1.

2 Intersection at Grade
Most highways intersect at grade, and the intersection area should be designed to provide adequately for
turning and crossing movements, with due consideration given to sight distance, signs, grades, and alignment.
Simple intersections at grade consist of a junction of three, four, or more road approaches. A junction of three
approaches is indicated as a "branch," T, or Y. A branch may be defined as an offshoot of a main-traveled highway,
and it usually has a small deflection angle. A T intersection is one in which two approaches in sect to form a
continuous highway and the third approach intersects at, or nearly at, right angles. A Y intersection is one in which
three approaches intersect at nearly equal angles. In addition to the above types of intersection, the flared inter-

section may be used. This consists of additional pavement width or additional fic lanes at the intersection area
1.Islands and Channels
Traffic islands or pavement markings may be used at intersections to facilitate the safe and orderly flow of vehicles
and pedestrians. Properly designed channelization systems increase intersection capacity and decrease conflicts
and crashes.
Islands in an intersection serve one or more of the following purposes (1):

 Separation of conflicts
 Control of angle of conflict
 Reduction of excessive pavement areas
 Regulation of traffic flow in the intersection area
 Arrangements to favor a predominant turning movement
 Protection of pedestrians
 Protection and storage of turning and crossing vehicles
 Location of traffic control devices