A.R.

ENGINEERING COLLEGE
Department Of Mechanical Engineering
INDEX

Ex. Page
NAME OF THE EXPERIMENT
No No.
CALIBRATION OF PRECISION MEASURING
1 INSTRUMENTS LIKE VERNIER CALIPER, MICRO 2
METER AND DIAL GAUGE
MEASUREMENT OF DIMENSIONS OF A GIVEN
M & M LAB MANUAL 2

3
SPECIMEN USING SLIP GAUGE
MEASUREMENT OF ANGLE USING VERNIER BEVEL
4

5
PROTRACTOR
MEASUREMENT OF TAPER ANGLE USING SINE BAR
4 6
AND SLIP GAUGE
MEASUREMENT OF TAPER ANGLE USING SINE BAR
5 7
AND VERNIER HEIGHT GAUGE
MEASUREMENT OF GEAR PARAMETERS USING GEAR
6 8
TOOTH VERNIER
MEASUREMENT OF PITCH OF THE THREAD USING
7 9
PROFILE PROJECTOR
MEASUREMENT OF THE MAJOR DIAMETER OF THE
8 10
THREAD USING FLOATING CARRIAGE MICRO METER
MEASUREMENT OF THE EFFECTIVE DIAMETER OF THE
9 THREAD BY 2-WIRE METHOD USING FLOATING 11
CARRIAGE MICRO METER
MEASUREMENT OF THE EFFECTIVE DIAMETER OF THE
10 THREAD BY 3-WIRE METHOD USING FLOATING 12
CARRIAGE MICRO METER
MEASUREMENT OF ROUNDNESS OF THE CYLINDRICAL
11 13
SPECIMEN USING ELECTRICAL COMPARATOR
MEASUREMENT OF TEMPERATURE USING THERMO
12 14
COUPLE
MEASUREMENT OF TORQUE USING TORQUE MEASURING
13 15
APPARATUS
MEASUREMENT OF FORCE USING STRAIN GAUGE
14 16
ASSISTED FORCE MEASUREMENT SETUP
Prepared by
Er.J.Sankar
Assistant Professor,
Dept of Mechanical Engineering,
A.R. Engineering College,
Villupuram

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Prepared by,
Er.J.Sankar
 A.R. ENGINEERING COLLEGE A.R. ENGINEERING COLLEGE
Department Of Mechanical Engineering Department Of Mechanical Engineering
CALIBRATION OF PRECISION MEASURING INSTRUMENTS Uses:
Aim: It is used as a mechanical comparator.
To study and calibrate the precision measuring instruments like 4.) Slip gauges:
Vernier caliper, Micrometer, and Dial gauge. They are rectangular blocks hardened and carefully stabilized.
Apparatus Required: The surfaces are highly polished to enhance wringing. It is used as
Surface plate, Vernier caliper, Micrometer, Dial gauge, and Slip a reference standard for transferring the dimensions of unit of
gauges. length from primary standard. It is generally made up of high
Specification: carbon, high chromium hardened steel.
Vernier caliper Range: L. C: Uses:
Micrometer Range: L. C: These are accurate and used as comparator.
Dial gauge Range: L. C: 5.) Surface plate:
Study: The foundation of all geometric accuracy and indeed of all
1.) Vernier caliper dimensional measurement in workshop is surface plate. It is a flat
The Vernier caliper has one ‘L’ shaped frame with a fixed jaw smooth surface sometimes with leveling screws at the bottom.
on which Vernier scale is attached. The principle of Vernier is Uses:
that when two scale divisions slightly different in sizes can be It is used as a base in all measurements.
used to measure the length very accurately. Procedure for Calibration:
Least Count is the smallest length that can be measured 1.) The range of the instruments is noted down.
accurately and is equal to the difference between a main scale 2.) Within that range, slip gauges are selected.
division and a Vernier scale division. 3.) The measuring instrument is placed on the surface plate and
LEAST COUNT = 1 Main scale division – 1 Vernier scale division set for zero and the slip gauges are placed one by one between the
Uses: measuring points (jaws of the instruments.)
It is used to measure the external diameter, the internal 4.) The slip gauge (actual) readings and the corresponding
diameter and the length of the given specimen. (observed) readings in the measuring instruments are noted down and
2.) Micrometer: tabulated.
The micrometer has an accurate screw having about 10 to 20
Slip Precision Measuring Instruments Reading (Observedl) in mm
threads/cm and revolves in a fixed nut. The end of the screw is one Gauge Vernier Caliper Micro Meter Dial Gauge
tip and the other is constructed by a stationary anvil. S.No Reading
MSR VSR TR Error PSR HSR TR Error SHR LHR TR Error
(Actual)
LEAST COUNT = Pitch scale division / Number of threads In mm (mm) (div) (mm) (mm) (mm) (div) (mm) (mm) (mm) (div) (mm) (mm)
Pitch scale division = Distance moved / number of rotation 1
Uses: 2
Outside micrometer is used to measure the diameter of solid 3
cylinder.
Inside micrometer is used to measure the internal diameters of Result:
hollow cylinders and spheres. The precision measuring instruments are studied and
3.) Dial gauge: calibrated.Calibration graphs are then drawn for all measuring
The dial gauge has got 2 hands. The short hand reads in mm. instruments between
One complete revolution of long hand reads one mm. The plunger of 1.) Actual value and Observed value.
the dial gauge has to be placed on the surface whose dimension has 2.) Actual value and Absolute error.
to be read.
Least Count = One division of the circular scale with long
hand.

