Rubber

Handbook
 Struktol Rubber Handbook

Table of Contents

About Struktol Company of America 6

Introduction 7

Function of Processing Additives 8

What are Processing Additives? 9

History of Processing Additives 10

Classification of Processing Additives 12

Lubricants 14

Fatty Acids 14
Fatty Acid Esters 15
Metal Soaps 15
Fatty Alcohols 16
Fatty Acid Amides 16
Organosilicones 16
Polyethylene and Polypropylene Waxes 16
Other Products 16
Properties and Mode of Action of Lubricants 17
Processing with Lubricants 24
Struktol Products and their Use 25

Applications with STRUKTOL® ZB 47 25a

Physical and Chemical Peptizers 26

What are the Benefits of Peptizing Agents? 31

Low Viscosity Natural Rubber 32
Processing with Peptizing Agents 33
Struktol Products and their Use 33

Table of Contents 1
 Homogenizing Agents 35

Hydrocarbon Resins 37
Coumarone Resins 38
Petroleum Resins 38
Copolymers 38
Terpene Resins 39
Asphalt and Bitumen 39
Rosins 40
Phenolic Resins 41
Lignin 41
Processing with Homogenizing Agents 42
Struktol Products and their Use 42

Dispersing Agents 43

Processing with Dispersing Agents 43

Struktol Products and their Use 43

Tackifiers 44

Processing with Tackifiers 45

Struktol Products and their Use 45

Plasticizers 46

Processing with Plasticizers 49

Struktol Products and their Use 49

Preparations 50

Struktol Products and their Use 52

Metal Oxide Preparation 52
Sulphur Preparations 52

Activators 54

Processing with Cure Activators 59

2 Table of Contents
 Silane Coupling Agents 60a

Properties 60a
An Overview 60c
Rubber Industry Applications 60f

Parting Agents 61

Parting Agents for Uncured Compounds and In-process Materials 61

Mold Release Agents 62
Dusting Agents 63
Organic Mold Release Agents 64
Silicone Oils 65
Semi-permanent Mold Release Agents 65
Compound Lubricants 66
Struktol Products and their Use 67
Mandrel Release Agents 67
Semi-permanent Mold Release Agents 68
Struktol Permalease Grades 68
Silicone Oils 69

Mold Cleaning Compounds 70

The Influence of Processing Additives on Discoloration 70

Peroxide Disperisons 70a

Peroxide Demand 71

Rubber to Metal Adhesion 72

Test Methods – Assessment of Processing Additives 72

Dispersion and Homogeneity 73

Rheological Tests 73
Mooney Shearing Disc Viscosimeter 74
Defo Tester 74

Table of Contents 3
 High Pressure Capillary Rheometer 74
Torsion Strain Rotorless Shear Rheometer 74
Rubber Processability Analyzer 75
Oscillating Disc Cure Meter 75
Laboratory Extruder 75
Plasticorder 75
Laboratory Open Mill and Spiked Roller 75
Rheo-vulcameter 76
Transfer Sprial Test 76
Building Tack 77
Mold Release 77

Processing Additives in Pharmaceutical Articles 78

Ecology and Toxicology of Processing Additives 82

Application of Processing Agents - Examples

Lubricants 84
Peptizers 86
Homogenizing and Tackifiers 88
Plasticizers 90
Metal Oxide Preparations 92
Sulphur Preparations 94
Vulcanization Activators 96
Mold Release Agents 98
Mold Release Agents / Shaped Hose Release Agents 100
Mold Cleaning Compounds 102
Lubricants in Selected Elastomers 104
Higher Extrusion Rates with STRUKTOL® WB 16 112
STRUKTOL® WS 280 Paste in FKM 114
STRUKTOL® WB 42 – Bloom Study 116

4 Table of Contents
 STRUKTOL® ZP 1014 – Curative for XNBR 119
STRUKTOL® ZEH vs. Stearic Acid in NR 120
Homogenization Study 123
Mold Cleaning with STRUKTOL® MC-A 124

