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Beamd Ca
Beamd Ca
July 2017
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While every precaution has been taken in the preparation of this document, the publisher and the author assume no
responsibility for errors or omissions, or for damages resulting from the use of information contained in this
document or from the use of programs that may accompany it. In no event shall the publisher and the author be
liable for any loss of profit or any other commercial damage caused or alleged to have been caused directly or
indirectly by this document.
Disclaimer
The BEAMD program has been written by a team of highly qualified engineers
and programmers and have been extensively tested. Nevertheless, the authors
of the software do not assume responsibility for the validity of the results
obtained from the programs or for the accuracy of this documentation
Last not least, we want to thank EC Software who wrote the help tool called HELP & MANUAL that was used to
create this document.
Contents 3
Table of Contents
Foreword 0
Part I General 7
1 File management
...................................................................................................................................
- general 7
2 Seismic
...................................................................................................................................
design - general 8
3 Right click
................................................................................................................................... 9
4 Select ...................................................................................................................................
spans 9
5 Undo ................................................................................................................................... 10
6 What's
...................................................................................................................................
new - 2017 10
3
4 BEAMD
Part IV Geometry 47
1 Span ...................................................................................................................................
lengths 47
2 Sections
................................................................................................................................... 48
2.1 Stairs .......................................................................................................................................................... 51
3 Support
...................................................................................................................................
widths 52
4 Exterior
...................................................................................................................................
supports 53
5 Columns
................................................................................................................................... 53
5.1 Colum n section .......................................................................................................................................................... 54
6 Titles................................................................................................................................... 55
7 Springs
................................................................................................................................... 56
8 No supports
................................................................................................................................... 56
9 Elastic
...................................................................................................................................
foundations 57
Part V Loads 59
1 General
................................................................................................................................... 60
2 Uniform
................................................................................................................................... 60
3 Point ...................................................................................................................................
/ moment 61
4 Linear
................................................................................................................................... 61
5 Linear
...................................................................................................................................
line 63
6 Trapeze
................................................................................................................................... 63
7 Self-weight
................................................................................................................................... 64
8 Axial ................................................................................................................................... 64
9 Wind ................................................................................................................................... 64
10 Seismic
................................................................................................................................... 65
11 Load ...................................................................................................................................
factors 66
11.1 Dead/live factors
.......................................................................................................................................................... 67
11.2 Wind/seism ic..........................................................................................................................................................
factors 68
12 Copy ................................................................................................................................... 68
13 Revise
................................................................................................................................... 69
14 Delete................................................................................................................................... 69
15 Load ...................................................................................................................................
groups 70
16 Support
...................................................................................................................................
deflections 71
Part VI Design 71
1 Reinforcement
................................................................................................................................... 73
1.1 Redistribution.......................................................................................................................................................... 74
1.2 Increase w idth .......................................................................................................................................................... 75
2 Shear................................................................................................................................... 76
2.1 Shear design ..........................................................................................................................................................
options 77
2.2 Link details .......................................................................................................................................................... 78
2.3 Additional options
.......................................................................................................................................................... 80
2.4 Link arrangem..........................................................................................................................................................
ent 81
3 Specify
...................................................................................................................................
'As' 82
4 Design
...................................................................................................................................
- properties 84
5 Data ................................................................................................................................... 85
5
6 BEAMD
Index 191
1 General
BEAMD is a program that analyzes, designs and details reinforced concrete continuous beams.
The end product of the program is a complete engineering drawing, with all reinforcement drawn and
labeled according to the standards, as well as a complete bar schedule. The final engineering drawing
may be plotted, printed, or written to a file in DXF format.
Beams may be grouped into "Projects" to simplify management and to facilitate the arrangement of
drawings. Refer to File management - general 7 .
Related programs:
· BARSW - create bar schedules
· SECTION - create beam sections
These programs are either accessed directly from BEAMD or may be used as stand-alone programs.
Note:
· Up to 50 Projects can be created in every BEAMD 'current folder'.
· The sum of the number of beams in the 50 Projects in a working folder cannot exceed 3999.
· A Project serves as the basis of a drawing. All of the beams on a particular drawing must be saved in
the same Project.
· All beams are identified by their title, as defined in Geometry 47 .
· File management (delete/copy/move,etc) is internal.
The program also checks the beam for the design shear from all load combinations.
Note that Mcap is calculated from the actual reinforcement; it is important that the user increase the
theoretical values to reflect the actual detailing.
IF stirrups are calculated from Ve , subject to the minimum requirements in the Code. In general, closed
hoops at reduced spacing are required at all locations where plastic hinges may form (and to a distance
x' beyond):
Note:
· The span/support selection method was different in older versions of BEAMD (up to V11.5). Contact
your BEAMD dealer to restore the previous method.
1.5 Undo
Click Undo to reverse the previous step in geometry, loads or design (including changes to parameters).
· click repeatedly to undo all steps back to the start of the session
· any step that is undone cannot be restored
Geometry:
· Sections: steel sections may now be selected from tables.
· "Wizard": sketches of the sections have been added to the menu.
Design:
· "As="; actual steel areas at supports and span may now be defined by specifying a diameter and
number of bars.
· automatic link design has been improved: new options to reduce the number of groups, the may the
groups symmetric, etc.
· Link design where a concentrated load is applied at a distance < 2d from the support face is now done
according to the relevant Code clauses.
BARPLT:
· The link detailing options have been improved.
· Setup: exterior support hook detailing parameters have been added
· Bars can now be moved by specifying the distance been the end of the bar and the center of the
support.
· Internal support at bottom only and upper surface level varies: top bars are now extended to the
support face
Section:
· The options for defining bars in the section have been improved and expanded.
· A bar label can now be defined for any group of bars.
2 Main menu
The program Main Menu is displayed when the icon is clicked in the Windows desktop or when
is clicked in any of the program modules:
· the program lists the existing beams in the current project/folder, sorted alphabetically, by date or by
beam number; the beam status (designed only, designed & detailed, detailed & arranged on drawing)
is indicated by the small icon at the left of the line.
· To sort the beams according to one of the columns, click on the column header; the displayed
alongside the header indicates that the column is sorted in ascending order (e.g. sorted by beam title -
models starting with 'A' are displayed first; sorted by date - the oldest beam is displayed first). Click
again to sort in descending order - the symbol in the header is revised to .
· clicking on any line highlights the beam title; the program displays the latest view of the beam and its
statistics at the bottom of the screen.
· click on an option in the toolbar, an icon in the icon bar or a tab in the tab bar; this initiates the
relevant option for the highlighted beam.
· multiple beams may be selected for the delete and copy beam options.
The list of beam titles is displayed sorted according to any of the five columns in the table:
· Beam title
· Date
· Detailed: - Yes: the beam has been detailed
- Incompatible: beam was revised but not detailed again
· On drawing - Yes: the beam has been added to a drawing
· beam number - e.g. for '018' beam files are B018.BMD, etc
To sort the beams according to one of the columns, click on the column header; a is displayed
alongside the header, indicating that the column is sorted in ascending order (e.g. sorted by title -
models starting with 'A' are displayed first; sorted by date - the oldest beam is displayed first). Click
again to sort in descending order - the symbol in the header is revised to .
2.1 Files
New beam
Select this option to define a new beam.
Redesign a beam
To redesign an existing beam:
· highlight a beam in the beam list and select this option - or -
· double-click a beam in the beam list - or -
· highlight a beam in the beam list and click a tab in the tab bar (e.g. Geometry, Loads, etc.)
Previous folders
The last five folders selected in the Change folder 14 option are displayed at the bottom of the File menu.
Clicking one of these lines will make that folder the new current folder.
Copy
· click the button.
The program goes directly to the geometry screen for the copied beam.
Note
· any volume may be selected.
· The last five folders selected in the Change folder option are displayed at the bottom of the File
menu 13 . Clicking one of these lines makes that folder the new current folder.
Select
· To select an existing project, highlight the project line and click .
· To create a new project, click on an empty project (No.of beams = 0) and type in the project name
(maximum 50 characters), designer name, beam name prefix & suffix.
· To revise the name/designer/ beam name prefix & suffix of an existing project, click and highlight the
existing text, then edit the text.
Delete
· To delete a project - highlight the project line and click . All beams, detailing, drawings and
sections that belong the the project are deleted
· Select Delete beams or click the icon in the menu bar to delete the beam, including the
detailing, from the list
· Select Delete detailing only to delete only the detailing (the geometry and loads are not deleted and
the beam remains in the list).
·
· Select Files - Copy a beam to another folder or click the icon; the program displays the
following dialog box:
· Type in the name of the destination folder in the Copy to text box, click the button to choose a
Browse
recently selected folder or click and select the folder from the list. The program creates a
new folder if the specified one does not exist.
Select project
· Click the button; a list of the projects in the selected folder are displayed. For
example:
· Click and highlight an existing project or select Open a new project and type in the project name.
Copy
· click the button to begin copying.
To create a copy of a model in the current folder, refer to Copy the current beam 14 .
· Select Files - Copy a beam from another folder or click the icon; the program displays the
following dialog box:
· Type in the name of the source folder in the Copy from text box, click the button to choose a
Browse
recently selected folder or click and select the folder from the list.
Select project
· Click the button; a list of the projects in the selected folder are displayed. For
example:
· Click and highlight an existing project; the program displays a list of the beams in the project.
· Highlight one or more beams in the beam list
OK
· click the button to begin copying.
To create a copy of a model in the current folder, refer to Copy the current beam 14 .
ZIP beams
· Select Files - ZIP beams or click the icon and select
· Create a new ZIP file or add the beams to an existing file:
Browse
ת type in the path\ZIP file name or browse to the path/file by clicking .
ת select Copy with detailing to ZIP the detailing file (if the beam was detailed)
Select project
תclick .
· The program displays a list of projects:
ZIP
Select an existing project or Open a new project and click
· for an existing ZIP file, select one of the following options:
where:
Add the beam to the file
the selected beams are added to the file
Replace the file
the existing file is erased and a new one is created with the selected beams
Select another ZIP file
Cancel the option and enter a different file name before continuing.
UnZIP beams
· Select Files - UnZIP beams or click the icon and select
· Select a ZIP file:
Browse
ת type in the path\ZIP file name or browse to the path/file by clicking .
ת select Copy with detailing to UNZIP the detailing file (if the beam was detailed)
Select project
תclick .
· The program displays a list of projects:
Select beams
Select an existing project and click
· Click and highlight beams in the list:
OK
· click ; the beams are added to the current project.
OK
· To select an existing project, highlight the project name and click
New
· To create a new project, click .
Browse
· type the destination folder name in the Copy to box or click and browse to the folder
· type in the name of the new project
· set Copy with detailing to if you do not want to copy detailing, sections and drawing layout
Copy
· highlight a project and click the button
Note:
· refer to File management - general 7 .
Copy an entire project from the same folder, a different folder or another volume:
· the project will always be copied as a separate new project
· all beams will be copied; detailing, sections and drawings are optional
Browse
· type the folder name in the Copy from box or click and browse to the folder
Select project
· click ; the program will display the list of projects in the list box
· set Copy with detailing to if you do not want to copy detailing, sections and drawing layout
Copy
· highlight a project and click the button.
Note:
· refer to File management - general 7 .
ZIP a project
· Select Files - ZIP a project or click the icon and select
· select the project:
Browse
ת type in the path\ZIP file name or browse to the path/file by clicking .
ת select Copy with detailing to ZIP the detailing file (if the beam was detailed)
ZIP
ת click .
· for an existing ZIP file,select one of the following options:
where:
Add the beam to the file
the selected beams are added to the file
UNZIP a project
· Select Files - UNZIP a project or click the icon and select
· Select a ZIP file:
Browse
ת type in the path\ZIP file name or browse to the path/file by clicking .
ת select Copy with detailing to UNZIP the detailing file (if the beam was detailed)
Select project
ת click .
· The program displays a list of projects:
UNZIP
select a project and click .
· Enter a new name for the project, if necessary.
2.1.14 Rename
Define a new title for the highlighted beam. The title may also be revised in the Geometry - Titles 55
option (not available for beams generated by STRAP - concrete).
The list of beams that is displayed on the main screen may be corrupted, even though all of the beam
files (Bnnn.DAT, etc) are present in the folder.
This option recreates the beam list, based on the beam files found in the folder. Please use this option
with caution and only when necessary.
2.1.16 Search
Find a beam or project anywhere on the disk, etc, by searching for a string in the beam/project titles:
Search
· click to start the search.
Select
· to select the project/beam in the list, click and highlight the appropriate line and click ; the
relevant project is displayed on the main menu and its folder becomes the new current folder.
Note:
· when you select Search again the results of the previous search are displayed in the list; if you
selected the wrong project or beam previously from the list there is no need to search again.
2.1.17 Exit
Select this option to terminate the program. You may also click the icon in the upper-right corner of
the screen.
You may revise the classification of the beam as a "beam", "rib" or "slab":
Note:
OK
· this menu is displayed only if you select any BEAMD parameter option and click in its dialog
box.
