(M pajamas) rnqmq)

m s goods 8u61
assets manners ui3mn
billiards the Middle Ages 0fUYUna~hd~a3mumi
tloqq1'1d(dqruicu R . a
400- 1400)
 bowels oats
chattels odds Innin (= chances) 1
clothes , outskirts
congratulations premises
contents fegards
customs remains
draughts savings
earnings stairs
eaves steps
embers suds
entrails sumundings
fetters thanks
victuals

I wages I ~~<I~VMRUUIU

Riodqr ( i 7 ~ ? ~ ~ i i ~ d tLaL Rr LML ~' U ~ ~ U ~ U W ~ W P M ' I ~ U F J

1. His jeans are too tight.
(ni~~nuiiudaautaiKu~fiu1d)
s \

2. Where are your eye-glasses?

They are somewhefe in the living room.

(uiumioflu~u~u~du)
3. The outskirfs of Bangkok are about ten kilometers h m here.
adiiqhnddd.r:uiol i o 31atum5)
(mu~iia~an.m.~~tnn,
4 . Give my regards to your family.
a a -
(clin~aiu5znno~o~~5~ufiha~~q~6~~)
5. The odds are that you are going to fail.

4
oats = &?Ian L ~ u ~ I u ~ u w ~ Wlllrmuntable
Q ~ noun LL~#CIR~U7 8 7 1 arm - M W R
wheat = h?~);
LLne barley = fi?ulflnd l ~ ~ d l ~ l % J l o uncountable
f l W Q ~ nouns
46 EN 101
 d9PI
wing nouns) QZ%J?ti
du 7 lnun7.stlu
~d~uu.sdo7n~~u~utonw~w'16~w~w~dt~o)
U

iY~Qun'7uei-1

1 agendum agenda I 8 % ~
alumnus alumni a11u
analysis analyses 813~
apparatus apparatuses 811~
appendix appendices H%
appendixes EII~~u
axis axes ai1u
bacterium bacteria nim"~
basis bases n3n
bandit bandits, banditti B~~LSUU
beau beaux, beaus dtslflil
bureau bureaux (BE)
~ U I W U S CAE) tltsrcrn
cactus cacti, cactuses aih
cherub cherubim auz

crisis crises n:
criterion criteria nTn
diagnosis diagnoses n4n
dilettante dilettanti, dilettantes &I1L$UU

erratum e mta 818~

focus foci, focuses ~1%

formula formulae a73u I gens

fungus fungi, funguses a7$u rda ~ii
sn
/
genius geniuses, genii 81% u'ndnaqj $iCi.jnsad
(genii = fi afl18)

hypothesis hypotheses, E~UU~~IU

index indexes, indices ai6~ ~tdl

 kibbutzim
madams, mesdames
medium media, mediums
(mediums = HUM54 j74M54)