Additional Useful Information

Crazing 125
Frosting 126

Revision – Sept. 2004

STP0206
/rca

Table of Contents 5
 About Struktol Company of America

Struktol Company of America is a member of the Schill & Seilacher family of companies, with
representation in over 100 countries around the world. A global organization with over a century
of specialty chemical expertise, Schill & Seilacher markets most of their polymer processing
products under the brand name STRUKTOL® - a name that has become synonymous with both
quality and performance. Struktol chemicals are found in rubber and plastics as well as man-
made fibers, textiles and leather and paper products. Since the late 1970’s, Struktol has become
North America’s dominant force in performance additives for the polymer industry. Struktol has
committed its research and development, ISO Certification and premier customer service to
establishing a leadership role with engineered additives for the rubber and plastics compounder.

The Struktol approach to the polymer additive business is by no means typical or ordinary.
Chemistry is as the heart of everything we do. Providing Intelligent Additive Solutions for
polymers and compounds, Struktol products are designed to meet the challenges and exacting
demands of our customers. Our technical specialists, R&D chemists and compound laboratory
are dedicated to creating innovative solutions for the ever-changing polymer industry; solutions
that keep you ahead of your competition with increased productivity, better quality parts and
lower overall cost.

In addition to premium product performance, Struktol customer service initiatives have become
the industry benchmark.

www.struktol.com

6 About Struktol Company of America

Struktol Products and their Use

STRUKTOL® WB 222 is an ester of saturated fatty acids. It is a highly effective lubricant

and release agent predominantly used for polar elastomers.

STRUKTOL® WB 212 is based on high molecular, hydrophilic fatty acid ester. The
product serves as a dispersing agent for powdered materials and has excellent release
properties.

STRUKTOL® WB16 is an excellent lubricant mainly for non-polar rubbers. As a mixture

of calcium soaps and amides of saturated fatty acids it can exhibit an activating effect.

STRUKTOL® HPS 11 is composed of fatty acid derivatives, which have been designed and
selected to give maximum polymer to additive interactions. HPS 11 is effective in increasing
flow, promoting release, and improves overall processing.

STRUKTOL® WB 42, a blend of fatty acid derivatives, provides improved flow in a wide
range of elastomers.

STRUKTOL® W A 48 is successfully used in epichlorohydrin rubber as an effective release

agent and lubricant.

STRUKTOL® W 34 is a dispersing agent and lubricant for nearly all elastomers. Faster
filler incorporation and avoidance of filler agglomeration in highly filled compounds can be
achieved.

STRUKTOL® WS 180 and STRUKTOL® WS 280 are organosilicone compounds which

combine outstanding release performance with good flow properties.
STRUKTOL® WS 180 can drastically reduce mold contamination.

STRUKTOL® ZB 47 is a formulated zinc soap that can be used for masticating NR

compounds. Also offers heat stability (Reversion Resistance). Very effective in mineral
filled NR compounds.

STRUKTOL® A 50, and A 60 are zinc soaps of unsaturated fatty acids. They are mainly
used as physical peptizers in NR compounds

STRUKTOL® EF 44 A is a blend of fatty acid derivatives with zinc soaps predominating.

The product is especially suitable for extrusions. It acts as a cure activator.

STRUKTOL® HM 97 is a mixture of low viscosity polyethylene waxes. Due to their

special lubricating effect, HM 97 is highly recommended in EPMD compounds.

*For further information on ZB 47 contact Struktol for our new ZB 47 Brochure and CD.

Lubricants 25
 Struktol Company of America
201 E. Steels Corners Road • P. O. Box 1649 • Stow, Ohio 44224-0649
Producers of Specialty Chemicals

Struktol Rubber Lab

Project 04003
February 3, 2004
(addition April 20, 2004)

Project: Evaluate STRUKTOL® ZB 47 in a black / silica natural rubber tread compound

with and without silane coupling agent.

Conclusion: The combination of 1 phr disulfide silane (added as STRUKTOL®SCA 985

PL) with ZB 47 (added at 2.5 and 5 phr) showed both processing and physical property
synergism. When the silane was added it was at a level of 5% of the silica.