2.2 Detail
Select one of the following options:
· detail the highlighted beam
· display and revise the existing detailing for the highlighted beam
· arrange a drawing with detailed beams and sections, text, etc.
· create/edit a bar schedule automatically from a drawing, or manually
· create standard sections for the section library
In general, the program matchs up the largest rectangles in both sections while maintaining all other
dimensions. The bars and stirrups in the current section replace those in the library section. Clips,
blocks and dimension lines are added in the same locations but are updated for the current section
dimensions.
2.3 Setup
Specify the initial parameter and default values for all new beams.
Code
Select a design code from the list box.
Units
Select the display and output units for design options:
Preferences
2.3.1 Colours
You may specify the screen colours for:
· background
· graphic lines, e.g. beams, loads, moment diagrams, detailing, etc.
· text associated with each graphic line
The options are grouped in four separate tabs:
· Design screens
· Detailed beam display, including sections
· “Check” reinforcement detailing screen
· "Pen” colours.
For example, "design" colours:
Background:
· click the button
OK
· select one of the basic colors or create a custom colour; click the button.
2.3.2 Concrete
The following values are defined in the table:
where:
Spans = the number of adjacent spans on which the pattern is applied
1, etc = the span is loaded with maximum dead and maximum live loads
2, etc = the span is loaded with minimum dead load only
Three load cases are generated for the patterns specified in the menu above:
Another example:
For ACI 318, the default pattern for support moments is:
the support moments increase only by approximately 1% in beams with uniform loads and span lengths,
but there will be more load cases generated for longer beams.
2.3.4 Reinforcement
Modify the data pertaining to the reinforcement bars:
Bars
For each diameter: modify the bar name, its area, and specify whether it can be used for main
reinforcement and/or stirrups.
Note:
· the bar name is a character string that may contain non-numerical characters, e.g "#8"
· the area must be entered in millimeters².
· Bar sizes marked as "No" for main reinforcement or stirrups are not displayed in the relevant list
boxes.
· To toggle the "Yes"/"No", click on the line and modify the checkbox that is then displayed.
Grades
· Enter the steel grades in mPa. Up to five different grades may be defined and they will be displayed in
the reinforcement/shear parameters list boxes.
· Specify the default steel grades for the main reinforcement and stirrups; enter a number between 1 and
5 corresponding to the list. Note that the defaults are used only when the first beam is defined in any
folder.
2.3.5 Detailing
Scale
Specify the default scale for beams and sections.
2.3.5.1 General
Bars are made symmetric about the centre line if 'left-right' is less than the value specified here.
Example:
The required lengths are left 1250 and right = 925, i.e. a difference of 375 mm:
· the option is set to 400 mm. ( > 375):
the bar length is revised to 2500 mm (2x1250)
· the option is set to 300 mm. ( < 375):
Aggregate size
In most design codes the aggregate size is required to calculate the minimum spacing between bars.
Start of cage
For 'cage' method only: Specify the gap between the ends of the longitudinal bars and the face of the
supports.
Specify the minimum 'gap' dimension. This value is used by the program when the user 'rearranges' the
stirrups in the Detailing module.
Allow 1 bar
If two or more layers are required:
at least two bars are provided in the last layer, even if not required.
only one bar may be detailed in the last layer
2.3.5.2 Parameters
There is a separate menu for each design type: beam, slab, rib, etc.
No. of diameters
Instruct the program to either use only one diameter at every design location or to use two diameters if a
more economical solution can be achieved (e.g. 3f20 + 2f16).
Note:
· the program will never detail one bar only for the smaller diameter
· the smaller diameter will not be less than 0.45 x larger diameter.
2.3.5.3 Bent-up
2.3.5.4 Hangers
Stirrups hangers are additional top bars added added to tie the stirrups where not required by the
moment diagram.
· specify the nominal overlap length with the top support bars
· delete the link hangers and extend the top bars from the adjacent supports if the link hanger length is
less than the specified value.
· specify the minimum diameter for the link hangers
2.3.5.5 Slabs
Beams designated as "slabs" are detailed with bar spacing (e.g. f10@250) instead of number of bars
(8f10).
Specify the minimum bar spacing value and the round-off value of both top and bottom bars:
2.3.5.6 Pens/dxf
The lines in the detailed beam drawing are arranged in several "groups", e.g, "Beam title", "Column name
frame", etc.
All lines in a group have certain identical properties when displayed on the screen or sent to an output
device.
Specify the default crank dimensions (A), (B) and (C) as shown in the dialog box.
Note:
· these dimensions cannot be modified for individual beams or bars after automatic detailing.
· the vertical crank dimension (A) on the drawing will not be drawn as less than the "Minimum vertical
offset" value (i.e. the crank will generally not be drawn to scale vertically).
· if "Show crank details in bar schedule" is set to , cranked bars will be shown as straight bars in the
schedule.
2.3.6.1 Bars
2.3.6.2 Links
Elevation:
2.3.6.3 Sections
2.3.7.1 Cage
The default segment dimensions are either fixed length, a function of span length or a function of the bar
diameter.
2.3.7.2 Bent
The default segment dimensions are either fixed length, a function of span length or a function of the bar
diameter.
Note:
· The dimension B is used as the left margin width when printing the design output tables (geometry,
loads, moment diagrams, etc).
Note: "Draft" style prints all data in Courier 10 cpi font without any vertical or horizontal lines. This style
cannot be edited.
Style name
Define a name for the style; the name will appear in the tabular printing dialog box "style list"
Style items
Select the margin size, fonts, font sizes, etc. for all items in the output tables. Only options shown in
the following example are relevant.
Printer
Select a default printer for the style. The printer may be changed when actually printing the tables.
2.4 Output
Print beams
Print selected tables for the highlighted beams (more than one beam may be selected):
Weight tables
Display the ratio of reinforcement weight to concrete volume for detailed beams. Select one of two
options:
Note:
· Concrete volume is calculated from the web area only.
· Weight is not calculated for beams that have not been detailed.
Beam list
Print the main screen beam list, for all projects in the file or the current project only. For example:
3 New beam
Define a new beam:
· Only the list of span lengths are compulsory;
· Support widths, section type and dimensions, loads, etc. are optional; the program will prompt for the
data later on if it is not entered here.
Note:
· for stairs, refer to Section - stairs 51
· span lengths are measured from centre-to-centre of supports.
· enter the lengths according to the units displayed on the screen (span default units may be specified
in the Setup 25 option).
· enter a list of span lengths separated by spaces. For example, a 4 span beam:
5.65 7.5 5.65 1.3
· If the span units are 'feet', the dimensions may be entered as feet'-inch", separated by a '-'; the
symbol ' (ft) and " (in) are optional. For example: 15'-9" 15-9 15'-9 15-9" 15.75 are all accepted by
the program and are identical
· the default width will be assigned to all supports; different widths for specific supports can be defined in
the Geometry screen.
· Program capacity = 20 spans
Exterior supports
The exterior end supports of the beam may be pinned, fixed or cantilevered. Specify the support type for
left and/or right end supports.
Support names
Define the support names (optional).
· if the support names are not define the program assigns the default names 1 2 3 ...
· all defined names are added automatically to the beam title (see below).
Beam title
Define/revise the beam title.
· the support names should be defined first (see above).
· if support names and the title are not defined, the program creates the default title: Beam: 1 2 3 .....
Beam type
Specify whether the new beam is a "beam", "rib", "slab" or a "stair":
· for stairs, refer to Section - stairs 51
· the program will use the parameters of the previous beam of the selected type as the default
parameters of the new beam.
· the detailing module will use the beam type specified here.
Section
Define a uniform section for all beams in the span:
· the section type
· enter the dimensions (note the current units).
Note:
· different sections 48 for selected spans can be defined later in the Geometry module.
· if section data does not have to be defined in this menu (if not defined, the program will display the
Section 48 menus before displaying the geometry).
Loads
Define a uniform load for all spans in the beam:
· the load may be Service or Factored; define Dead and Live (imposed) loads separately
· set to automatically apply the beam self-weight as a dead load
Note:
· this data is optional.
· additional loads may be applied in the Loads 59 module.
4 Geometry
Enter a list of span lengths separated by spaces. For example, a 4 span beam:
5.65 7.5 5.65 1.3
If the span units are 'feet', the dimensions may be entered as feet'-inch", separated by a '-'; the symbol
' (ft) and " (in) are optional. For example: 15'-9" 15-9 15'-9 15-9" 15.75 are all accepted by the
program and are identical
Note:
· if spans are added/deleted, the program tries to ensure that section, columns, etc. remain assigned to
the original spans/supports.
· span lengths are measured from centre-to-centre of supports.
· enter the lengths according to the units displayed on the screen (span default units may be specified
in the Setup 25 option).
· Program capacity = 20 spans
4.2 Sections
Specify the section for selected spans:
for stairs refer to Section - stairs 51 .
· select the spans using the standard span/support selection option 9
· specify the section type.
Sections - by dimensions
Define the section dimensions according to the diagram in the dialog box. For example, a T-section:
Note:
· all dimensions must be entered in the units displayed in the dialog box (the dimension units may be
specified in the Setup 25 option).
· for flanged sections (T, L, I), it is the user's responsibility to ensure that the flange width does not
exceed the maximum dimension specified by the Code).
· values may be defined in exponential format, e.g. 23.42E5 instead of 2,342,000
Tapered sections
Define a tapered beam section by entering different dimensions for the left and right ends of the span:
Note:
Flip
· click to switch the left and right dimensions. he program creates a new section group if
necessary, for example:
· the program calculates the span stiffness according to the tapered section and all results are
calculated at each point along the span according the dimensions at that point.
Sections - by properties
Define the section properties according to the units displayed in the dialog box:
Note:
· the properties may be defined in exponential format, e.g. 23.42E5 instead of 2,342,000
· The program cannot calculate reinforcement for sections defined by properties; only moment/shear
diagrams and deflections will be calculated (the program will prompt for the modulus of elasticity of the
material).
Sections - Steel
Select a steel section from one of the following tables:
Contact your BEAMD dealer if your
national steel section table is not
displayed in the list.
Note:
· Only moment/shear diagrams and deflections are calculated for steel sections.
Same as:
Assign an existing section to the selected span. Select the span with the existing section using the
standard span/support selection option 9 .
If you selected a single span and the program finds the same section in other spans, you may revise the
section in all identical spans at the same time.
Choose one of the following options.
Revise all spans with same section
The section in all spans with the selected section will be revised, even though you selected only one
span.
Revise selected span only
Revise the section in the selected span only; all of the other spans will remain unchanged.
4.2.1 Stairs
Define stairs:
· stairs consist of a series of landings and flights.
· each "span" consists of a landing and a flight of stairs.
· multiple spans create intermediate landings
· each span requires three dimensions: L1, L2 and H :
· the first and last supports are either pinned or fixed; all intermediate ones are "no supports".
· a different thickness may be defines for the landings (tL ) and the stairs (ts)
A single flight consists of the landing and stairs of Span 1 and the
landing of Span 2.
Note:
· Existing columns at the exterior supports are deleted.
4.5 Columns
Define columns at any support location. The program will analyze a sub-frame consisting of the beam
and the columns.
Note that the beam moments are reduced as the support moments are distributed to the beams
according to the relative beam and column stiffnesses.
All locations
Specify Top or Bottom, Bottom only or Top only, then click or
Selected locations
Sections - dimensions
Define the column dimensions and length according to the units displayed in the dialog box. For
example a rectangular column:
Section properties
Define the column properties and length according to the units displayed in the dialog box:
Note:
· that the properties may be defined in exponential format, e.g. 2.342E6 instead of 2,342,000.
· all columns are fixed at their ends.
Sections - same as
Assign an existing column section to the selected column. Select the column with the existing section
using the standard span/support selection option 9 .
4.6 Titles
Revise the support, span and beam titles.
To revise a support/span title:
· click and highlight the support/span title in the appropriate list box
· type in a new name
OK
· press when finished.
Note:
· support names are automatically updated in the Beam title (if the program finds the previous support
name in the title).
4.7 Springs
Define flexible supports:
4.8 No supports
Supports may be removed at the junction of two spans. This is option may be used to define a span with
a variable cross section.
· select the supports using the standard span/support selection option 9
Example:
Note:
· the supports cannot be removed from the exterior supports (define a cantilever).
Therefore, long beams should be created with more than one span so that the distance between the
springs (L/20) is relatively small and the calculation is more accurate (note that the program can
automatically create springs at the 'supports' between these spans):
ת Set Create/delete springs at supports to automatically create a spring at the common support
of two selected spans:
ת Set Unidirectional springs to define elastic supports that can take compression only, i.e. the
program assumes there is no contact between the soil and the foundation in the case of uplift. The
program carries out an iterative calculation where each spring at L/20 is checked individually.
Note:
· if bidirectional beams are defined, the generated springs are linear and two-way, i.e. there may be
tension forces in the springs. In such cases, negative values of pressure are displayed in the reaction
results.