11
memorandum
monsieur
I memoranda
messieurs
u'wfinfl-riubi
qa(2nu
1 nucleus nuclei, nucleuses qudnais l ~ n n i 4
dad
I oasis oases
9
~~~a~nuwa~~a:ri;lun::ranmu
1 ovum ova raaAldumuy~d~1aiSm12u~w~
H@
parenthesis parentheses uut%ol
~n4osnuiu-r~ilu
phenomenon phenomena dmngn~.id
radius ' radii, radiuses s'nii-rsnau
stamen stamina ~na.ih$
stimulus stimuli d4fl.i::qu
&
stratum strata d U n (= social class)
I synthesis 1 syntheses dd'izau n i d s a ~ u
termius I m i n i , terminuses daiunw
thesis 3nuiiiwud
I vertebra ( vertebrae, vertebras
Exercise 4 Underline the nouns among these words:
is, rich, team, papaya, sing, childhood, early, strength,
I
II
cannot, pencil, shoe, Alice; tall, school, power, beauty,
I Edward, Park Street, soon, writer, flbck, singer,
badness, anger, river, quickly, joy, elk, now,
mountain, buys, Friday, Mt. Everest, belong, tomorrow

Exercise 5 Underline the common nouns:

the Atlantic Ocean, sea, water, wind, monsoon, the
I Nile, The Bible, book, pencil, bank, Rex cinema,
I
school, cinema, bus, King's College, pen, house

Exercise 6 Underline the.abstract nouns:

whiteness, sweetness, house, car, smoke, speed,

hunger, depth, feeling, sorrow, lorry, bus, radio

Exercise 7 Underline the proper nouns:

Lumpur, night, dog, rain, sheep, England, Singapore,

Exercise 8 Underline the collective nouns:
bunch, ruler, school, soldier, army, bird, flock, player, .

team, boy, student, class, father, family

I

Exercise Q Complete each sentences with a suitable noun.

Example: He likes fish.
1. Iplay ..................................
2. She reads ..................................
3. We eat .................................. every morning. I

He buys ..................................for his children.

I
4.
5. He rides a ..................................to school.
6. H e i s a ...................................
7. I want to be a ...................................
8. Mary writes ..................................to her friends.
9. You have a beautiful ...................................
10. I bought a .................................. of flowerg.
11. A ..................................tells the time.
12. The ..................................barks all night.
1 3. He sat on a .................................. I

14. A ..................................can fly.

1 5. A ..................................of bananas costs 20 baht.

Exercise 10 Give the plural for each of these nouns.

1. book .................................... 17. potato +....................................
2. chair .................................... 18.foot +....................................
3. leaf ' ............................"...... 19.class . +....................................
4. pencil ,
+

...................,............... 20. church +....................................

5. shoe + .................................... 21. woman ,....................................
6. pen ...............................
n
. 22. child --+

7. mouse 23. ox +
8. sheep 24. man --+
9. gun 25. fish --+
10. radio 2 6. furniture +
1 1. 'thief 27.advice --+
1 2. nose 2 8. knowledge-+
1 3. foot 2 9. deer -b
1 4. daughter 30. proof -+
15.lady 3 1. roof --+
16.knife 3 2. cattle -b

Exercise 1 1 Change the following proper nouns into proper adjectives.

1. Africa 11. California
2. Algeria 12. Cambodia
3. America 13. Cuba
4. Angola 14. Egypt .

5. Arab 15. Jordan,

6. Armenia 16. Korea
7. Asia 17. Libya
8. Australia 18. Nigeria
9. Austria 1 9. Scandinavia
10. Bulgaria 20. Syria
 r i ~ r i m l i i w ~ (Determiners)
rr

1 n~oriigwiwn'
ambitious, due to, location, respected, I
superior, intern, relief, riot, assassination,
enrolled, earned
n~&rcinsd ~IJIHCIUIN (Determiners)

A bright and ambitious student, Clinton chose

Georgetown University due to its location in Washington,
D.C., and its respected programs in foreign service. At
Georgetown Clinton was a superior student. He was
active in student government and served as an intern for
Senator Fulbright of Arkansas. In 1968. shortly before his
graduation, he performed volunteer relief work for the
Red Cross during the riots that followed the assassination
of Martin Luther King. Afer graduation, Clinton went to
Oxford University in England as a Rhodes Scholar and
traveled through much of Europe and the Soviet Union.
Upon his return to America, he enrolled in Yale Law
School, where three years later he earned his degree.'

From: .Our President: Their Lives and Storiesqqby Nancy

Skarmeas
1 d
din$uw'cn'~$uwiruiiia d i ~ i u G i u i u(determiners)
 bright (adj.) = LQ#U-JQ~~~

ambitious (adj.)
location (n.)
respected program (adj, + n.) = ~nsqnizdii~u~p
foreign service (adj. + n,) = n~sviwdsrmfi
intern (n.) = cj8iiunisilnHk
Senator (n.) = ~daui%n
perform (v.) = dfi173 n.jrvli d7~Quni.j
volunteer relief work
(n. (adj.) + n. (adj.) + n.) = ~lud~aailo~~~uluug~ur~l~mnu'n~
the Red Cross (compound n.) = anin~mn
riots (n.) = n~.j9ai?a
assassination (n.) = nisaau3w75
enrolled (v.) = aa7n~~#7~%tu
~S~ZL~UUL~UU

eamed (v.) = 'l6s'u

1. ambitious (ad].):, ~nnunawanruiunsz8e%iu

I

synonym: aspiring, strong desire to be successful

Ex: My fiie4d is a very ambitious girl and she wants to play at the highest
level.
(dnuantsiu~tlucjH~.jir"~'n~7unu~~u~nu~u7~
~~ar~~s6a~rnsd~~~~~iuIu~
J
nqqnqm)
 d
2. due to (prep.): LWT~: LU~).JGY~
synonym: because of
Ex: John went to bed late last night due to the large volume of letters.
(~o~uou~n~do~ucm~~Yy~p~~~u~~nuiu~iu~uu~n)

3. location (n.): dk ~cnulR

synonym: site, the place where something is situated
Ex: The fxst thing he looked at was his ofice's loc?ation.
(&~~snila~uoqfiao
ao~udk~mdii~iuaMlai)

4. respected (adj.) : h6wua:diaul~ ~ ~ u ~ i i u ~ u a a u

synonym: admirdd and important
Ex: Nida is a highly respected translator of American novels.
s w dd d m
(~mi~~u~nudnuaiiuiuarusnun~dunuu~~ua~uadi~~in

5. superior (adj.): uam~duuh~ilfl ~niianii

synonym: better, higher, excellent, remarkable
Ex: Clinton was said to be of very superjor intellige~ce.
( 1 ~ s7 ~m6uji~ ~ R U R U ~ R ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ I L ~ ~ ~ Q I I ~ ~ D O ~ ~ ~ U U )

WJ a
6. intern (n.): ~n~nwilnHkniogn~w~~ud~~~i~~ufl~s"~o~~%ni
synonym : advanced student, recent graduate
Ex: Mary was an intern for her teaching training in Buffalo.
(uuias~flufi8nv7~n~'li)aDuHu'~~a1ut~o~~~lfla~a)

7. relief (n.): finuthuln3o ( ~ K U R U P U R U ~ Sn?o~uQnis)

~

synonym: aid (for the poor, aged, or handicapped)

Ex: No relief drivers were available.
~nifiu~us~~~unulu7~
8. riot (n.): niroaios
synonym: a violence public disorder
Ex: At the prison, five men were killed during the riot.
(mugdimt15mu1Uqnlus:nii~rns~ai~a)

9. assassination (n.): niraou8q~is

synonym: murder by sudden or secret attack
Ex: The police were investigating the assassination of John F. Kennedy.
( o i i s ? ~ r i ~ S ~ m ' j ' l o ~ ~ o u n ~oadu
s ~ 3 a u n '1m~u6i)
~~~~