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Prepared by, Prepared by,

Er.J.Sankar Er.J.Sankar
 A.R. ENGINEERING COLLEGE A.R. ENGINEERING COLLEGE
Department Of Mechanical Engineering Department Of Mechanical Engineering
MEASUREMENT OF DIMENSIONS OF A GIVEN SPECIMEN USING SLIP MEASUREMENT OF ANGLE USING VERNIER BEVEL PROTRACTOR
GAUGE Aim:
Aim: To measure the angles of given specimen using bevel protractor.
To Check the Various Dimensions of a Part Using Slip Gauge Apparatus Required:
Apparatus Required: Surface Plate, Dial Gauge, Slip Gauge, Bevel protractor, specimen
Surface Plate, Dial Gauge with Stand, Slip Gauge, Part or Specimen Specification:
Specification: Dial Gauge : Range: _______ L.C.: ________mm
Dial Gauge : Range: _______ L.C.: ________mm Procedure:
Procedure: 1. Initially bevel protractor is adjusted as per requirements.
1. The part whose dimensions are to be measured is placed on the surface 2. Specimen is placed between the blades.
plate. 3. Reading noted directly from main scale and Vernier scale noted and
2. The spindle of the dial gauge is placed over the part and dial gauge tabulated.
is fixed on the stand such that the short and long handoff the dial
gauge sows zero readings. Trail
MSR VSR TR
(mm) (div) (mm)
3.Then the part is removed and the slip gauges are placed one over
another on the surface plate below the spindle of the dial gauge until 1
the hands of the dial gauge deflect from zero reading. 2
4.This ensures that the dimensions achieved by slip gauges and the part 3
is same.
5.The required dimensions of the part is measured by finding out the
total Height (Thickness) of the slip gauges. Result:
6.Trial readings are noted down for various initial setup levels of the Thus angle of given specimens was determined.
dial gaugeon the stand.
Result:
The various dimensions of the given Part measured are:
A : __________mm
B : __________mm
C : __________mm

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Er.J.Sankar Er.J.Sankar
 A.R. ENGINEERING COLLEGE A.R. ENGINEERING COLLEGE
Department Of Mechanical Engineering Department Of Mechanical Engineering
TAPER ANGLE MEASUREMENT USING SINE BAR AND SLIP GAUGE TAPER ANGLE MEASUREMENT USING SINE BAR AND Vernier Height
Aim: Gauge
To measure the taper angle of the given specimen using sine bar Aim:
Apparatus Required: To measure the taper angle of the given specimen using sine bar and
Surface plate, Dial gauge with stand, Sine bar, Slip gauge, Bevel vernier height gauge.
protractor & specimen. Apparatus Required:
Specification: Surface plate, Dial gauge with stand, Sine bar, Vernier Height
Sine bar : Range: gauge& specimen.
Formula: Specification:
Taper angle ‘θ’ = sin in degrees Sine bar Range:
Vernier Height Gauge Range: L.C.:
Where, h = the total height (thickness) of the slip gauges in mm
l = the standard length of the sine bar in mm = 200mm
Formula:
Tabulation: Taper angle ‘θ’ = sin in degrees
h = h2 – h1
Trial h h1 = Vernier Height gauge readings on sin bar lower side in mm
h2 = Vernier Height gauge readings on sin bar upper side in mm
(mm)
l = the standard length of the sine bar in mm = 200mm
1 Tabulation:
2