· the program calculates the deflections for beams on elastic foundations from the net elastic deflection
between supports or beam ends:
The actual deflection is derived from the cracked section stiffness according to the Code without any
consideration for the influence of the foundation. This assumption may be conservative for beams on
relatively stiff elastic foundations.
5 Loads
Define a point load 61 (or a series of loads) at any location along the span
Define a linear 61 load segment (or a series of segments) starting and ending
anywhere along the span
Define additional load groups 70 . The results from all load groups will be
combined to create a single moment/shear envelope for design
5.1 General
Vertical load types that may be defined are:
Note:
· Torsional moments are defined by applying an eccentricity to any of the vertical loads
· wind/seismic moment diagrams may be defined and combined with gravity (vertical) load diagrams
· support deflections may be defined as load cases.
BEAMD calculates the reinforcement (longitudinal and transverse) based on a result envelope, i.e. it
calculates the moment, shear and torsion diagrams from individual load cases, combines them and
retains the maximum and minimum values at all points along the length of the beam.
Load cases are generated automatically by the program or may be defined individually by the user:
· envelope loads may be either factored or service (the program will automatically increase the loads by
the relevant load factors); dead and live (imposed) loads are defined separately.
· The user may define a series of load groups (only one group will be defined in most beams).
· Each group may be either an envelope (the program will automatically generate the load cases
according to the min/max patterns) or an individual load case (the program calculates a single
moment diagram).
· The program combines the results from all load groups to form a single design envelope for the
beam.
· The load patterns are defined in the Setup option.
5.2 Uniform
Enter the load values according to the displayed units:
· the load type (service or factored) is displayed in the header
· positive load = downwards
· torsional moments are defined by applying an eccentricity to the load
5.4 Linear
Define a series of linear load segments (4 maximum)
Define the first segment:
Note:
· if the spans selected have different lengths, the box will be displayed separately for each group of span
lengths (note the list of spans at the top of the dialog box)
· the units and load type (service or factored) are displayed in the header
· positive load = downwards
· the load must start and end on the same span; to define a load that starts and ends on different
spans, use the Linear-line 63 option.
· torsional moments are defined by applying an eccentricity to the load
Additional segment
Click to define additional segments:
Note:
· The program automatically assigns the loads at the end of the current segment to the start of the
following segment; they may be revised.
· A segment with zero length will be ignored.
· the units and load type (service or factored) are displayed in the header
· positive load = downwards
· the span selected is the "start" span; note that only one span may be selected, i.e. all linear-line loads
must be defined separately.
· torsional moments are defined by applying an eccentricity to the load
5.6 Trapeze
· the units and load type (service or factored) are displayed in the header
5.7 Self-weight
Automatically apply the self-weight of the beam.
The program multiplies the area of the beam by the unit weight of concrete and the factor and applies the
result as a dead load.
5.8 Axial
Define an axial load (tension or compression) on the selected spans:
Note:
· only one axial load may be defined per span; if you select the same span again the program will retain
only the last load entered.
· the program calculates the reinforcement at any point from the two combinations axial load with the
moments - minimum moment and maximum moment - and uses the greater value.
· the axial loads are increased by the same load factors as the vertical loads.
· enter the load values according to the units displayed in the dialog box.
5.9 Wind
Define load moment diagrams. The program will add these moment diagrams to the envelope, as
follows:
· Envelope:
The load factors for the Wind load combinations are specified in the Load factors 68 option. If the
"Minimum" dead/live factors are equal to "Maximum" dead/live factors, the program will add the wind
moment diagrams to a single gravity load case. If the factors are not equal, the program calculates a
moment envelope and adds the wind moments to each individual load case. Refer also to Design
assumptions 185
· User defined
The wind moments are defined as separate loading cases that are added to the moment diagrams
calculated for the other individual load cases.
Enter the wind moment values in the table according to the units displayed in the dialog box. Note that
two different moment diagrams may be defined:
The moments in the table correspond to:
5.10 Seismic
Define seismic load moment diagrams. The program will add these moment diagrams to the envelope,
as follows:
· Envelope:
The load factors for the Seismic load combinations are specified in the Load factors 68 option. If the
"Minimum" dead/live factors are equal to "Maximum" dead/live factors, the program will add the
seismic moment diagrams to a single gravity load case. If the factors are not equal, the program
calculates a moment envelope and adds the seismic moments to each individual load case. Refer
also to Design assumptions 185
· User defined
The seismic moments are defined as separate loading cases that are added to the moment diagrams
calculated for the other individual load cases.
Refer to Seismic - general 8 for more information.
Select the "frame type" (according to the current seismic code) and enter the seismic moment values in
the table. Note that two different moment diagrams may be defined:
Revise the load factors used by the program to calculate the moment,shear and deflection envelopes for
Dead and Live load combinations. The default factors are the ones specified by the Code.
· Service:
These factors are used to calculate the deflection envelope.
· Factored:
These factors are used to calculate the moment and shear envelopes. For example, to calculate the
maximum moment in the centre span, the program will apply the loads increased by the factors in the
menu:
Note:
· All factors = 1.00 for "Envelope - factored load" or "Individual" load cases. Service load deflections are
calculated according to the load factors specified in the Deflection parameter option.
More than one envelope may be calculated by the program. In the following example:
· Dead & Wind
· Dead & Live & Wind
Note:
· If the "Minimum" dead/live factors are equal to "Maximum" dead/live factors, the program adds the
wind/seismic moment diagrams to a single gravity load case. If the factors are not equal, the program
calculates a moment envelope and adds the wind/seismic moments to each individual load case.
5.12 Copy
Copy existing loads to other spans. You may copy a specific load or selected load types:
· Select a load; move the crosshair adjacent to the centre of the load so that the load is highlighted with
the ; click the mouse.
· Select the options:
Select the load types to copy by selecting the types at the right.
Mirror loads
Draw the mirror image of the load (this option is relevant only for point and linear loads)
· Select the spans that the load shall be copied to:
Loads can be copied only to spans having the same length (except for uniform loads and self-weight).
5.13 Revise
Revise any of the defined loads:
· Select the load:
Move the crosshair adjacent to the centre of the load so that the load is highlighted with the ; click
the mouse.
· The program displays the relevant load definition menu with the current values; revise the loads and/or
the distances.
· If the load was defined on two or more spans, you may revise the load on all of the spans or only on
the selected span:
OK
Select an option and click
The program refreshes the load screen and displays the revised load.
5.14 Delete
Delete any of the defined loads:
· delete a specific 'command' - on one span or all the spans, or -
· delete a selected load type(s) - on one span or the entire beam, or -
· delete all of the loads on a single span or the entire beam
To add/revise/delete a load group, highlight the load case title and click the appropriate button.
New/revise
Specify the load group properties:
Title:
Enter a title for the load group (maximum 20 characters)
Group type:
Refer to load factors 66 .
Copy loads:
Copy the loads from an existing load group to the new load group:
· select the load group from the listbox
· select Dead loads and/or Live loads
Note:
· loads that are revised later in the existing load group will not be revised automatically in the new load
group.
Delete
The load group and all loads defined in the group will be deleted.
Note:
· support deflections may be defined only in an "Individual load case", i.e. the moments/shears
calculated from the deflection are added as factored results to the total moment/shear envelope.
6 Design
The program displays the results according to the current design parameters (displayed at the bottom of
the screen). For more details on the display, refer to Output 86 .
Select icons in the side menu to revise the design parameters:
Arrange an engineering drawing with the beam in the current project, create and add sections;
create a bar schedule, etc.
From the menu bar:
The program calculates the longitudinal reinforcement, shear reinforcement and deflections according to
the current parameters.
The program checks that Code limits are not exceeded, e.g.
· maximum reinforcement percentage
· maximum redistribution percentage
· maximum shear force/stress
· bent-up bar area greater then bottom reinforcement
· constant stirrups provided with bent-up bars are not sufficient.
Warnings are displayed in the small table when the limits are exceeded.
Close
· click to erase the table (note that you may continue working in the Design window without
closing the Warning box
6.1 Reinforcement
Concrete
Select one of the concrete types from the list box.
Reinforcement grade
Select one of the reinforcement grades from the list box or type in any value. This steel grade is used for
longitudinal reinforcement only.
Cover
Define the gross and net cover to the main reinforcement, top and bottom:
Note:
· the gross cover is measured to the center-of-gravity of the reinforcement and is used to determine the
design depth, d.
· the net cover is used for detailing only and does not affect the reinforcement calculation.
The values displayed in the text boxes are the default values for the entire beam. To define different
values for individual spans:
Individual
· click the button (top or bottom)
· define a value for the cover according to the units listed in the dialog box:
Note:
· Cover values revised using the Individual spans option are not changed when the default values are
modified later.
Moment redistribution
Refer to redistribution 74 .
Increase width
Refer to Design - increase width 75 .
Minimum reinforcement
Select one of the two methods allowed by the Code for calculating the minimum reinforcement in beams:
· (10-4)
· 1.33 As,required (§ 10.5.1.3)
where bt = width of the tension zone
Note that minimum reinforcement is provided only for top reinforcement at supports and bottom
reinforcement in spans.
Note:
· this option is available for all codes, although only some refer to it specifically. For example, ACI 318
(8.7.3) and CSA A23.3 (9.2.2.2): "For beams built integrally with supports, design on the basis of
moments at faces of supports shall be permitted".
6.1.1 Redistribution
The program calculates moment redistribution according to the algorithm detailed below, based on the
maximum and minimum percentages specified by the user. Note that the program does not calculate
the 'optimum' redistribution for the beam. It is the user's responsibility to adjust the percentages so
that a satisfactory redistribution is obtained.
Redistribution is carried out on the individual load cases. The moments in each load case are adjusted
so that -
· The support moments in the envelope are reduced up to the maximum percentage specified by the
user, but not less than the minimum percentage specified.
· The maximum span moments in the envelope remain constant or are decreased (unless the minimum
redistribution requirement forces an increase in the span moment)
· The shear forces in the spans are adjusted so as to maintain equilibrium of forces and moments.
· For beams with columns, the moment transferred by the beam into the column before and after
redistribution is constant. This prevents redistribution in the columns. Therefore there will be no
redistribution at exterior column supports.
· There is no redistribution at supports of cantilevers.
Note:
· For the BS8110, EC2 and IS:456 Codes, the envelope after redistribution is checked to ensure that it
lies within the "70% line". If the maximum redistribution percentage specified is less than 10%, the
program uses a 90% line.
· For ACI 318: the programs writes * * * instead of reinforcement area if (r - r ')/ r b > 0.5
·
No increase
Do not increase the beam width. This is the default option.
No compression reinforcement
Increase the beam width when compression reinforcement is required.
Limit x/d to
Specify the maximum compression block height, x/d. The beam width will be increased when this limit
is exceeded.
Note:
· the program will increase the width uniformly with the maximum value to the point where the increase
is no longer required. For example:
· the beam width may also be increased to eliminate shear reinforcement. Refer to shear
parameters 76 for more details.
· Slabs: The program now suppresses the 'Increase width' option if 'No shear reinforcement' is selected.
6.2 Shear
The program selects the stirrups as follows:
· The program selects a diameter and spacing for the stirrups that is sufficient for the maximum Av/s
value in the span, within the specified permissible ranges 78 specified in the "Shear parameters"
menu. The program chooses the smallest diameter with an acceptable spacing. In the following
example the allowable spacings are 100, 200, 300, ... mm; the program chooses f8@100:
The program continues to provide the same spacing until the following spacing is adequate - f8@200
in the example. The process is continued along the entire length of the span.
· The automatic detailing can be further modified by the options in the Additional options 80 menu.
Shear design
Refer to shear design options 77 .
Shear reduction
Set this option to to instruct the program to reduce the shear/torsion stress at the supports; the shear
from the face of the support to a distance 'd' from the face of the support will have a constant value.
Steel grade
Select one of the reinforcement grades from the list box or type in any value. The steel grade is used for
stirrups only.
Torsion
Design all beams for torsion according to the relevant Code clauses
Suppress torsion design for all beams
Note:
· the program assumes that the torsion force is always carried by the rectangular web of the beam:
Exterior supports
Note:
· this option does not influence the shear calculation for ACI318 / CSA A23.3.
Links
Refer to shear - link details 78
The program calculates variable spacing for the stirrups along each span.
· The parameters are minimum and maximum link diameter, the minimum spacing, the spacing
step, the number of link legs and an alternate number, and the maximum number of link groups
per span.
· The program assumes the minimum number of legs and determines which diameter in the range
specified provides spacing greater or equal to the minimum specified (the program will use the
smallest diameter possible). If the minimum number of legs with maximum diameter and
minimum spacing does not provide a solution, the program tries again after increasing the number
of legs to the alternate.
· The program then varies the spacing along the length of the span according to the shear stress. If
the number of groups in a span is greater than that specified, the program uses an iterative
process to delete the groups with the fewest number of stirrups.