lo. enrolled (v.): EJhf L & L ~ U U ~ S ~ Y Y L ~ ~ L I U ~ U U

synonym: registered i

'
Ex: At 2 7, he enrolled in an interior design course at London's Royal
College of art.

aiamsi~i~naucilou) .

1 1 . earned (v.) : 16;~

?

synonym: received (as return for effort), gained

Ex: What should be the best way to earn a living?
mddd
(aacilnq~~luun~nilu~n~n'u~~so::~fiu~:Is)

huiuaQmviiq 7 dnhluirr8lIuund 1 ~-rii~cirriiuiudduni7

deter-
miners &uci~eonrfiu4 n4u2Re
L

1 . Articles: a, an the
2. Demonstratives: this, that, these, those
3. Possessives: my, your, his, her, its, our, their '
 4. Expression of qm~rtlty ( ~ w ~ H v ~ u Y ~ ~ ~ ~ H ~ J & ~u ?7 u 5) :
each, some, either, any, every

d vrl
luussm~d~rjia~7u7utq
4 nq'u Articles ~rt~undun~tsuun~~7E~nqu
~=:l#ijru7nCfgmtvrmrtfi~A~hddfia~u~~u~u~au"oun'u
your (~SD his tJt?u%
h%~tncuh?sla'Articles U R ~ ~ ~ ~ U R ~ I ~ R U D L ~ tws7r(il$aa'n
U D I ~ ~ A ~ ~ ' ~ W = :