3 Trial h1 h2 h = h2 – h1

(mm) (mm) (mm)

Procedure:
1. The taper angle of the specimen is first found out approximately
with the help of a bevel protractor. 1
2. The sine bar is set at this angle on the surface plate with the
help of the slip gauges as shown in the figure. 2
3. The specimen is placed on the sine bar so that its top taper 3
surface is parallel to the surface plate.
4. The parallelism is checked and adjusted by increasing or decreasing Procedure:
the height level of the slip gauges, so that there should be no 1. Place the component on surface plate.
deflection in the long hand of the digital gauge when the spindle 2. Locate the sine bar over the component tapered surface.
of the dial gauge is moved over the specimen surface. 3. Measure the height from the surface to the sine bar rollers
5. The total height (thickness) of the slip gauges is noted down. andtabulated as h1 and h2.
6. Trial readings are taken by placing the specimen at different 4. Calculate the difference in the heights and tabulate as h.
points of the sine bar surface. 5. Using the above formula find out the tapper angle of the
Result: givenspecimen.
The taper angle of the given specimen is
a. Using bevel protractor =____________________degrees Result:
b. Using sine bar =____________________degrees The taper angle of the given specimen Using sine is = _____O

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Er.J.Sankar Er.J.Sankar
 A.R. ENGINEERING COLLEGE A.R. ENGINEERING COLLEGE
Department Of Mechanical Engineering Department Of Mechanical Engineering
MEASUREMENT OF GEAR PARAMETERS USING GEAR TOOTH VERNIER
Aim: Procedure:
To measure gear parameter by gear tooth Vernier. 1. The N, D of the given gear block are measured.
Apparatus required: 2. The module m’ it then calculated.
Gear tooth Vernier, Gear specimen. 3. Theoretical values of ‘W’ and’d’ are computed.
4. Theoretical values of ‘W’ is set in horizontal Vernier scale of
Specification:
gear tooth Vernier and corresponding actual ‘d’ value scale.
Gear tooth Vernier
5. Theoretical values of ‘c’ is set and ‘W’ is measured along
Range: Horizontal =0-40 mm
Horizontal scale.
Vertical = 0-20 mm L.C = 0.02 mm
6. This procedure is repeated for 5 teeth and value tabulated.
Formula:
Result:
1. W = sin Thus the chordal thickness and addendum of gear are measured using gear
2. d = 1 cos tooth Vernier.
The actual values are,
3. m= Chordal width of tooth W =____mm
Where, W = Chordal width of tooth in mm Chordal addendum of gearD =____mm
D = Chordal addendum of gear in mm
M = Module of gear in mm
N = NO. Of teeth
D = outside Diameter in gear in mm
Tabulation:
1. Outside Diameter of Gear

Trial Out Side Diameter ‘D’

(Mm)

2. Measurement of Addendum and Chordal Width

Chordal addendum ’d’ Chordal width ‘w’

(mm) (mm)

Trial Actual Theoretical Actual Theoretical

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Er.J.Sankar Er.J.Sankar
 A.R. ENGINEERING COLLEGE A.R. ENGINEERING COLLEGE
Department Of Mechanical Engineering Department Of Mechanical Engineering
MEASURMENT OF PITCH OF THE SCREW USING PROFILE PROJECTOR MEASUREMENT OF THE MAJOR DIAMETER OF THE THREAD USING
Aim: FLOATING CARRIAGE MICRO METER
To measure the pitch of the given screw by profile projector. Aim:
Apparatus Required: To measure the major diameter of the given thread specimen using
Profile Projector and Thread Specimen floating carriage micro meter.
Specification Apparatus required:
Micrometer Head Range = 0-25 mm L.C. = 0.01 mm Thread specimen, Setting cylinder, Floating Carriage Micrometer.
Colour illuminator = 150/250W Halogen Lamp Specification:
Magnification = 10X, 20X, 50X Lenses. Micrometer head Range: 0-25mm L.C. = 0.01mm
Procedure Formula:
1. Place the thread specimen over the glass plate and adjust the Major diameter (M)
magnification lenses to get the clear projection of the profile. M = S±(R2-R1)
2. By moving the vertical and horizontal micrometer head locate the Where, S = Setting Cylinder diameter in mm.
crest of the thread and tabulate the horizontal micrometer R1 & R2 = Micrometer readings in mm.
readings. Procedure:
3. By moving left or right side locate the next adjacent crest of the 1. Place the setting cylinder in the vise of the floating carriage and
thread and tabulate the horizontal micrometer readings. measure the micrometer readings while just touch the cylinder
4. The difference in the both initial and final reading in horizontal surface, which is found by the deflection, obtained in the
micrometer results the pitch of the screw. comparator which is placed in the other side of the micrometer.
5. Repeat the measurement two times as following step two to four and 2. Replace the cylinder by the thread specimen and do measure the
measure the pitch and tabulate the obtained value. micrometer readings like as above mentioned.
6. The average will be the pitch of the thread. 3. Repeat the same procedure for three times to obtained the
normalized values and tabulate the all readings.
4. By using above formula calculate the major diameter of the given
Micro Meter Readings thread specimen.
Trail Initial Final
PSR HSR TR PSR HSR TR Micro Meter Readings
(mm) (div) (mm) (mm) (div) (mm)
1 Trail Initial Final