Stirrups and bent-up bars
Specify the details of stirrups with constant spacing (spacing and diameter). The program will
calculate the area of bent-up bars at each end that are required in addition to the stirrups.
· the beam width may also be increased to limit the height of the compression block, prevent
compression reinforcement, etc. Refer to Reinforcement parameters 73 for more details.
The current parameters for the selected span are displayed (initially they are the same as the "all"
span parameters).
· Revise link parameters (diameter, spacing, etc). These parameters will apply ONLY to the span
currently displayed in the list box
· To restore the 'all" span parameters for the current span, click the "= "all" button.
Diameter
Specify the link diameter.
Stirrups only
Specify a range of diameters. The program assumes the minimum number of legs and determines
which diameter in the range specified provides spacing greater or equal to the minimum specified
(the program will use the smallest diameter possible).
Stirrups and bent-up
Specify the diameter for the uniform stirrups; the program will not revise this value.
Spacing / increment
Specify the allowable values for link spacing:
Stirrups only
A range of spacings must be specified as the program calculates variable spacing along the length of
the span. Two options are available:
Automatic
specify the minimum spacing and increment. For example, if you specify an initial spacing of 75
mm and an increment of 50 mm, the allowable spacings are 75, 100, 150, 200, etc.
User defined
Click on the allowable spacings in the list box. All allowable spacings will be highlighted.
Stirrups and bent-up
Select a uniform spacing for the entire span from the list box. Note that you can also type in a
value.
Legs
Specify the number of link legs. For a standard rectangular link, the number of legs = 2.
Stirrups only
You may also specify an alternate (greater) number of legs for the 1st and last groups only (adjacent
to the supports); if Av /s provided by the maximum diameter together with minimum spacing is not
sufficient, the program will use the "alternate" number of legs
Stirrups and bent-up
A uniform number of legs must be specified for the entire span.
Note:
· The torsion forces are always taken by the 2 outer legs in the section, even if more than 2 legs are
provided.
Groups
A stirrup group is a series of equally spaced stirrups. Specify the maximum number of groups in the
current span.
For example, the beam displayed below has three stirrups groups.
Note that the program may design fewer groups than the maximum specified.
The program continues to provide the same spacing until the following spacing is adequate - f8@200
in the example.
· The spacing arrangement is automatically modified by the the following "additional options":
· the spacing parameters are minimum = 50, increment = 50. , i.e the allowable spacing list = 50,
100, 150, 200, ...
· The automatic solution provided by the program is 4@50, 6@200, 10@250, ... however a spacing
difference or 50 (250-200) is not wanted). Set the parameter to 100 mm and a different solution will
be provided - a group may be eliminated or a new group may be introduced.
Note that setting this option to 100 is not the the same as setting increment = 100. This value of the
parameter creates an allowable spacing list = 50, 100, 200, 300 ... and eliminates the group with 250
mm spacing.
Note:
· the program first calculates the spacing details according to the "Spacing difference" and "Minimum
no." options, then decides whether to make the detailing symmetric.
· initial values can be defined in Setup 25 .
Select:
As =
type in the new area value in the text box according to the units displayed.
Diam = ... No. =
select a diameter and type in the number of bars. (The corresponding As is shown adjacent to this
option).
Restore design value.
delete values defined in this options
Then:
· specify Top/bottom - span/support
All locations Selected locations
· click the or button. The standard span/support selection
option 9 is used to select locations.
Note:
· The additional reinforcement as added along the span as follows, decreasing linearly from the location
applied to the point of maximum/minimum/zero moment:
6.5 Data
Display input and output data at any point along the beam:
Note:
· the elastic deflections are calculated from two loading cases (live load on alternating spans) using the
uncracked moment-of-inertia without reinforcement.
7 Output
7.1 Reinforcement
The program displays the results for longitudinal reinforcement. For example:
where:
As top = top reinforcement at spans/supports
As bot = bottom reinforcement at spans/supports
· * indicates minimum reinforcement, e.g.245*
· for seismic analysis, the program checks the maximum reinforcement percentage specified by the
Code. If the percentage exceeds the limit, the calculated area is printed along with a "&".
· an area may be displayed in parenthesis below/above the top/bottom steel; this area is the one
calculated from the bending moment. The required area in such cases has been increased for either of
two reasons:
תthe user specified a larger area using the "As=" option e.g. 850(754)
תa larger area was automatically provided by the program according to seismic requirements, e.g.
positive moment capacity at support must be greater than 50% of the negative moment capacity.
Tors-long = The total amount of longitudinal torsion reinforcement required at the span ends and
midspan (to be distributed around the entire perimeter of the web).
a/d = compression block height/beam depth ratio
As/bd = reinforcement percentage used for calculating minimum reinforcement only
Comp As = compression reinforcement at the span/support
7.2 Moments
Display the moment/shear diagrams/tables. Select the options:
· Load cases
Display the envelope or each individual case separately
· Redistribution
Envelopes with or without redistribution may be displayed (this option is displayed only if redistribution
was selected for this beam)
· Load group
Display the total design envelope of the envelope/diagram from a selected load group (this option is
displayed only if more than one group has been defined)
· Spans
Display the envelope for the entire beam or separately for each span (this option is not available for
tabular results).
Graphics
Envelope:
Note that the individual load case moment diagrams can be displayed separately.
Reactions (factored/service):
DeadR = Maximum dead load reaction
LiveR = Maximum live load reaction
MaxR = Maximum total reaction)
MinR = Minimum total reaction
Pressure : displayed when elastic foundations are defined. The value denotes the maximum
pressure for all load cases; in the case of uplift, a negative value is displayed.
Tables
The following data is displayed:
Min M = Minimum support moments (largest negative value or smallest positive value).
Max M = Maximum support moments (smallest negative value or largest positive value)
M max = Maximum span moments (smallest negative value or largest positive value).
M min = Minimum span moments (largest negative value or smallest positive value).
M mn=0 @ = Distance from support to Min M = 0
M mx=0 @ = Distance from support to Max M = 0
mx -M @ = Distance from support to M max
mn +M @ = Distance from support to M min
V max = Maximum shear at support (smallest negative value or largest positive value).
V min = Minimum shear at support (largest negative value or smallest positive value).
D reac = Maximum dead load reaction (factored)
L reac = Maximum live load reaction (factored)
W reac = Maximum wind load reaction (factored)
Max R = Maximum total reaction (factored)
Min R = Minimum total reaction (factored)
7.3 Seismic
Graphic
The program displays the moment and shear capacity diagram calculated from the nominal/probable end
capacity and the span moments from the sustained loads, assuming simply supported spans. For
example:
Tables
The program displays the beam "Seismic capacity table". For example:
7.4 Shear
The shear results are displayed in three diagrams:
· Shear stress diagram
where fStr indicates the contribution of the uniformly spaced stirrups, hence Dist is measured to the
point where fStr intersects the Vr/bd line.
b. Av/s diagram
req'd = required transverse reinforcement area for shear and torsion, as specified by the code =
(Av/s)v + (Av/s)t
· The area is not less than the minimum specified by the code for shear and torsion
(derived from minimum area and maximum spacing requirements)
· The torsion area is always calculated for 2 legs only, even if more than 2 legs are
provided. In such a case, the value of Av/s displayed in the table is: (Av/s)req'd = (Av/s)v
+ n (Av/s)t, where n =(no. of legs/2)
prov = Av/s provided by links
· Link details
where
· "7@10..." refers to the number of links, not spaces.
· "GAP" = distance from face of support to the first link.
· The space between groups = the larger spacing of the two groups.
Gap = = 100
1st group = (16-1) * 100 = 1500
space = max(100,350) = 350
2nd group = (8-1) * 350 = 2450
space = max(150,350) = 350
3rd group = (7-1)*150 = 900
space = max(150,100) = 150
4th group = (5-1)*100 = 400
Gap = = 100
6300
Note that in seismic design, many Codes specify the maximum distance to the first link (e.g. ACI318
= 2 in). It is generally not possible to adjust the number and/or spacing of the links so that the exact
gap is achieved and in such cases the sum will exceed the net span length.
7.5 Deflections
Send output to
Select the output unit, e.g. printer, plotter, etc. The devices must be installed by the "Printers" option in
the Windows "Control panel"
Setup
Print style
Select a print style from the list displayed, e.g. high, medium or draft quality
Subtitle
Define the information that will be printed in the header at the top of every page
Send to file
Send the drawing to a file; the program prompts for a file name (default = Bnnn.PRN).
8 Detailing
8.1 General
The detailing module of the program enables the user to detail reinforcement for the current beam.
· the program provides the user with a solution that meets all of the code requirements for anchorage,
curtailment, lap length, etc. and provides adequate reinforcement areas through the entire length of the
beam.
· the user guides the program by specifying a number of detailing parameters before the automatic
detailing begins; the aim of these parameters is to inform the program of user constraints and
requirements, e.g. allowable bar diameters, optimal number of bars, etc.
· after the program's solution is displayed graphically on the screen, the user may revise any detail of
the reinforcement and check whether the new bar layout meets all code requirements; if not,
appropriate warnings will be displayed.
Note:
· the program calculates the lap length only but does not deal with other lap details required by some
Code, such as staggering of laps.
8.1.1 Select
Select one or more line, end point, etc. using any of the following options:
Individual lines
Select an individual line, etc by moving the alongside the line, etc. until it is highlighted by the
rectangular blip ; click the mouse.
End selection
Repeat for additional lines. When all the lines have been selected, press or click the
mouse without moving the .
Select by window
Define a rectangular window by pointing to its lower-left and upper-right corners with the . The program
automatically identifies all lines, etc. with either one or both nodes located in the window.
Select by polygon
Define a polygon by pointing to its corners with the . The program automatically identifies all elements
located in the polygon. The program automatically identifies all lines, etc. with either one or all nodes
located in the window
The polygon is constructed as a 'rubber-band' stretched around the defined corners:
· At least three corners must be selected.
· the program automatically connects the last corner defined to the first corner defined.
· press [Esc] (right mouse button) to delete the previous corner.
· to end the polygon definition, click the mouse without moving the
8.2 Parameters
For stairs:
8.2.1 General
For "slabs":
Note that the values in the text boxes are the default value for all spans in the beam. Click the icon
to define/display different values for individual spans/supports; the icon is changed to after different
values are assigned to individual spans.
Detail as
Different default detailing parameters are stored for different types of "beams", e.g. beams, ribs, slabs,
etc. Select the appropriate beam type.
Note:
· "Slab" reinforcement is detailed with spacing, e.g. f8@200; reinforcement for all other types is detailed
with number of bars, e.g. 4f8
· All parameters will be reset to the default values when the beam type is changed, i.e. all manual
corrections to the parameters will be lost. Therefore, the beam type should be corrected first.
· The default parameters for each type may be revised in the program Setup 25 option.
Use 2 diameters
Instruct the program to either use only one diameter at every design location or to use two diameters if a
more economical solution can be achieved (e.g. 3f20 + 2f16).
Note:
· the program will never detail one bar only for the smaller diameter
· the smaller diameter will not be less than 0.45 x larger diameter.
To specify a different option in different spans, click the icon (enter '1' or '2' in the table).
The number of straight top bars at each support must be greater or equal to the No. of link hangers in
the adjoining spans.
Beams: The number of link hangers must not be greater than the number of straight top bars at the
adjacent supports.
Slabs: The spacing of link hangers must not be less than the spacing of straight top bars at the
adjacent supports.
The diameter of the link hangers in a specific span is selected by the program according to the following
requirements:
· in the diameter range specified by the user.
· not less than the minimum diameter of the links specified in Setup.
· so that the diameter of the hangers is not less than 45% of the bottom bars in the same span.
· so that the area of top steel required in the span is provided.
For beams, the program compares the number of link hangers to the number of link "legs" specified in
shear design. If the number of hangers is less than the number of legs, the program displays the
following warning:
Select Edit links design to manually revise the link groups 113 prior to automatic detailing.
Slabs:
· in no case will the spacing of bars provided be greater than that specified in this option.
· the maximum spacing must be greater than or equal to the Optimal spacing of bottom bars.
· the maximum spacing of bottom splice bars at a support is equal to the lesser value of Maximum
spacing of bottom bars in the adjoining spans.
The program tries to use a single bar size in each span and at each support, but if more than one
diameter is allowed, two diameter sizes will be used if it proves to be more economical. In all cases,
the minimum bar diameter selected by the program at any location will not be less than 0.45 * the
maximum diameter.
The program also tries to select the diameters and hence the number of bars so that the bars selected
may be arranged symmetrically in the appropriate layers. In no case will a single bar only be selected for
the smaller diameter. A single bar may be placed in the last layer (with the same diameter as other
layers) if allowed by the Setup 25 option.
The diameter of bars near side faces of beams (§ 3.12.11.2.6) are calculated according to § 3.12.5.4 and
are not restricted by the diameter limits set in this option.
Example:
If L1-L2 is less than the limiting Setup value, all bars will be detailed with length L1.