The mixing curves show that most of the processing improvements came from the
addition of ZB 47. There is a faster incorporation and lower mixing torque. The
resulting Mooney viscosity of the compounds was significantly improved with a drop of
about 40 points with the initial viscosity, and 10-15 points with the ML (1+4). In
addition, the scorch delay shows significant improvements with the combined products.

The rheometer cure reflects the viscosity improvements as well as the cure delay. The
final T90 was increased about 1 to 2 minutes with the combination. There were only
minor shifts in max torque. The reversion resistance was the greatest for the
combination. Cured physicals showed an increase in modulus with the silane and even a
greater increase with the combination. The ZB 47 by itself gave a slight increase in state
of cure. On air aging the retention of physicals was good. The combination gave the
lowest % change. Tear resistance (Die C) was improved with all stocks over the non-
coupled control.

The dynamic properties as measured by rebound, Firestone Flexometer, and tan delta
were all improved by the combination of additives. The biggest change is seen in the
long-term dynamic distortion on the Flexometer where the combination was shut off
before the sample failed.

The compounded stock was aged 11 weeks and then tested for processing as stored.
There was an increase in initial viscosity of 40 to 50 Mooney units for the ZB 47
containing stocks. The initial reading for the blank and the silane stock was off scale.
The ML (1+4) for these two stocks was higher than the initial readings for the ZB 47
stocks. The ZB 47 stocks showed only a 5-6 point increase for ML (1+4).

The extruder results also showed that the ZB 47/silane decreased the pressure and torque,
and increased the rate. The quality of the extrudate was the best with the combination of
ZB 47 and silane.

25a Lubricants
 Formulae
1 2 3 4 5 6
SMR 5 100 100 100 100 100 100
STRUKTOL A 86 .25 .25 .25 .25 .25 .25
N220 40 40 40 40 40 40
SILLCA VN3 20 20 20 20 20 20
STEARIC ACID 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5
ZNO 4 4 4 4 4 4
6PPD 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5
FLECTOL H 1 1 1 1 1 1
STRUKTOL 40 MS 6 6 6 6 6 6
STRUKTOL SCA 985PL 0 2 0 0 2 2
STRUKTOL ZB 47 0 0 2.5 5 2.5 5
2ND PASS
TBBS 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5
SULFUR 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5
TOTAL: 179.25 181.25 181.75 184.25 183.75 186.25

First Pass
Compound Temperature (°C) Energy (WH)
1 - Control 1 140 217
2 – SCA 985PL 137 197
3 – ZB47, 2.5 140 202
4 – ZB47, 5 136 183
5 – SCA985PL, ZB47, 2.5 139 190
6 – SCA985PL, ZB 47, 5 135 176
Note: 70% fill factor

Lubricants 25b
 Rheometer Data
160°C; 3° arc; 100 Range; 30 minutes
Min Max T-2
Compound Ts2 T50 T90
Torque Torque Reversion
1 - Control 1 19.59 76.01 3.75 7.29 8.63 13.29
2 – SCA 985PL 18.92 80.45 4.00 7.08 8.33 13.71
3 – ZB47, 2.5 16.23 75.74 3.75 8.13 9.63 15.29
4 – ZB47, 5 15.75 72.98 3.83 8.58 10.29 18.00
5 – SCA985PL, ZB47, 2.5 16.29 78.16 4.08 8.00 9.50 18.00
6 – SCA985PL, ZB 47, 5 15.15 75.74 4.33 8.42 10.25 25.92

Mooney Viscosity
ML (1+4) @ 100°C
ML (1+4)
Initial Initial Viscosity
Compound ML (1+4) Aged 11
Viscosity aged 11 weeks
weeks
1 - Control 1 147.5 - 86.6 213.5
2 – SCA 985PL 150.7 - 85.8 218.4
3 – ZB47, 2.5 123.8 196.6 76.0 83.7
4 – ZB47, 5 113.2 154.5 74.0 79.4
5 – SCA985PL, ZB47, 2.5 125.5 177.4 74.5 80.7
6 – SCA985PL, ZB47, 5 113.6 161.4 70.7 75.4