2 PSR HSR TR PSR HSR TR

(mm) (div) (mm) (mm) (div) (mm)
3 1
2
Result 3
Thus the Pitch of the given thread specimen is = _____mm.
Result:
Thus the major diameter of the given thread specimen is obtained by
using the floating carriage micrometer

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Er.J.Sankar Er.J.Sankar
 A.R. ENGINEERING COLLEGE A.R. ENGINEERING COLLEGE
Department Of Mechanical Engineering Department Of Mechanical Engineering
MEASUREMENT OF THE EFFECTIVE DIAMETER OF THE THREAD BY 2-WIRE MEASUREMENT OF THE EFFECTIVE DIAMETER OF THE THREAD BY 3-WIRE
METHOD USING FLOATING CARRIAGE MICRO METER METHOD USING FLOATING CARRIAGE MICRO METER
Aim: Aim:
To measure the Effective diameter of the thread specimen by 2-wire To measure the Effective diameter of the thread specimen by 3-wire
method use floating carriage micro meter. method use floating carriage micro meter.
Apparatus required: Apparatus required:
Thread specimen, Setting cylinder, wire, Floating Carriage Thread specimen, Setting cylinder, wire, Floating Carriage
Micrometer. Micrometer.
Specification: Specification:
Micrometer head Range: 0-25mm L.C. = 0.01mm Micrometer head Range: 0-25mm L.C. = 0.01mm
Wire Diameter 1.35mm Wire Diameter 1.35mm
Formula: Formula:
Effective Diameter (E) = T + P Effective diameter (E) = M – 3d + 1.5155 X Pitch
T = M -2d Where, M = Diameter over the Wire
P = 0.866 X Pitch of the thread. d = Diameter of the wire
Where, T = Diameter under the wire
M = Diameter over the wire Procedure:
d = diameter of the wire 1. Place the setting cylinder in the vise of the floating carriage and
measure the micrometer readings while just touch the cylinder
Procedure: surface, which is found by the deflection, obtained in the
1. Place the setting cylinder in the vise of the floating carriage and comparator which is placed in the other side of the micrometer.
measure the micrometer readings while just touch the cylinder 2. Replace the cylinder by the thread specimen along with the three
surface, which is found by the deflection, obtained in the wires which are placed one opposite another by one side two wire
comparator which is placed in the other side of the micrometer. and another side with one wire then carry out the measurement of
2. Replace the cylinder by the thread specimen along with the two micrometer readings like as above mentioned.
wires placed one opposite another over the same thread and do 3. Repeat the same procedure for three times to obtained the
measure the micrometer readings like as above mentioned. normalized values and tabulate the all readings.
3. Repeat the same procedure for three times to obtained the 4. By using above formula calculate the major diameter of the given
normalized values and tabulate the all readings. thread specimen.
4. By using above formula calculate the major diameter of the given
thread specimen. Micro Meter Readings

Trail Initial Final

Micro Meter Readings
PSR HSR TR PSR HSR TR
Initial Final (mm) (div) (mm) (mm) (div) (mm)
Trail
PSR HSR TR PSR HSR TR
1
(mm) (div) (mm) (mm) (div) (mm) 2
1 3
2 Result:
3 Thus the Effective diameter of the threaded specimen by two wire
Result: method is = _______mm.
Thus the Effective diameter of the threaded specimen by two wire
method is = _______mm.