Note:
· the program details a minimum of four bars for T-sections or three bars for L-sections (as shown
above), even if the optimal number specified at the location is less; inverted T- and L-sections are
detailed in a similar manner.
· the program adds an additional link (stirrup) in the flange to tie the bars but ignores this link when
calculating the shear capacity of the beam.
· changing the no. of legs affects only the web link.
· for I-sections, the program adds the links in both flanges
· the program does not check the flange width dimension (bf ) for compliance with any relevant Code
clause.
· longitudinal bars are not added automatically to the opposite face of the flange,i.e.
The program calculates bar lengths according to the Code provisions for anchorage, lap length,
etc
Apply simplified detailing rules
The program determines the bar lengths according to a set of rules defined by the user in the
Setup - Simplified rules 172 option. Note that the compliance with Code requirements may be
verified in the Check 126 option and bar length may then be modified manually.
· Cages
A cage of top and bottom bars tied with links is prefabricated for each span, and bars through the
supports are hand placed on site.
8.2.3 Cover
Specify the actual distance the bars can be extended beyond the center of the external support (top and
bottom reinforcement) before they must be hooked.
Direct support
External supports may be specified as "Direct" or "Indirect" for calculation of the anchorage length..
Refer to IS466, section 9.4.2.3.1.
Cover
Define the NET cover to the outside of the links at the top, bottom and sides of the beam.
The default net cover is the value specified in Design reinforcement parameters dialog box.
Note that this parameter affects only the arrangement of the reinforcement within the section and not the
amount of reinforcement required (resulting from the change in the gross cover).
Bend at least
The program bends at least the percentage specified here of the span bottom bars, even if the area is not
required to take the design shear in the span.
· the program continues at least 2 bottom bars to the supports, unless only 1 bottom bar was specified.
· the value for this option cannot exceed 50%.
The total number of bent-up bars will equal the value specified here multiplied by the number of bend
points determined from the shear diagram.
45°/60°
The program tries to bend all bars with a 45° angle. However, in certain cases additional bottom bars
may be required if 45° is selected instead of 60°.
Select:
the program bends the bars at 60° when a saving in bottom bars is achieved.
the program always bends the bars at 45° and adds additional bottom bars when required.
This option applies only to the exterior spans when bent-up bars are not required for shear design at the
exterior support and are required at the interior support.
For option 3 - enter the value of "dh" in the table - the dimension between the two ends of the top face.
The nine possible types are displayed at the sides of the dialog box (types 4 and 5 are the default
options):
8.2.7 Bars
Bars are made symmetric about the centre line if 'left-right' is less than the value specified here.
Example:
The required lengths are left 1250 and right = 925, i.e. a difference of 375 mm
· the option is set to 400 mm. ( > 375):
the bar length is revised to 2500 mm (2x1250)
· the option is set to 300 mm. ( < 375):
the bar is drawn as calculated (2175 mm)
The program will add additional bars if the spacing exceeds the limit.
8.2.8 Splice
Top/bottom bars may be spliced by placing one of the bars alongside or below the other bar, or by
cranking one of the bars:
8.2.9 Stairs
Define more detailed stair dimension values:
Menu bar:
Side menu:
Revise the diameter, length, segment length or layer of any bar 108 ; add new bars or to
delete a bar; combine bars; revise bar numbering.
Revise the link 113 groups automatically detailed by the program
Add text 115 to the drawing (the text defined here will be 'attached' to the current beam).
Add general lines, bars and links to the drawing; retrieve a standard section, detail, etc.
from a library.
Display a drawing showing the coverage of the required reinforcement diagram by the
reinforcement provided.
Revise the elevation 130 view of the current beam
Add a new section anywhere along the length of the beam or edit an existing section.
Revise the scale of an existing beam
Detail/display another beam; design or detail again the current beam; define a new beam
8.3.1 Bars
Revise the bars selected and detailed by the program:
revise the parameters (number, diameter, layer), revise segment lengths for any
existing bar, revise bar placement direction
similar to the previous option, but allows new segments (hooks, etc) to be
added to existing bars
for bent-up bars, revise the angle of bend from 45° to 60° or vice-versa
Edit
Refer to Bars - edit 111
Shape
Revise the bar properties (quantity, diameter, layer), the length of any segment or the position of the bar
relative to the span/support centre line. For example, a top bar:
OK
Enter the revised data and click ; the bar will be
Add
Add a new bar; refer to:
· Add bar - beams 112
· Add bar - stairs 113
Delete
Select the bar to delete: move the adjacent to the bar so that it is highlighted with the small ; click
the mouse. The program deletes the bar and refreshes the drawing.
Move
Move the bars vertically on the exploded view (the actual position of the moved bars in the beam does
not change ! )
· Move the adjacent to the bar so that it is highlighted with the small ; click the mouse.
· Drag the bar to its new location
· Move other bars by the same distance:
Combine
Use this option to combine:
· two top bars
· two bottom bars
· top and bottom hooked bars at an exterior support to form a single [ bar.
The program maintains the extreme left and right end locations.
· select the 1st bar to combine; move the adjacent to the bar so that it is highlighted with the small ;
click the mouse.
· repeat for the 2nd bar
· the program displays the shape menu 109 for the combined bar; revise properties or dimensions, if
necessary.
The program combines the bars and refreshes the screen.
Note that if the properties of the two bars are not the same, the program uses the maximum diameter,
the maximum number of bars and the layer of the first bar when creating the combined bar.
45/60
Revise the angle of bent bars from 45° to 60° (or vice-versa).
Numbers
The bars in the beam are always numbered consecutively starting with "1" and the numbers are
displayed in the bars labels. This option enables you to:
· delete the bar number from the label
· renumber all of the bars
Note:
· the bar numbers will always be consecutive
· when a beam is added to a drawing:
תif the numbering is revised in this option, the program will maintain the numbering on the drawing
(unless the bar numbers overlap with those in another beam).
תif the numbering is Not revised in this option, the program will automatically suggest a new number
for bar no. 1 when the beam is added to the drawing so that the numbers do not overlap with those
in another beam.
Crank
To add/revise a crank to a bar:
Define
· click
· highlight the bar that you want to add the crank to and click the
mouse
· highlight the straight overlapping bar and click the mouse
8.3.1.1 Edit
Revise the properties, the total length, the segment length or the bar location (relative to support centers)
of any bar on the drawing.
Move the adjacent to any bar label or segment dimension or total dimension so that it is highlighted
with the ; click the mouse.
For example:
ת for face bars, an option to revise the vertical placement of the bar is available.
For all other segments (e.g. hooks), enter a new dimension value only.
· bar location
In the example above, the segment length is 200+290
= 490. If the 290 dimension is selected and revised to
320:
OK
· Select the type of bar and click
· move the adjacent to the span/support so that it is highlighted with the small ; click the mouse.
· the program displays the shape menu 109 for the new bar; define the properties and dimensions.
Note:
· the initial default dimensions in the dialog box can be specified by the user in the program Setup 25
options (e.g. as a percentage of the span length, etc).
OK
· Select the type and click
· the program displays the shape menu 109 for the new bar; define the properties and dimensions.
Note:
· the initial default dimensions in the dialog box can be specified by the user in the program Setup 25
options (e.g. as a percentage of the span length, etc).
8.3.2 Links
Revise the links calculated automatically by the program. You may revise the diameter, quantity,
spacing or number of legs in any group, add a new group or delete a group. The program will then adjust
the remaining groups so that the links fit in the beam and check that Av /s provided is greater than Av /s
required.
The program displays the current link detailing in both graphic and tabular form. For example:
· click on 'spacing' or 'number' of any of the link groups in the table (A); type in a new value
· move to the next row in the table; the program updates the coverage diagram (D) according to the
changes. The "traffic light'' (E) will be green if the coverage is adequate.
Rearrange
· click the button (C); the program automatically revises the links to provide adequate
coverage updates the coverage diagram (D) according to the changes. Refer to the note below.
· To add a new group or to delete a group, click buttons (F)
· The gaps may be revised (G)
Next Prev
· Click (H) to display the next or previous span.
Copy
· Click (I) to mirror (flip) the existing links in the current span or to copy (and mirror) the links
from another span.
Undo
· The previous step can be canceled by clicking or all changes can be canceled by clicking
Reset
(B).
Note:
Rearrange
· only changes the number of links in the groups listed in Table (A):
ת spacing, diameter and legs are not revised
ת groups are not added or deleted
ת This option may not find an adequate solution; the will be displayed red.
· The sum of the links + gaps = net length between support faces. For example:
Gap = = 100
1st group = (16-1) * 100 = 1500
space = max(100,350) = 350
2nd group = (8-1) * 350 = 2450
space = max(150,350) = 350
3rd group = (7-1)*150 = 900
space = max(150,100) = 150
4th group = (5-1)*100 = 400
Gap = = 100
Total = 6300
8.3.3 Text
There are two types of text:
· Automatic text: text created by the program (e.g. bar labels, etc)
· User text: text defined by the user (e.g. notes, instructions, etc).
Both types of text may be edited.
Select a single text and revise the contents and/or properties. Automatic text
may be selected but only the properties may be revised
Select multiple texts (user defined or automatic) and revise the properties only.
Delete a text from the drawing. Select text using the standard text
selection 119 options
Move any text. Select text using the standard text selection 119 options
Create a copy of any text on the drawing (used in conjunction with the paste
option)
Add an arrow that points from any text to any location on the drawing
8.3.3.1 New
Type and locate a line of text on the drawing according to the text parameters.
The options for "Multyline text" are identical.
Properties
Size - text height, according to the units displayed in the menu
Pen - specify the pen number
Angle - specify in degrees; measured counterclockwise from the horizontal
Font - select a font file
Justify
Text is placed on the drawing according to the location of the . The arrow location can point to the
start/center/end, top/center/bottom of the text string. Specify the horizontal and vertical justification of
the text according to the following table.
Frame
Select one of the following frame types:
Symbol
Insert special symbols in the text line:
Insert
Click and highlight any of the symbols and click . A coded
number (%%nnn) or a special character will be added to the text box
while the actual symbol will be displayed on the screen.
The characters are those found in the current font file (*.SHX)
Attach to beam
Text may be "attached" to any beam on the drawing and will be moved/deleted along with the beam
attach the new text to a beam
do not attach
8.3.3.3 Arrow
Arrows may be drawn from any text (user-defined or automatic) to any location on the drawing. The
number of arrows attached to any text is unlimited.
The arrows always start from one corner of the frame (imaginary, if not defined)
surrounding the text.
Add
To add an arrow:
· select a text (highlight with and click mouse)
· specify parameters
ת Pen: specify the pen number;"Auto" indicates the same pen as the text.
ת Type: select the arrow type from the list:
ת Underline: texts without a frame may be underlined
Select location
· click
· move the to the location of the end of the arrow and click the mouse.
Delete
Select an arrow by highlighting it with the ; click the mouse.
Location
Move the location of the end of the arrow. Select an arrow by highlighting it with the ; click the mouse.
Parameters
Revise the arrow type and/or pen number for selected arrows:
· Pen: specify the pen number;"Auto" indicates the same pen as the text.
· Type: select the arrow type
Individual
· select an individual text by moving the alongside the text until it is highlighted by the rectangular
blip ; click the mouse.
· repeat for additional texts; when all the texts have been selected, press or click the mouse without
moving the .
Window
Define a rectangular window by pointing to its lower-left and upper-right corners with the . The program
will automatically identify all texts located in the window.
Polygon
Define a polygon by pointing to its corners with the . The program automatically identifies all texts
located in the polygon.
The polygon is constructed as a 'rubber-band' stretched around the defined corners:
· at least three corners must be selected.
· the program automatically connects the last corner defined to the first corner defined.
· press [Esc] (right mouse button) to delete the previous corner.
· to end the polygon definition, click the mouse without moving the .
Example:
Select bar labels 1,2,4,5 and 7 1,2,4,7,8 and 9
All text
All text in the drawing is selected.
Note:
· text not displayed because of the Zoom option will be selected.
Multiple selection
Turn on the checkbox if you want to define several windows, polygons, etc to select texts. After
every window, etc., the following menu is displayed:
8.3.4 Sections
Create a new section, recreate an existing section or edit an existing section:
New section:
Create automatic section 123
Add a new section to the beam drawing. Library sections are modified automatically to fit the current
beam dimensions.
Use a library section 122
Retrieve (and edit) a section from a library without automatically modifying its dimensions.
Create section from scratch 135
Manually draw a section not based on the cross-section of the current beam.
From a DXF file 125
Import a section from a DXF drawing. The objects in the DXF drawing may be designated as lines,
links or bars in the section.
Edit section:
Recreate section:
All sections 122
Selected sections 122
Recreate an existing section (after the reinforcement has been revised)
New / Edit
Refer to Sections - new/edit 123
Recreate
Recreate existing section to include the revisions made to the detailing after the sections were created.
Select the sections:
The program will maintain all revisions made to the section, e.g. clips, blocks, dimension lines. i.e.. the
revised reinforcement will be inserted into the existing section.
