Machine Visi n

Lecture # 3: Basics of DIP

Muhammad Rzi Abbas Department of Mechatronics and Control Engineering

muhammadrziabbas@uet.edu.pk
Lecturer, Mechatronics Dept.
University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore
Machine Vision
• There can be numerous other aspects, but the major objective is:
• Acquire it
• Process it
• Understand it
Image Processing vs Machine Vision
(Summary)
• Low level process (Digital Image Processing)
• Primitive operations where inputs and outputs are images
• Major functions: image pre-processing like noise reduction, contrast
enhancement, image sharpening, etc.
• Mid-level process (Digital Image Processing and Machine Vision)
• Inputs are images, outputs are attributes (e.g., edges)
• Major functions: segmentation, description, classification/recognition of
objects
• High level process (Machine Vision)
• Make sense of an ensemble of recognized objects; perform the cognitive
functions normally associated with vision
Machine Vision Steps
Basics
• Images are signals
• Signals can be
• 1-Dimensional (e.g. anything dependent on time),
• 2-Dimensional (e.g. an image dependent on two coordinates on a plane)
• 3-Dimensional (e.g. a volumetric object in a 3D space, or a video)
• For most of the practical tasks and for the scope of this course an
image can be modeled as f(x,y)
Basics
• The (gray-scale) image function values correspond to brightness at
image points.
• The function value can express other physical quantities as well
• Temperature,
• Pressure distribution,
• Distance from the observer,
• Distance from a particular point in the same image, etc.
• Images bearing values regarding brightness at a point are called
‘Intensity Images’
Basics
• 2D Intensity Images are merely a projection of the real 3D scene
• Recognizing or reconstructing a 3D object from 2D projections is an
ill-posed problem.
• Another problem is understanding image brightness, because it
depends on a number of factors
• object surface reflectance properties (given by the surface material,
microstructure, and marking)
• illumination properties,
• and object surface orientation with respect to a viewer and light source
Basics
• Some applications work with 2D images directly, for example:
• an image of a flat specimen viewed by a microscope with transparent
illumination,
• a character drawn on a sheet of paper,
• the image of a fingerprint, etc.
• Many basic and useful methods used in digital image analysis do not
therefore depend on whether the object was originally 2D or 3D
Basics
• Image processing often deals with static images, in which time, t, is
constant.
• A monochromatic static image is represented by a discrete image
function f (x,y) whose arguments are two co-ordinates in the plane
• Computerized image processing uses digital image functions which
are usually represented by matrices, so co-ordinates are natural
numbers.
Basics
• The domain of the image function is a region R in the plane

• where xm , yn represent the maximal image co-ordinates

Basics
• The range of image function values is also limited; by convention, in
monochromatic images the lowest value corresponds to black and
the highest to white.
• Brightness values bounded by these limits are gray-levels.
Basics
• The quality of a digital image grows in proportion to the
• Spatial resolution: the proximity of image samples in the image plane
• Spectral resolution: the bandwidth of the light frequencies captured by the
sensor
• Radiometric resolution: the number of distinguishable gray-levels
• Time resolution: the interval between time samples at which images are
captured
References
• Image Processing, Analysis and Machine Vision by Milan Sonka,
Vaclav Hlavac and Roger Boyle, 3rd Edition, 2008.
• Chapter 1 (Sections 1.2 and 1.3)
• Chapter 2 (Section 2.1 and 2.2)
• Machine Vision by David Vernon, Published in 1991
• Chapter 1 (Section 1.1)
• Chapter 3 (Section 3.1 and 3.3)
• Computer and Machine Vision – Theory, Algorithms, Practicalities by
E.R.Davies, 4th Edition ELSEVIER, 2012
• Chapter 1 (Sections 1.1, 1.2.1 and 1.2.2)