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Prepared by, Prepared by,

Er.J.Sankar Er.J.Sankar
 A.R. ENGINEERING COLLEGE A.R. ENGINEERING COLLEGE
Department Of Mechanical Engineering Department Of Mechanical Engineering
MEASUREMENT OF ROUNDNESS OF THE CYLINDRICAL SPECIMEN USING MEASUREMENT OF TEMPERATURE USING THERMO COUPLE
ELECTRICAL COMPARATOR Aim:
Aim: To measure the temperature by thermo couple.
To measure the roundness of the given cylindrical specimen use Apparatus Required:
Electronic comparator. Thermo Couple
Apparatus Required: Thermo meter
Sine center, Electrical Comparator, cylindrical specimen & surface Heating Unit
plate. Specification:
Specification: Thermo couple Type: J & K type.
Electrical Comparator Range: Thermo meter Range: 0-100OC
Procedure: Heating Unit Power: 800W
1. Place the sine center over the surface plate, fix the cylindrical Procedure:
specimen on it. 1. First fill the bowl with the plain water and power on the heater.
2. Place the Electronic comparator over the surface plate and just 2. Place the thermo meter and thermo couple after the boiling of the
touch the sensing stem or sensing element end over the surface of water.
the cylindrical specimen. 3. Measure the temperature on the thermo meter and thermo couple and
3. Reset the electrical comparator to initial readings as zero, and tabulate the readings.
rotate the cylinder by periodically with an angle of 15O and 4. Switch the thermo couple J to K and repeat the same procedure.
tabulate the comparator readings. 5. Measure the error between the thermometer reading and the
4. Plot the Angle Vs Variation Graph. thermocouple reading.
Tabulation 6. Tabulation:
Cylinder Position Variation Measured Temperature
Sl.No Actual Temperature
In Degrees mm (or) Error
(or)
1 0 Trail Thermo couple
Thermo meter Readings
Readings
%
OC
2 OC

3 1
2
3
Result:
Result: Thus the measurement of the torque using torque measuring apparatus
Thus the roundness of the sample measured through the Electrical measured and compared it with the theoretical values.
Comparator, the plot between the angle Vs Variation also made.

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Er.J.Sankar Er.J.Sankar
 A.R. ENGINEERING COLLEGE A.R. ENGINEERING COLLEGE
Department Of Mechanical Engineering Department Of Mechanical Engineering
MEASUREMENT OF TORQUE USING TORQUE MEASURING APPARATUS MEASUREMENT OF FORCE USING STRAIN GAUGE ASSISTED FORCE
Aim: MEASUREMENT SETUP
To measure the torque using strain gauge torque measuring Aim:
apparatus. To measure the force using force measurement setup.
Apparatus Required: Apparatus:
Fixed steel bar Standard Weight, Force Measuring apparatus
Strain gauge torque measurement apparatus Specification:
Weight stand Standard Weight Range 50-500 grams
Standard Weights for loading
Specification:
Tabulation:
Steel bar Length 1meter
Standard weights from 100-400 grms Actual Indicated
Error
Sl.No Load Load
Formula: %
(N) (N)
Theoretical Torque value = W X L
1
Where, W = Load in Kg. 2
L = Length in meter. 3
4
Tabulation: 5
Torque on Theoretical Error
Length Loading
apparatus Torque value %

10
20 Procedure:
250 30 1. Switch on the power supply of the force measuring setup with no
40 load condition and calibrate it to zero initial readings.
10 2. Gradually add the loads from 100 grams to 5oo grams with 1oo grams
20 incremental and tabulate the indicated force value in the table.
500 30 3. Compare the obtained value with actual value and compute the error
40 value.
4. Draw the obtained value Vs Actual value plot.

Procedure: Result:
1. Switch on the torque apparatus do calibration, and then set its Thus the force measurement by force measuring apparatus
initial value shown as zero. successfully carried out and the plot between obtained value Vs actual
2. Keep weight stand in the steel bar at some distance and load value also drawn.
gradually.
3. Measure the actual torque shown in the apparatus and tabulate it.
4. By using the torque formula measure the theoretical torque value
and tabulate it.
5. Compare both the value and find out the error on measurement.
Result:
Thus the measurement of the temperature using thermocouple and
thermometer was measured.

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Er.J.Sankar Er.J.Sankar