Retrieve
Retrieve a section from a library without modifying its dimensions according to the current beam.
The section may be edited and then attached to a beam or a drawing sheet (existing or new).
Delete
Delete the section and/or the section mark. Select one of the following options:
Rename
Revise a section name.
· select a section; highlight the mark on the beam drawing and click the mouse.
· type in a new name; both the mark and the section title will be revised.
Links
Define the link type for selected spans. The program will use the default link type if a type is not
selected in this option.
· Select a span by moving the adjacent to it so that it is highlighted by the rectangular blip; click
End selection
the mouse. Repeat for additional spans and click .
· Select the link type:
Add closers
This option is currently not available
DXF
Refer to Sections - DXF 125
8.3.4.1 Section
Create a section anywhere along the beam. The program will add a section mark to the drawing and
generate an automatic section drawing (which may be edited). All links and bars at the selected location
will automatically be added to the section.
· specify the section location:
move the to any location along the beam (note the vertical red line) and click the mouse.
· define the section:
Name
The section name will be displayed at the section mark along the beam, in the section title adjacent to
the section drawing and in all relevant menus
Scale
Specify the scale for the new section.
Shape
Select one of the following options:
Beam section
Create a new beam section based on the cross section dimensions as defined in geometry.
Mark location only
Write the section mark on the beam drawing only; do not create the section.
From library
Create a new section based on a section stored in the section library. The program will modify
the dimensions in the library section to match the new section dimensions. For example:
In general, the program will match up the largest rectangles in both sections while maintaining
all other dimensions. The bars and links in the current section replace those in the library
section. Clips, blocks and dimension lines are added in the same locations but are updated for
the current section dimensions.
To copy a section from a library without modifying its dimensions, select the Use a library section
option in the previous menu 121 .
· Edit the section
The program displays the section as created by the program. The section shape may be revised and
bars, links, text, etc, may be added. Refer to Section 135 .
· Add section to the beam drawing
Instruct the program where to place the section drawing. Specify one of the following options:
Edit section
Click the button to make further revisions to the section.
8.3.4.2 DXF
This option converts a DXF file to a beam section. Each layer in the DXF drawing can be specified as
containing section contour lines, links or bars.
Units / scale
The program adds the DXF drawing to the section with a size based on the scale information specified
here.
Specify the scale for the section (1:nn), then select one of the following:
DXF units
select the length unit used in the DXF drawing; the program converts the DXF drawing to the program
units, then draws the section to the above scale.
1 section unit is ...
for scaled DXF drawings, specify the scaling factor.
Layers
Contours, links and bars are imported from the DXF file and each of these items must be in a separate
layer. Specify which layers contain each item.
· for each layer in the table, click on Not in use
· select one of the following options from the list box:
8.3.5 Check
The program displays the coverage of the reinforcement diagram by the reinforcement provided, including
a display of the anchorage length required and provided. For example:
Reinforcement scale
This ruler measures the reinforcement area coverage for top and bottom steel.
Length scale
This ruler displays the beam length measured from the left support
Bar lengths
Each reinforcement bar group in the beam is drawn at a vertical location that corresponds to its area. If
there is more than one bar group at a support/span, the bars are arranged vertically according to their
rank. The longer bars are ranked first; when bars are of equal length the larger diameter has precedence.
For example, the reinforcement at a support =2-16 mm bars, L=5000 (As=402) and 2-12 mm bars,
L=3500 (As=226). The 16 mm bars are longer and are drawn first at 402 on the vertical scale while the
12 mm bars are drawn at 628 on the scale.
diagonal: the outside edge of the diagonal represents the physical end of the bar
dotted: represents the required anchorage length
solid: the remaining physical bar length
In addition, the small vertical lines represent the theoretical required length as calculated by the program
according to the Code.
Examples:
The physical length of the bar equals the required length of the bar.
In both examples, both ends of the bar are longer than required. Note that the anchorage length (dotted)
is always drawn form the physical end of the bar inwards towards the center of the bar.
In both cases, the bar is shorter than required at the left side and longer than required at the right side.
Bottom line
Display the current location of the and crosshair:
where:
X = the location relative to the horizontal length scale, measured from the centre of the left
exterior support
As = the location relative to the vertical reinforcement scale
Span = the span where the crosshair is currently located
X(left) = the distance from the left support of the "Span" to the crosshair
X(right) = the distance from the right support of the "Span" to the crosshair
If the left button of the mouse is clicked and the mouse is subsequently moved -
dx = horizontal distance from the point where the mouse was clicked
dAs = vertical distance from the point where the mouse was clicked
Clicking the left button again will stop the updating of these two values. Clicking a third time will set a
new base point, etc.
Info
Display detailed information about any bar:
· click info in the menu bar
· select a bar by moving the adjacent to it so that it is highlighted with the ; click the mouse.
For example:
Measured from x =
· The distances are measured to the left and right of the centre reference point of the bar.
· The centre point is either the centre of a support or a span.
· The distance listed is measured from the centre of the left support of the beam.
· The 'left' and right distances will be different if the bar is continuous over two supports or spans:
As previous:
If more than one bar group is detailed at a location, this item lists the sum of the 'previous' bars (the bars
are ranked according to length.
Lengths:
Refer to bar lengths.
Warnings
Display a detailed list showing where:
· insufficient coverage is provided
· actual length is less than required
· bar spacing is less than Code minimum
· etc.
8.3.6 Elevation
Revise the beam elevation drawing. These options are available only if Elevation or
Exploded+elevation were selected in the View option (menu bar)
add column, slab and perpendicular beam details to the elevation drawing.
Label display
Each bar in the elevation is labeled. Labels can be drawn at both ends of the beam and at the middle
and the distance from the support to the start of the beam can be added. For example, bar no. 2:
Delete/undelete label
· Delete
Delete any bar label. Move the adjacent to the label so that it is highlighted by the ;click the
mouse.
· Undelete
Restore all deleted labels (not only the last one deleted).
Move bars
Move the bar vertically in the beam (not only in the drawing).
Note:
· positive values move the bar up; negative values move the bar down
· the exploded view is not affected by this option
· bars locations in sections will be affected (existing sections must be 'recreated' to show the change)
· "Check" will not be affected, i.e. required reinforcement area will not be revised due to changes in
gross cover.
Draw
Refer to Elevation - Draw 131
8.3.6.1 Draw
Columns
Add a column to the elevation drawing:
The column can be drawn above and/or below the beam at any distance (offset) from the selected
support (positive=right). The current support width may be used or any user-defined dimension.
Slab
Add a slab to the elevation drawing:
Beams
Add a perpendicular beam to the elevation drawing:
Continue
Select one of the options, highlight a beam or a drawing in the list and click .
Note that the program displays the beams/drawings in the current project and folder.
If you select automatic detailing for a beam that has already been detailed, the program will display the
following warning:
Sections
The following options apply only to the sections created with the Create automatic section 121 option
(section mark on beam) and not to the sections created with the Create section from scratch 121
option (manually drawn by the user).
Recreate sections
All sections are recreated at the same locations and will include current reinforcement, stirrups,
dimensions, etc. The program retains all manual changes made to the section after it was initially
created.
Do not change sections
The existing sections are not modified; the section is not updated according to any changes in the
reinforcement, stirrups or dimensions
Delete sections
All existing sections are deleted (including those where only the section mark was drawn).
Links
Use current (user defined)
The existing links are retained
Use automatically generated
The program uses the link details calculated in the design section of BEAMD and discards any
manual revisions made to the links in the detailing options.
Text
There are two types of text:
· Automatic text: text created by the program (e.g. bar labels, etc)
· Manual text: text defined by the user (e.g. notes, instructions, etc).
All manual text will be erased from the beam drawing
8.4 Sections
The following cross-section elements can be defined in the "Section" option:
In addition, general text as well as labels for bars and links may be added.
Note that all elements are 'linked' to each other: moving a corner of the section contour will
automatically modify the dimensions of the links that are 'attached' to it, move the bars, etc.
8.4.1 Lines
This option is intended primarily to draw the outline of beam sections, formed by a closed contour of line
segments. The option may also be used to draw any general lines on drawing sheets, detailed beam
drawings or beam section drawings.
Delete lines
Delete
Select 93 the lines to delete
Move
Move lines by moving end points. For example:
Properties
· select new line properties:
Note:
· the display colour for each pen number can be changed in the Setup option.
Grid
Draw a grid of parallel lines.
· specify the number of cells:
· specify the lower-left and the upper-right corners of the rectangle enclosing the grid.
For example:
Note that each line of the grid is saved as an individual line segment, i.e. the grid cannot be revised as an
entity
8.4.1.1 Draw
Draw a section contour or add general lines to the section drawing. The lines are drawn by dragging and
clicking the mouse in the centre of the screen (A).
· The coordinates of the current crosshair location are shown in the text boxes at the bottom the screen
(B).
· The crosshair moves in jumps corresponding to the "Step" value (C). Press [F3]/[F4] to adjust the
value if necessary.
· Each contour is defined as a series of segments; each segment may be either a straight line or an arc
· the line type and pen number may be changed for each segment (F)
Examples:
Note:
Flip
· click the button to revise the arc to the second possibility. For example:
8.4.1.3 Blocks
Use this option to draw filler blocks for ribbed slabs, etc. A pair of diagonal lines ("hatching") may be
drawn in a rectangular area. For example:
Add
Blocks are always rectangular and are always defined by pointing to two opposite
corners. The block corners may be located at a section corner or at any
coordinate.
Select one of the options, specify the line type and pen number and set "Hatching"
to to draw the diagonal lines.
Delete
Move the alongside the block so that it is highlighted with the ; click the mouse.
8.4.2 Links
Add links to the section drawing. The user may select standard links or draw a link with any shape.
Move links; all bars attached to the links will also be moved
Change the link type of standard links without changing the dimensions and
the properties
Add
Refer to Section - Links - add 142
Delete
Delete a link from the section:
· move the adjacent to the link so that it is highlighted with the ;click the mouse.
Move
Move a link to a new location on the section:
· move the adjacent to the link so that it is highlighted with the ;click the mouse.
· drag the mouse to the new location
Note:
· links that are moved will no longer be attached to section corners, i.e. the link will not be automatically
modified when the section dimensions are revised.
Change
Change the properties (cover, diameter, bar number, etc) of an existing link:
· move the adjacent to the link so that it is highlighted with the ;click the mouse.
For more information, select one of the following:
Standard link 143
User defined link 145
Copy
Copy a link to a new location on the section:
· move the adjacent to the link so that it is highlighted with the ;click the mouse.
· drag the mouse to the location of the copy
· define the properties of the copy. Refer to :
Standard link 143
User defined link 145
Note:
· the copy will not be attached to section corners defining the original, i.e. the copied link will not be
automatically modified when the section dimensions are revised.
Modify
Move one or more corners of any user-defined link:
· select one or more link ends
8.4.2.1 Add
Link type
There are two general options available:
· Standard links
The link type is selected from a library of standard shapes and the location/dimensions are defined by
pointing to corners/bars or typing in the dimensions
· User defined shape
The user 'draws the link on the section. The corners of the link may be defined by pointing to corners
of the section, bars, etc.
2 bars
Select two bars of the section contour; the two bars define the diagonally opposite corners of the
link. For example:
Dimensions
specify the dimensions of any standard link, then move it to any location on the drawing
· Round links
Round section contour
Select two corners of the section contour; the two points define the diagonally opposite corners of
the link. For example:
3 bars
Select three bars of the section contour; the three bars define the circle. For example:
Dimensions
specify the radius, then move the link to any location on the drawing.
Note:
· Click here 144 for an example
· Links that are added or revised using this option will not be added/revised on the elevation or in the
bar schedule
Cover
Revise the cover to the link
Position
Inside
The link is drawn at the location defined by the points selected by the user, e.g. two section
corners.
Outside
The link is drawn initially at the location defined by the points, but the user may then drag the link to
any position on the drawing.
Title
Add the link title to the drawing. For example:
Specify the items to be including in the title - steel type (deformed, round, etc.), quantity, diameter,
spacing and bar number.
Dimensions
Revise the link dimensions.
Note:
· if dimensions A,B, etc are revised, the position of the lower-left corner of the link will remain constant
· if "Length" is revised, only the title is changed, not the link itself
· links with revised dimensions will not be moved with the corners
Example:
Create the link shown below defined by 2 section corners. Obviously there is no section corner that can
define corner 2 of the link so different corners must be selected to define the x and y coordinates.
· move the adjacent to the "1st corner" so that it is highlighted with the ;click the mouse.
A user defined link is composed of a series of connected segments. The end of each segment can be
defined at any coordinate, can be offset from a corner node, can be drawn parallel to a section contour
line, or a U (3 segments) or L (2 segments) may be drawn referenced to corner nodes.
OK
Click to continue
3 nodes
Draw 3 segments (U) or 2 segments (L) of a link by pointing to three section contour nodes. The
program draws the segments from the first point to the third point through the second point. For
example:
The program joins the 1st point to the previous defined point.