Extruder Data
Brabender Plasti-Corder
Garvey Die, 3:1 Meeting Screw
Cold feed 19 mm roller feeder
Weight (g) One minute Surface
Compound Torque RPM Temp PSI Edge
10 inch Extrudate Rating
1 - Control 1 66.6 26 108 864 25.98 24.58 B #6
2 – SCA 985PL 54.3 26 108 726 25.44 26.29 B #7
3 – ZB47, 2.5 56.0 26 117 736 26.93 26.76 A #8
4 – ZB47, 5 54.2 26 115 733 27.06 27.41 A #8
5 – SCA985PL, ZB47, 2.5 56.8 26 112 747 26.82 25.93 A #9
6 – SCA985PL, ZB47, 5 51.0 27 107 690 25.64 26.47 A #9

25c Lubricants
 Mooney Scorch
ML @ 125°C
Compound Min Torque T5 T35 Cure Index
1 - Control 1 72.1 24.41 40.95 16.54
2 – SCA 985PL 72.5 29.95 38.24 8.29
3 – ZB47, 2.5 65.8 28.75 45.84 17.09
4 – ZB47, 5 63.9 33.41 49.19 15.78
5 – SCA985PL, ZB47, 2.5 64.3 33.72 46.23 12.51
6 – SCA985PL, ZB 47, 5 60.6 37.66 47.82 10.16

Tensile Data
Unaged
100% 200% 300%
Cure Time Shore A Tensile Elongation
Compound Mod. Mod. Mod.
160°C Duro (MPa) (%)
(MPa) (MPa) (MPA)
1 - Control 1 9 62 24.0 635 1.6 4.0 8.1
2 – SCA 985PL 8 67 25.2 620 2.0 5.0 9.8
3 – ZB47, 2.5 10 65 22.9 597 1.8 4.2 8.3
4 – ZB47, 5 10 65 23.6 643 1.7 4.0 7.6
5 – SCA985PL, ZB47, 2.5 10 69 24.8 612 2.1 5.3 9.8
6 – SCA985PL, ZB 47, 5 10 67 26.6 605 2.3 5.6 10.2

Oven Aged 70 Hrs @ 100°C

Shore 100% 200% 300%
Points Tensile Pct. Elong Pct. Pct. Pct. Pct.
Cmpd A Mod. Mod. Mod.
Change (MPa) Change (%) Change Change Change Change
Duro (MPa) (MPa) (MPa)
1 71 +9 21.7 -9.6 498 -21.6 3.3 106 8.1 103 13.7 69
2 76 +9 22.3 -11.5 477 -23.1 3.8 90 9.4 88 15.2 55
3 75 +10 23.8 3.9 495 -17.1 3.9 117 9.2 119 15.1 82
4 77 +12 19.8 -16.1 454 -29.4 3.4 100 8.0 100 13.1 72
5 75 +6 23.5 -5.2 510 -16.6 4.0 90 9.6 81 15.1 54
6 76 +9 22.5 -15.4 471 -22.1 4.1 78 9.5 70 15.0 47

Lubricants 25d
 Firestone Flexometer
Heat Build-up
250 lb. Weight; 0.325” Throw; 45 min. test
Compound Cure Time @ 160°C Duro Temp. °C
1 - Control 1 36 57 164
2 – SCA 985PL 32 64 129
3 – ZB47, 2.5 40 58 141
4 – ZB47, 5 40 61 139
5 – SCA985PL, ZB47, 2.5 40 63 133
6 – SCA985PL, ZB 47, 5 40 64 127

Blow Out
250 lb. Weight; 0.325” Throw; test until sample fails
Compound Time
1 - Control 1 1 Hr 5 Min
2 – SCA 985PL 11 Hrs 20 Min
3 – ZB47, 2.5 3 Hrs 50 Min
4 – ZB47, 5 14 Hrs 42 Min
5 – SCA985PL, ZB47, 2.5 >103 Hrs
6 – SCA985PL, ZB 47, 5 > 143 Hrs 51 Min