uar an t:un-jl lndeliote article t f l u A ~ ~ ~ a ~ ~ u ~ u ~ ~ t 1 ~ m ~

a
au7uaoqd7u7ui7tguiqad~~mada7 1d 1u'#tarnrto7so~.j7t~ud~1au Cuhu
07fi I want to 'buy a necktie. ( h h m # a ~ u ~ ; l n i ~ d u ~ d ~ )
Please give me a dollar. (UDL~U1 mand1.f)
Ann is an actress. (LL~UL$U~LLHGI~)

l v cY
HTE an ur mau6uiuniu~~%YJ~C"LIU~
~rcn'aql~? ~ r l a# (@#6oq~tu'I~-h
tfiu
ti!u~iiPd{aarnm tdu university t ~ u r i ~ i $ u ( ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ a t ~ W
/y/wlu?dtBuq
~qj'tlur
Rsr /a/ %&d$ a university

P [La:: an Q Z ( ~ ~ M I ~ A ~ U ~ U ~ O J ' U ~ (Countable

& nouns) uari
~l~7uau7dmun"3
7 1d Dih
1u'taw7rt~7r~~i7tfiuiq~m di?1m
K~Q~IJ A dog is an animal. ( q ~ ~ ~ f l u ,t % ~ ~ )
 I work in an office. (6uY11.~1uhuIS~n)
I have an aunt. (6uifl1)
Tom works at a university. (nouY1wiu~uu~i~nulfl'u)
I need an hour to finish my homework.
4 d
(6u#o.~Itr'r~m
1 djSW~wan~zY11~iulfl~do)
I bought a hat. ( ~ ~ B o a u ~ n u i ~ u ~ d u )
f i ~ 1 ~ 7 u ~ ~ l d ~ d 7 d l L ~~ L FR ~I I ~U ~~& ~L ~~' UPL uQ W' ~ ~ ~ L ~ ~ U ~ ~ ~ " W
&d ~::~ioqdduums'I#~7n a, an ~ f some
l ~(iad?duambluw (quantifiers)
two, a few, several, a lot tfluh
had74 I ate a banana. ( h ~ m u n f i u ~ u ~ d ~ )
I ate some bananas. (6un'lun6!?u)
I ate two bananas. (&uniun&uaodu)
PZIA*a M% an visa quantitiers ( I ~ ~ ~ A ~ u T U ~ U ' UO'~IU~S%IUR~"U
'L~
c h u ~ u i l ~ n u ~ 7aW~ ~ u l ~
cniadiu Bananas are inexpensive in Thailand.
(nli?anm~qnluds~rn~lnu)
Fruit is good for everybody. (w alrldJd'~arlriuyn~v)

hod7u
L

1. A dog is an animal. (~~%rfl~iYa$

Dogs an animals. (q$rguad) I

2. Spanish is a language. ( ~ c n d r d ~ r ~ u n l w i ~ d . ~ )
Spanish and Italian are languages. ( ~ ~ ~ ~ M J u ~ r ~ z ~ a B n ~ ~ u u ~ ~ u n i w i )
 an interesting book ( a book) (nfiiloi(tiiiwb)
a blue eye (an eye) (miafii)
an important leader ( a leader) (@?fiuh6'qj)
a faithful animal (an animd) (b4ddoiTnhrinn'nfi)
an honest guesi (a guest) (uunddnk~rl)
a big umbrella i(an umbrella) (iu6ufnqj)

1. iu*emeuAimu What's your job? ( ( q m i i ~ ~ a z h )M%I What's your

occupation? (cqm~niihuszb) n% What are you? (qcui~~iuozb) a

I am a student. My father is a senator.

(a'urfluu'ndnwi) (dnao~bdq4am%n)
I am a nurse. We are singers.
(nYurfluu~.jwuiu~n) (rmtbuu"ns'E1~)
I am a lecturer. Tom and I are policemen.
(a'ur3uai915u'> (nouuaua"utbudim)
Tom is a psychiatrist. Jim was a truck diver.
(nourfIu5mrrwn6) (b8udu.rau5sqn)
I My sister is a housewife. 1 Liz is an artist. I

~1~~44lu?uaiT4
7
a hundred a great deal of
a thousand a little