The legs may not be drawn on the right side of the line. To flip the legs over to the other side, click the
Change side
button.
Note that the segment end point is "attached" to the nodes and the link shape will be automatically
revised if any of the corner nodes is moved.
Line
Draw a segment of the link parallel to a section contour line. For example:
The leg may not be drawn on the right side of the line. To flip the leg over to the other side, click the
Change end
button.
Note that the segment is "attached" to the line and the link shape will be automatically revised if the
line is moved.
Coord,
Draw the segment of the link to any coordinate;move the to the location and click the mouse.
Node
Draw a segment of the link to a point offset from a selected node.
Note that the segment end point is "attached" to the node and the link shape will be automatically
revised if the corner node is moved.
Change side
For 3 nodes and line only:
The leg may not be drawn on the right side of the line. To flip the leg over to the other side, click the
Change side
button.
Change end
For 3 nodes and coord only, legs that are a continuation of a leg defined by line:
The leg automatically starts from the end of the previous line. To select the start of the previous leg,
Change end
click the button.
Example:
Create the following link:
Point:
1 - define by "coordinate"
2 - define as offset from node 6 or 2 (this point must move with the left face if
the section contour is revised)
Alternatively, point 3 could have been defined by "node", segments 3-4, 5-6 by "Line", etc.
8.4.3 Bars
Bars (in section) may be drawn at any location of the beam section. The bars are "attached" to a 'line'
defined by a side of the section, the leg of a link, 2 other bars, etc, or may be placed at any location. For
example, bars attached to a link:
The bars are automatically drawn on the "inside" of the line. The "inside" direction may not be apparent
for a line defined between two existing bars. If the bars are drawn on the wrong side, use the option to
flip the bars to the other side.
Add multiple bars to the section. The bars may be "attached" to lines, lines or
drawn randomly anywhere in the section
Bars are placed along a line on the section contour,a side of a link, between 2 other bars or between 2
points on the drawing. Customized labels may be added at the same time.
Note:
· after the bars are drawn on the screen, the program displays the Bars - edit 153 side menu so that the
bars may be immediately moved about the line, properties or titles may be revised, etc.
· to add individual bars at any location, refer to Single bar 152 .
Position
Bars are placed along a line on the section contour,a side of a link, between 2 other bars, between 2
points on the drawing or at any coordinate. The options are:
Note:
· the spacing along the line can vary; refer to Bar spacing 150
· vertical offsets from the line may be specified; refer to Offset 150
Bars positioning
Specify the location of the bars along the selected line:
· the first and last bars may be placed at a distance from the start/end of the line
· there are three options for placing the intermediate bars:
Equal spacing
All bars are equally spaced
Fixed spacing - - Symmetric
All bars are equally spaced, starting from the first bar
Fixed spacing - Symmetric
Half of the bars are equally spaced from the first bar, the other half are equally spaced from the last
bar
For Fixed spacing:
· Specify the quantity of bars, or -
· select Auto calculate quantity for the program to automatically calculate the maximum number
of bars that can fit in the bar line.
For example: 6 bars
Offset - H
Bars are automatically attached to the "inside" of the line and may be offset any distance H
perpendicular to the line:
Note:
· the program will assume that the bar was drawn on the outside face if a negative offset is defined
· if the bars are drawn on the wrong side of the line, flip them to the other side of the line using the
option.
Properties
Specify the data to include in the bar labels:
Titles
Define the title parameters. Note that the "quantity" defined here represents the actual number of bars;
a different number may be drawn in the section for clarity (refer to Properties 150 ).
Text arrows
Text arrows can be drawn from the label to all bars in the group, a single bar or no bars
Quantity
type in the quantity or click the buttons. This defines the number of bars listed in the
label, not the number of bars in the section.
Diamete : select a diameter from the list box
r
Symbol : select a bar symbol from the list
Spacing : omitted from the label if spacing = 0
Type : define text to add to the end of the label (standard strings may be available in the list)
8.4.3.3 Delete
8.4.3.4 Properties
Move bar
The bar can be moved in any direction, or diagonally, according to the "step"
value
Move title/text
· Bar numbers only:
Move bar numbers perpendicular to the line:
Drag the bars to the new location. The distance from the original position is displayed in the dialog box
at the bottom of the screen
Drag the bar to the new location. The distance from the original position is displayed in the dialog box at
the bottom of the screen
Bar properties
Revise the title, positioning and miscellaneous properties of existing bars. Refer to Bars - add 148
Note:
· this option regenerates the text for the existing layers and will erase any changes made manually to
the titles using the various Text options.
8.4.4 Dimensions
Define dimension lines that display the distance between ends of section contour lines. For example:
Note:
· dimension lines may be horizontal, vertical or at any angle
· the ends of the lines may be drawn,with arrows, ticks or a circle (see the figure above).
New
· Select 93 the contour or block corners that are to be included in the dimension line
· Specify the line parameters
Delete
Move the alongside the dimension line so that it is highlighted with the ; click the mouse.
Move
· move the alongside the dimension line so that it is highlighted with the ; click the mouse.
· drag the line to its new location; click the mouse.
8.4.5 Library
Sections may be retrieved from or copied to the section library.
Save
Add the current section to a library.
Change
The current library file is displayed in the menu. Click to select a different file or to open a new
file.
OK
· click
Retrieve
Retrieve a section from the section library:
Change
· The current library is displayed at the top of the menu; click to select a different library
OK
· Highlight the section to be retrieved and click ; the section will be added to the current drawing.
Edit
Delete sections from the library or rearrange the order of the sections in the list:
Change
Click to edit a different library.
8.4.6 Clip
This option allows you to trim a section with vertical and horizontal clip lines. Four clip lines may be
drawn on each section - one at each side. For example:
Add Delete
· select a new clip line or ,
Move
an existing clip line:
· Move the crosshair to the clip line location
and click the mouse.
Note:
· the program remembers the details of the section beyond the clip line and they are restored to the
section if the clip line is deleted.
· corners hidden by the clip may be selected in all other options.
8.4.7 Scale
Revise the scale of the current section:
8.5 Layout
Create or select a layout drawing and specify/revise its size and orientation:
OK
· to select an existing drawing, click and highlight the line with the drawing title and click . Note
that you can revise the drawing title, size and orientation.
Add
· to add a new drawing, click , type in the drawing title, specify the size and orientation, then
OK
click
Delete
· to delete a drawing, click and highlight the line with the drawing title and click . (if all drawings
OK
are deleted, click to return to the current beam).
Automatic arrange
· to automatically arrange 163 a drawing - beams and sections - click .
After selecting the drawing, or creating a new one, the following side menu is displayed:
Create a bar schedule 165 for the beams on the current drawing for the current drawing
Add a DXF 167 drawing to the layout drawing.
Select a different drawing (see above).
8.5.1 Arrange
Arrange an engineering drawing with beams, sections, text, etc.; select one of the following options:
Add a detailed beam to the drawing, including sections attached to the beam .
Revise the reinforcement in one of the beam on the drawings or revise a section
.
No. of copies
This parameter is used only when the bar schedule is generated (quantities will be multiplied by the
value entered here).
No of 1st bar
All bars in a beam are numbered consecutively. By default, the first bar in a beam that is added to the
drawing is assigned the number (10n+1), where n is selected so that there is a gap of at least 5 bar
numbers from the current highest bar number.
Example:
ת1st beam has 12 bars default numbering = 1 to 12
:
ת 2nd beam has 17 bars default numbering = 21 to 37
:
ת 3rd beam has 9 bars default numbering = 51 to 59
:
Use this option to specify a bar number different from the default.
Note:
תwhen the bar mark is revised for a selected beam (Properties option), the bar marks of all the beams
OK
in the drawing may be revised by the same increment; a menu will be displayed after is
clicked.
Include sections
sections defined when arranging the beam will be added automatically to the drawing
the existing sections will not be added to the drawing
**** This option is currently not available ****
**** All sections are automatically added to the drawing ***
Beam view
Specify the display type; refer to View 178 .
· drag the beam to the correct location on the drawing and click the mouse.
8.5.1.2 Delete
Select a beam or section by moving the adjacent to it so that it is highlighted by the rectangular blip;
click the mouse. The beam or section will be deleted from the drawing.
8.5.1.3 Edit
Revise the reinforcement in any beam on the drawing or revise any section on the drawing that is not
attached to a beam, i.e. created in the drawing layout option.
Select a beam or section by moving the adjacent to it so that it is highlighted by the rectangular blip;
click the mouse.
Refer to:
Revise detailing 108
Section 135
Schedule
Note:
· to edit a section attached to a beam, select the beam here, then select and
Edit a section.
Move
Move the adjacent to the object so that it is highlighted by the ;click the mouse and drag the
object to its new location.
Align
Align the top/bottom/left/right of a selected object with the top/bottom/left/right of a reference object.
For example:
8.5.1.5 Properties
Note:
· The bar marks of all the beams on the drawing may be increased/decreased by the same increment
specified for the selected beam:
Bar marks
Bars are numbered automatically by the program:
Start from 1 at each drawing
The numbering on every drawing will start from 1.
Continue consecutively ...
specify the number of the first bar on the first drawing; numbering will be consecutive to the last
beam on the last drawing
Section creation
Create sections at each span
Note that a section is created for every span in every beam if this option is activated.
Add
· Click and highlight a beam to place in the first drawing; click . The beam is displayed in the
right-side list box.
· Repeat until all beams in the first drawing are moved to the right side.
Add
· Click and highlight ,start new drawing> ; click . The line is displayed in the right-side list box
and acts as a divider separating the beams in the next drawing from the previous one.
· Move all of the beams in the second drawing from the left side to the right side as described above.
OK
· click when all drawings have been arranged.
8.5.3 Schedule
Create a beam schedule listing and detailing the reinforcement in the beams. The schedule is then
placed on the drawing. Note that the schedule is in the standard American format (this option will be
displayed only for ACI, CSA codes). For example:
Select the beams to be included in the schedule; the list on the left side contains all detailed beams;
the list on the right side contains the beams added to the schedule:
Add >>
· to add a beam to the schedule, click and highlight its title in the left list, click ; the title is
transferred to the right list
<< Remove
· to remove a beam from the schedule, click and highlight its title in the right list, click ;
the title is transferred back to the left list
Move up
· to rearrange the order of the beams in the right list, click and highlight a title, click or
Move down
· to insert blank lines after a beam, click and highlight the beam in the right list, click and highlight
Add >>
<empty line> at the bottom of the left list, click ; click again to add more lines (2 empty
lines have been added in the example above).
OK
· Click and move the to the location of the schedule on the drawing. Note that the program
automatically adjusts the number and length of the columns according to the drawing limits.
Note:
· More than one beam schedule may be created from the same project. Schedules may be placed on
drawings with beams or on separate drawings.
· A beam may be included in more than one schedule; if you select Create new beam schedule
again, all the beams will appear in the left list (but beams already included in a previous schedule will
be marked with the icon.
· Schedules are automatically updated when the reinforcement for the beams in the schedule is revised
or deleted.
· Schedule structure
ת to remove a column from the schedule, click on Yes and set the option to Include
ת to revise the width of a column, click on the width and type in a new value
· Sizes
Revise row and text heights
· Display dimensions for unsymmetric support bars
Add the dimension on one side of the support center for unsymmetric bars. For example:
· Save as default
Click on this button to make the current settings the initial default settings for all future projects.
8.5.4 DXF
Add an existing DXF drawing to the current Layout drawing, for example, standard details, a title block,
notes, etc.
· selected layers only may be added
· the drawing can be drawn to any scale
· the DXF drawing remains a separate entity; it can be removed, reloaded, etc, at any time.
Reload a DXF drawing that was modified outside of BEAMD; the drawing will be
redrawn with the same parameters selected when it was originally added.
Add
· Select the DXF file
· Define the parameters:
Drawing units:
Specify the units used in the DXF drawing. Two options are available:
DXF units:
Select a unit from the list box
1 Drawing unit = n DXF units
Select the ratio between the units; the DXF dimensions will be divided by the value entered here.
For example, the BARPLT drawing units are meter, the DXF units are feet: Enter: 3.281
Scale:
Specify the scale that will be applied to the DXF drawing.
Layers/pen:
Specify which of the layers in the DXF drawing are to be imported and which pen to assign to the
selected layers.
8.6.1 File
in Beam units
Print:
DXF:
Enter the DXF file name.
This option allows you to automatically create bar schedules. A bar schedule file may include many
separate schedules. Note that revisions to the reinforcement or revisions to the bar numbering will not be
transferred automatically to an existing bar schedule that lists the reinforcement for that beam.
Therefore, it is recommended that the bar schedule be created after the drawing is considered
complete.
· The program lists all of the drawings (A) and the beams that have been detailed but not placed on a
drawing (B)
· The bar schedule that they are assigned to is listed in the right column (G).