Tear Strength
ASTM D-624 Die C
Compound Tear Strength (N/mm)
1 - Control 1 92.6
2 – SCA 985PL 132.5
3 – ZB47, 2.5 95.2
4 – ZB47, 5 102.2
5 – SCA985PL, ZB47, 2.5 113.3
6 – SCA985PL, ZB 47, 5 108.3

25e Lubricants
 Rebound
Compound 0°C Room Temp 100°C
1 - Control 1 18 35 50
2 – SCA 985PL 16 34 53
3 – ZB47, 2.5 16 33 51
4 – ZB47, 5 15 33 52
5 – SCA985PL, ZB47, 2.5 17 34 54
6 – SCA985PL, ZB 47, 5 15 32 55

MER / COMPRESSION / CYLINDRICAL / 1 HZ / 23°C

Compound Complex Power Loss Power Tan Delta Stiffness
1 - Control 1 .3198 .05150 .163 37.21
2 – SCA 985PL .2016 .02703 .135 15.54
3 – ZB47, 2.5 .2556 .04223 .167 12.23
4 – ZB47, 5 .2145 .03164 .149 14.63
5 – SCA985PL, ZB47, 2.5 .2052 .02953 .145 15.35
6 – SCA985PL, ZB 47, 5 .1841 .02400 .131 16.94

MER / COMPRESSION / CYLINDRICAL / 1 HZ 100°C

Compound Complex Power Loss Power Tan Delta Stiffness
1 - Control 1 .1534 .0656 .131 6.118
2 – SCA 985PL .4330 .0482 .112 7.219
3 – ZB47, 2.5 .5836 .0796 .152 5.403
4 – ZB47, 5 .5043 .0597 .119 6.18
5 – SCA985PL, ZB47, 2.5 .4400 .04452 .102 7.154
6 – SCA985PL, ZB 47, 5 .4257 .04041 .095 7.341

Lubricants 25f
 Mix Data-Control/Si
10 350
Motor (KW) Control
9
Motor (KW) Si 300
8
Temperature (F°) Control

Temperature (F°)
7 Temperature (F°) Si 250
Energy (KW)

6
200
5
150
4

3 100
2
50
1

0 0
0 50 100 150 200 250

Time (Sec.)

Figure 1

Mix Data-Control/2.5ZB
10 350
Motor (KW)
9
Motor (KW) 2.5ZB 300
8
Temperature (F°)
250

Temperature (F°)
7 Temperature (F°) 2.5ZB
Energy (KW)

6
200
5
150
4

3 100
2
50
1

0 0
0 50 100 150 200 250
Time (Sec.)
Figure 2

25g Lubricants
 Mix Data-Control/5.0ZB
10 350

9 Motor (KW) Control

Motor (KW) 5.0ZB 300
8
Temperature (F°) Control
7 250

Temperature (F°)
Temperature (F°) 5.0ZB
Energy (KW)

6
200
5
150
4

3 100
2
50
1

0 0
0 50 100 150 200 250
Time (Sec.)
Figure 3

Mix Data-Control/2.5ZB, Si
10 350
Motor (KW) Control
9
Motor (KW) 2.5ZB, Si 300
8
Temperature (F°) Control
250
7 Temperature (F°) 2.5ZB, Si Temperature (F°)
Energy (KW)

6
200
5
150
4

3 100
2
50
1

0 0
0 50 100 150 200 250
Time (Sec.)
Figure 4

Lubricants 25h
 Mix Data-Control/5.0ZB, Si
10 350
Motor (KW) Control
9
Motor (KW) 5.0ZB, Si 300
8
Temperature (F°) Control
250

Temperature (F°)
7 Temperature (F°) 5.0ZB, Si
Energy (KW)

6
200
5
150
4

3 100
2
50
1

0 0
0 50 100 150 200 250
Time (Sec.)
Figure 5

25i Lubricants
 STRUKTOL® ZB 47

Developed for high natural rubber compounds, both black and mineral-filled, ZB 47
allows for:

• Lower compound viscosity

• Lower heat build-up
• Higher compound modulus
• Improved permanent set
• Improved physical properties
• Improved dynamic properties
• Improved blowout resistance
• Improved heat aged properties
• Improved cut growth resistance

With STRUKTOL® ZB 47 you will have lower mixing temperatures, faster filler
incorporation, and faster mixing cycles!

Contact Struktol Company of America now for our new brochure on ZB 47.

Phone: 800-327-8649 or 330-928-5188

E-mail: customerservice@struktol.com

Lubricants 25j
Processing with Homogenizing Agents
The homogenizing agents are usually added at the beginning of the mixing cycle,
particularly when elastomer blends are used. They exhibit optimum effectiveness at
around their softening temperature.
The recommended dosage is between 4 and 5 phr. Difficult to blend elastomers will
require an addition of 7 to 10 phr.

Struktol Products and their Use

STRUKTOL® 40 MS FLAKES is a mixture of dark, aromatic hydrocarbon resin which

has a very good compatibility with most standard elastomers, such as SBR, NR, NBR,
CR, IIR, BIIR, EPDM and BR and is used in elastomer blends and homopolymer
compounds. Blending of elastomers with different polarities and/or viscosities are
significantly facilitated. In particular difficult to process tire tube and innerliner
compounds have been significantly improved with STRUKTOL 40 MS FLAKES.

STRUKTOL 60 NS FLAKES is a mixture of light-colored aliphatic hydrocarbon resin.

It is designed for light-colored compounds where non-staining is specified. Its action is
comparable with that of STRUKTOL 40 MS FLAKES. This product has proven its
value, particularly in compounds based on NBR/EPDM blends.

STRUKTOL TH 10 A is a mixture of aliphatic and aromatic resins. It is a processing

additive that gives good tack and homogeneity in row compounds. Due to the balanced
combination of the tackifying resins and homogenizing agent, an optimum dispersion of
the ingredients in the raw compound is achieved which maintains its greet tack for
several weeks under normal storage conditions.

STRUKTOL® TH 64 is a mixture of low molecular weight resins. It can be used as a

tackifier for natural and synthetic elastomers for improving long-term building tack.

STRUKTOL® STRUKREZ 110 is a polymeric resin blend. Blending of elastomers

with different polarities or viscosities are significantly facilitated.

STRUKTOL® STRUKREZ 220 is a molecular assembled resin designed for unique

qualities in polymer processing. Green tack is improved with STRUKREZ 220.

42 Homogenizing Agents
 Silane Coupling Agents
Struktol Silane Coupling Agents are used in rubber compounding. They provide coupling of non-black pigments
to the polymer backbone allowing for: Improved abrasion resistance, Higher compound modulus, Lower hystersis,
Improved compression set, Improved rolling resistance in tire tread compounds.

Product
Product name: Chemical composition: Features: Typical data:
form:

STRUKTOL® SCA 98 Bis (3-triethoxysilylpropyl)
tetrasulfide
• Improves reinforcing Sulfur content: 21-23% Yellow liquid
capabilities of fillers with
silanol groups Specific gravity: 1.089
• Improves abrasion
resistance
• Provides higher compound
modulus
• Improves rolling resistance
in tread compounds

STRUKTOL® SCA 98CB Same as SCA 98 • Same as SCA 98 Sulfur content: 10-12% Black powder

Specific gravity: 1.34

STRUKTOL® SCA 98PL Same as SCA 98 • Same as SCA 98 Sulfur content: 10-12% Pale yellow
pastille
Specific gravity: 1.00

STRUKTOL® SCA 98WT Same as SCA 98 • Same as SCA 98 Sulfur content: 7.5-16% Off white
powder
Specific gravity: 1.43

STRUKTOL® SCA 984 3-Thiocyanatopropyltriethoxy • Improves compound Sulfur content: 12% Amber
silane modulus colored
• Improves compression set liquid
• Improves abrasion Specific gravity: 1.03
resistance

STRUKTOL® SCA 985 Bis (3-triethoxysilylpropyl)
disulfide
• Improves reinforcing Sulfur content: 12-14% Yellow liquid
capabilities of fillers with
silanol groups Specific gravity: 1.04
• Improves abrasion
resistance
• Provides higher compound
modulus
• Improves rolling resistance
in tread compounds