· Select the file that will contain the schedules (D). Normally a file is created for each project so the
project names are listed in the box. To create a user file, select "file" (at the bottom of the list)
· Links may be omitted from the bar schedule (C)
· Select a bar schedule number (E) and click the " Assign bar schedule to selected drawings/ beams" button (F);
the right column will be updated (G)
BEAMD will automatically start the BARSW program so that the user can view and edit the bar
schedule. Close the BARSW program (or press Alt-Tab) to return to BEAMD Detailing.
Note:
· Revisions to the reinforcement made after automatic detailing or revisions to the bar numbering will not
be transferred automatically to a bar schedule previously created.
· Bar schedules can be edited manually after they have been created automatically . If you manually
add additional bars to the schedule of a particular drawing and then recreate automatically that
schedule, the program will retain all of the manual additions in the recreated schedule. However, if
there is an overlapping of bar numbers in the recreated schedule, the manually added bars that are
now overlapped will not be retained. In such a case, a warning will be displayed.
· File limits: there are no limits to the number of schedules in a file and the number of bars in a schedule
· The bar schedule module can be run as a separate program BARSW for creating schedules
independently of BEAMD.
8.6.1.3 Setup
Create 'simplified' detailing rules for the program to determine the length of the reinforcement bars;
these rules override the Code requirements for coverage, anchorage, overlap, etc:
· Drawing 175
Specify:
תdefault display method for the detailed beam (exploded / elevation)
תdrafting parameters for the elevation drawing (arrow size/location, etc.)
· Detailing method 99
Create 'simplified' detailing rules for the program to determine the length of the reinforcement bars; these
rules override the Code requirements for coverage, anchorage, overlap, etc:
· the program selects the same reinforcement (number of bars and diameters) used when the bars are
detailed according to Code requirements.
· the rules are used when Apply simplified detailing rules is selected in the Parameters -
option.
· compliance with Code requirements may be verified in the Check 126 option and bar length may then
be modified manually.
General parameters:
The lengths L and a are used to determine bar lengths; specify the method to determine the value of
these two variables.
Note:
· these rules are also used in other tabs.
Cantilevers
Specify the simplified rules for cantilevers:
Note:
· a and L are defined in the Top internal support 172 tab
· d = the design depth in the cantilever
· Dimension e will be the maximum of the length defined here and the dimension a defined in the Top
internal support 172 tab
· criteria with no values will be ignored, e.g. for "Cantilever side - shorter group length" the program
calculates the length of the bars from the rule: "a = 50% of L, but not less than 45 * diameter"
Bottom bars
Specify the simplified rules for bottom bars:
Note:
· L is defined in the Top internal support 172 tab
· criteria with no values will be ignored e.g. for "a=", the program calculates the length of the bars from
the rule: "a = 500 mm"
Hooks
Specify the simplified rules for hooks at simply supported ends and at level differences:
Note:
· criteria with no values will be ignored, e.g. for "Hook", the program calculates the length of the bars
from the rule: "c = 100 mm, but not greater than h"
8.6.1.3.2 Drawing
Beam view
Specify the default display method for the detailed beam:
Elevation drawing
The total vertical dimension of the elevation drawing may be modified by specifying the size of certain
elements and spacing; reducing the dimensions in the dialog box can condense the drawing.
The dimensions a to e are explained in the small drawing in the dialog box.
8.6.2 View
Display type
Two methods for displaying the detailed beam are available:
Scale
Enter a new value for the beam scale. For example, to draw the beam at a 1:50 scale, enter "50".
8.6.3 Zoom
Redraw
Create window
Create a window by clicking the mouse at the lower-left and upper-right corners; the contents of the
window will be displayed over the entire screen.
Full drawing
Previous
Restore the previous display, i.e. the display before the current zoom.
Note:
· the program stores up to 20 previous displays
· the stored 'zooms' include those created using the "Create a window" and "Move window center"
options.
8.6.4 Undo
Click Undo to reverse the previous step (including changes to parameters).
· click repeatedly to undo all steps back to the start of the session
· any step that is undone cannot be restored
8.6.5 Bars
8.6.6 Text
8.6.7 Sections
The program assumes that the "cage" method of bar placement is used; a cage of top and bottom bars
tied with links is prefabricated for each span, and bars through the supports are hand placed on site.
In addition, the program rounds-off bar length, arranges bars symmetrically, combines bars into groups
with equal details, etc. These decisions are based on limiting parameters which can be specified by the
user in the Setup option.
In all other locations, the program details a minimum spacing that is the greater of the bar diameter and
the aggregate size + 5 mm.
The program arranges the reinforcement in three layers maximum (top and bottom); if all the required
steel cannot be placed in three layers, the program arranges all of the remaining reinforcement in a fourth
layer without carrying out any spacing checks.
However, the program also checks maximum spacing between bars according to § 3.12.11.2.3 (crack
width control). In some cases, the minimum number of bars gives a maximum spacing greater than that
allowed by this clause, while adding one bar gives a spacing less than 75 mm.
In such a case the program will give priority to the 75 mm. criteria, i.e. spacing will be greater than the
maximum allowed by crack width restrictions. A warning will not be displayed.
If "STEPPED BARS" are used, the program does not check the maximum spacing requirement in the
areas with fewer bars than that at the maximum moment.
If a one bar remains in the second layer, the program will try to transfer to it a bar from the first layer.
When the most economical solution at a design location gives two different bar diameters, the program
will ensures that at least one diameter is assigned with an even number of bars. For example:
Stepped Bars:
At each design location, bars may be stepped according to the bending moment envelope. A minimum
number of bars are always detailed to the maximum length. The minimum number of bars is calculated
as follows:
· Support - top bars:
maximum of - number of bars specified in program option
- maximum number of link hangers in adjacent spans
· Support - bottom bars:
bars are never stepped.
· Span - top bars
maximum of - number of bars specified in program option
- number of link hangers in current span
· Span bottom bars (when Curtail bottom bars is selected by user)
maximum of - 2 bars
- "Minimum no. of bottom bars" specified in program option
· Top bars at the support of a short cantilever (less than 1.5 m.) are continued to the end of the
cantilever.
· Bars at an exterior pinned support are Γ shaped. (Note that the 1.5 m can be revised - refer to Setup -
detailing options)
· At an exterior support of a relatively shallow beam with a moment, the program provides a [ - shaped
bar. The bottom leg of the [ is lapped with the bottom bar in the span.
· Bars at an upper stepped support are detailed as:
Anchorage Length:
· At an interior support, the anchorage length is equal to the greater of:
תthe effective depth of the member ( § 3.12.9.1 a )
ת12 times the bar size ( § 3.12.9.2 b )
תthe smaller of:
§ the curtailment length from Table 3.29 in the Code.
§ the point where other bars continuing past that point provide double the area required at that
section ( § 3.12.9) (this criterion does not apply at external supports with moments).
If more reinforcement than required is provided at the support centre, the anchorage length
calculated in (c)i. is reduced by the ratio of the area required to the area provided.
תso that a lap length to the link hanger as specified in Table 3.29 of the Code is provided.
· At an exterior support of a relatively shallow beam with a moment or at the end of a cantilever, the
program provides a [ - shaped bar. The bottom leg of the [ is lapped with the bottom bar in the span
according to Table 3.29 of the Code.
· At a pinned exterior end or at a stepped interior support, a hook with minimum length is provided
according to § 3.12.9.4, but not less than 12 times the diameter less the allowance for effective
anchorage length of a hook ( § 3.12.8.23).
· In the special case where there is a hogging moment throughout the entire length of the span, the
program designs the link hangers to take the moments and attempts to shorten the adjacent support
bars (thereby possibly increasing the quantity of link hangers), as follows:
Referring to the figure above, the program calculates As required so that "L" equals at least 1 meter +
twice the anchorage length for the top bars in the adjacent span. The program selects a diameter so
that the requested quantity is provided (if possible).
· If there is no hogging moment at mid-span, but the two zero-moment points are close to each other,
the program will detail the link hangers as explained above.
Length:
· The link hangers are always extended to a point 50 mm. from the face of the end supports of the span.
· In cantilevers shorter than 1.5 m, no link hangers are provided as the top bars from the support are
extended to the end of the cantilever. (Note that the 1.5 m can be revised. Refer to Setup- Detailing
options).
Curtailment:
The program extends all bars to the face of the supports if “Curtail bottom bars” is not selected.
If the "Curtail" is selected”:
· The program steps the bottom bars if a specified length ‘x’ can be saved at each end. The length ‘x’
is defined in Setup - Detailing options.
· Bars are not extended to the face of the supports if they are required only at a distance (x + d) from
the face of the support.
Length:
· The full-length bottom bars are always extended to a point 50 mm. from the face of the end supports of
the span.
· The remaining bars are extended to the theoretical cut-off point + anchorage, but not more than 50
mm. from the face of the support.
Anchorage:
· Refer to Cage -top reinforcement -supports 182
· The lap with the bottom bars in the adjacent spans is calculated according to Table 3.29.
· At supports with a step at the bottom face, the reinforcement is detailed as follows:
The lap with the bottom bars in the adjacent spans is calculated according to Table 3.29.
The anchorage length at the other end of the bar is the maximum of: (a) the value in Table 3.29 (b) "d"
(c) 12 diameters. The anchorage length for the hooked bar is reduced by the hook allowance.
· At an external support with a moment, or at the end of a cantilever, the bottom bar is the extension of
the hooked top bar, i.e. the bars is detailed as [ - shaped.
For relatively deep beams, separate top + and bottom . bottoms will be detailed.
· At a pinned exterior support, a hook with minimum length is provided according to § 3.12.9.4, but not
less than 12 times the diameter less the allowance for effective anchorage length of a hook ( §
3.12.8.23).
9 Calculation method
·
· Eurocode 2
· BS8110
· ACI318
· CSA A23.3 185
· IS456
9.1.1 General
The longitudinal reinforcement calculation is based on the design assumptions outlined in § 10.1; the
following rectangular stress block is used.
where
· a1 = 0.85 - 0.0015 f'c > 0.67 (10-1)
· b1 = 0.97 - 0.0025 f'c > 0.67 (10-2)
· fc = 0.60 (§ 8.4.2)
· fs = 0.85
Note that the default load patterns and the load factors may be revised in the Setup option.
(10-4)
where bt = width of the tension zone
or
1.33 As,required (§ 10.5.1.3)
where:
Mr = fs fy As,m ax (d - 0.5 a m ax)
As = As,m ax + As '
a m ax = As,m ax fy fs / a 1 fc f'c b
As,m ax = r m ax b d
Tee beams:
· compression block entirely in flange: designed as rectangular beams.
· compression block in web:
As = Asf + Asw
where:
Asf = Cf / fy fs
Asw = Muw / { fs fy (d - 0.5 a w )}
Cf = a 1 f'c ( bf - bw ) tf fc
Muw = Mu - f Mnf
fs Mnf = fs Cf (d - 0.5 tf)
r f = Asf / bw d
where:
Mr = fs fy As,m ax (d - 0.5 a m ax)
As = As,m ax + As '
a m ax = As,m ax fy fs / a 1 fc f'c b
Md = M = design moment. The value may be the STRAP moment or the Wood & Armer moment
(elements)
Mcd = the moment corresponding to the case where the compression block height is the maximum
allowed by the Code in pure bending.
(a 1fc) (b 1 k2) (1.0 - 0.5 b 1 k2) bd² f'c
where k2 = 700/(700 + fy) N/mm²
For the general case:
Nd = N, where N =design axial force. The value may be the STRAP force or the Wood & Armer
force (elements).
Rectangular section:
There are three design cases:
· Section in tension and compression:
}
· Entire section in tension:
where: e = Md/Nd
ת the program initially checks where the concrete capacity is sufficient for equilibrium. If so,
reinforcement is not required and only minimum reinforcement is provided.
ת the program then tries to provide reinforcement only at the face with the greater compression. If
equilibrium of forces and moments cannot be satisfied -
ת the program provides reinforcement at both faces.
Note:
· all sections are designed for minimum eccentricity
· for small loads the program calculates the reinforcement based on an elastic stress distribution.
Tee sections:
Tee sections are designed similarly to rectangular sections:
Note:
· the program assumes that the entire flange width is effective.
9.1.4 Shear
The program selects the stirrup diameter and spacing so that
(11-4, 11-11)
where:
(11-6)
fc= 0.60
and subject to the following limitations:
(11-5)
(11-1)
sm ax = min ( 600 mm, 0.7d )
but when , then -
sm ax = min ( 300 mm, 0.35d ) (11.2.11)
9.1.5 Deflections
9.1.6 Torsion
Index -P-
Parameters 75
-C-
Cantilever 53
-R-
Columns 53 Redistribution 74
Right click 9
-D-
Directories 14, 16
-S-
Sections 48
-E- Self-weight loads
Setup 25
64
General 7
Geometry 48, 52, 53, 56 -U-
Uniform loads 60
-I-
Increase beam width 75 -W-
Wind loads 64
-L-
Linear line loads 63
Linear loads 61, 63
Load groups 70
Loads 60, 61, 63, 64, 71
-M-
Moment redistribution 74