Silane Coupling Agents 60a

 Silane Coupling Agents
Product
Product name: Chemical composition: Features: Typical data:
form:

STRUKTOL® SCA 985PL Bis (3-triethoxysilylpropyl) • Same as SCA 985 Sulfur content: 6-7% Pale orange
disulfide pastille
Specific gravity: 1.00

STRUKTOL® SCA 989 3-Mercaptopropyltriethoxy • Improves tensile strength MPTES content ≥95% Clear liquid
silane • Improves tear strength
• Improves abrasion Specific gravity: 0.98
resistance

STRUKTOL® SCA 989 WT 3-Mercaptopropyltriethoxy • Same as SCA 989 SCA 989 content: 70% Light gray
silane powder
Specific gravity: 1.20

STRUKTOL® SCA 960 γ-Glycidyloxypropyl
trimethoxy silane
• Mainly used in glass SCA 960 content: >95.0% Clear liquid
reinforced epoxy resin,
ABS, nylon and PBT
• Improves tensile strength Density: 1.070+0.050
• Improves tear strength
• Improves relative
extensibility

STRUKTOL® SCA 972 Vinyl tri(2-methoxyethoxy)
silane
• Improves the reinforcing SCA 972 content: >98.0% Clear liquid
capability of fillers with
silanol groups in peroxide Density: 1.040+0.020
cured compounds
• Improves tensile strength
• Improves tear strength
• Improves abrasion
resistance

STRUKTOL® SCA 974 γ-Methacryloxypropyl • Improves coupling of fillers SCA 974 content: >97.0% Clear liquid
trimethoxy silane with silanol groups, and
fiberglass in the resin/ Density: 1.040+0.020
polymer matrix

STRUKTOL® SCA 974WT Same as SCA 974 • Same as SCA 974 SCA 974 content: 70.0+2.0 Clear liquid

Density: 1.598+0.020

STRUKTOL® SCA 1100 Aminopropyl triethoxy silane • Improves the reinforcing Min. purity: 98.0% Colorless
properties of fillers liquid
containing hydroxyl groups Specific gravity: 0.941+0.01

(07/07/04)AAC/rca

60b Silane Coupling Agents

 STRUKTOL® SCA 98 & SCA 985
An Overview

STRUKTOL® SCA 98 and SCA 985 are silane coupling agents for use in rubber compounding.
When used in rubber compounding, they provide coupling of non-black pigments to the polymer
backbone allowing for:
Improved abrasion resistance
Higher compound modulus
Lower hysteresis
Improved compression set
Improved rolling resistance in tire tread compounds

The theory for their effectiveness is that the silane portion of the molecule couples with OH
groups on the silica and silicate surfaces in non-black pigments. The sulfur portion of the mole-
cule is available for curing activity and can enter into the vulcanization mechanism. The SCA 98
is a tetra-sulfide silane while the SCA 985 is a di-sulfide silane. When the SCA 985 is used as a
1:1 replacement for the SCA 98, a reduction in the cured modulus and maximum tensile may be
noticed. This can usually be regained by increasing the sulfur level in the final mix pass.

THE REINFORCEMENT OF NON-BLACK FILLERS IS

ENHANCED BY STRUKTOL®SCA 98 & SCA 985

Suggested Dosage phr

Levels per 100 phr filler
Silica, ppt 3 – 13
Clay 0.3 – 1.0
Calcium Stearate 6–7
Magnesium Silicate (talc) 1–4
Fumed Silica 3 - 15

Silane Coupling Agents 60c

 MIXING AND DUMP TEMPERATURE

Part or all of the non-black filler should be dispersed with the STRUKTOL® SCA 98/SCA 985
in the first mixing stage. The remaining ingredients should be added after the silane coupling
agent and the filler have been incorporated. Curatives should be added in the last mixing stage.

SUGGESTED TYPICAL MIX SCHEDULE

0' Rubber
½' ½ to all non-black pigment STRUKTOL® SCA 98/SCA 985
2½' Black, if present, oil, stearic acid, zinc oxide
3½' AO2 , AO3
4½' Clean
5' Dump

Because of the sulfur present in the STRUKTOL® SCA 98/SCA 985, it is necessary to control
the maximum mixing temperature.

The following are recommended dump temperatures:

Natural Rubber 150°C

SBR 150-160°C
NBR 140°C

60d Silane Coupling Agents

 POLYMERS AND STRUKTOL® SCA 98/SCA 985 EFFECTIVENESS

ACM NDA
IIR GOOD
CM GOOD
XNBR GOOD
EPDM EXCELLENT
ECO EXCELLENT
FKM NDA
HIIR HALOBUTYL GOOD
CSM EXCELLENT
NATURAL RUBBER EXCELLENT
CR EXCELLENT
NBR EXCELLENT
BR EXCELLENT
IR EXCELLENT
SBR EXCELLENT
URETHANTE GOOD
VAMAC GOOD

Excellent - STRUKTOL® SCA 98/SCA 985 favorably influences properties, producing

significant improvements in physical properties and state of cure.

Good - STRUKTOL® SCA 98/SCA 985 has an effect on physical properties producing enhanced
modulus and improved abrasion.

NDA - No data available in actual experience with STRUKTOL® SCA 98/SCA 985.

Silane Coupling Agents 60e

 AREAS OF RUBBER INDUSTRY WHERE
STRUKTOL® SCA 98/SCA 985 WOULD BE BENEFICIAL

Footwear - abrasion resistance

- cutting and chunking resistance
- flex life improvement

Rolls - abrasion resistance

- aging resistance
- processing
- set reduction (better load bearing)
- reduced water swell
- lower hysteresis

Mechanical Molded - increased modulus

Goods
- better heat aging
- compression set reduction
- dynamic property improvement
- reduced swell to polar liquids
- filler substitution (non-black for black)

Hose - improved abrasion on cover

- better heat aging
- increased modulus
- lower compression set
- improved adhesion to reinforcing elements

Solid Tires - improved abrasion

- lower hysteresis
- higher modulus
- improved processing

60f Silane Coupling Agents

 Tires - treads for abrasion, hot tear, improved rolling resistance,
- lower hystersis
- carcass for adhesion and/or filler substitution
- breaker (belt) stocks for adhesion

Belts - Flat Belts - increased abrasion

- improved reversion resistance
- reduced cost with clay substitution for black
- improved cord adhesion
- increased flex life and modulus

Belts - V Belts - increased modulus

- improved abrasion
- longer flex life
- improved adhesion to reinforcing elements

Silane Coupling Agents 60g

 Struktol Silane Coupling Agents

Struktol silane coupling agents are for use in rubber compounds, particularly mineral-filled, and
allow for:

• Lower compound viscosity

• Higher compound modulus
• Improved abrasion resistance
• Lower hysteresis
• Improved compression set
• Improved rolling resistance in tire tread compounds
• Improved dispersibility
• Faster incorporation

Contact Struktol Company of America now for our Silane Coupling Agents brochure with CD.

Phone: 800-327-8649 or 330-928-5188

E-mail: customerservice@struktol.com

60h Silane Coupling Agents

 Peroxide Dispersions

Struktol peroxide dispersions are widely used in crosslinking several polymers in the
rubber industry, as well as acting as a viscosity reducer in polypropylene. The
proprietary carriers aid in dispersing the peroxide and will reduce incorporation time.

Product
Product name: Chemical composition: Features: Typical data:
form:

STRUKTOL® 70% active Dicumyl • Higher peroxide content Melting point: 30-40 °C white
Peroxide DCP 70 • FDA sanctioned pastille
• Improved dispersion Specific gravity: 1.071
• Easy handling

STRUKTOL® 60% active α,α’-bis • Higher peroxide content Dropping point: 73-82 °C off-white
Peroxide DBDB 60 (tert-butylperoxy)- • Improved dispersion pastille
diisopropylbenzene • Easy handling Specific gravity: 0.955

Peroxide Dispersions 70a

 MOLD CLEANING WITH STRUKTOL® MC-A

Moving Die Rheometer Cavity

Press Mold

124 Examples for the Application of Processing Agents