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Gas Flow Presentation PDF
Gas Flow Presentation PDF
• Response time
• Low flow limitation
• Impact of energy and pressure loss
• Impact on flowmeters installation
• Impact of the flow profile
• Impact of moisture
• Pressure and temperature simulation
• Impact of setting errors
m = mass flow
p = pressure
pref = reference pressure (typically 1013 mbar or 14.696 psi)
T = temperature
Tref = reference temperature (typically 0 °C or 70 °F)
Z = compressibility
Zref = compressibility at reference conditions
ref = density at reference conditions
V = volume
1m
Chlorine= 3.220 kg T= 70ºF
Chlorine= 2.936 kg
1m 1m
Deviation 6-10%!!!!
2. Cleaning Ð All oxygen equipment must be cleaned from oil & grease
Meter accuracy
Promass 83/84F DN 08 Ð 400
Premium Calibration +/-0.05%
Calibration
• Calibration with Air
• Repeatable and stable ambient conditions
• Controlled temperature (24°C +/- 0.5°C) and humidity (40% Rel)
• Undisturbed, fully developed flow profile
• Automated positioning of the Device Under Test
• Mass flow range: 0.05kg/h … 10’000kg/h
• Measurement uncertainty ±0.3 % o.r.
• DIN17025 and ISO/IEC 17025 accredited
• External 3rd Party tested with different condition and different fluid
the measuring performance is within the measuring error limit for
both calibration with gas and water (Refer to White paper)
Coriolis
• D = Phase shift
• m = Mass flow
D ~ m • fR = Resonance frequency
• r = Density
fR ~ r
W ~ T
• W = Resistance (PT1000)
• T = Temperature
Slide 13 19/11/2012 SW Lim
Coriolis_Promass
• V = Volume flow
V = m/rr
• c = Concentration
Concentration can be calculated from density
• , = Viscosity
Viscosity can be calculated from oscillation damping. Viscosity
measurement is only available with the Promass 83I.
Installation Guidelines
Pressure Loss
Max. Flow
Upper flowmeter range
Accuracy
Min. Flow
Accuracy
Min. Flow
Pressure Loss
Max. Flow
Advantages
• Direct massflow measurement
• Independent of gas properties
• Independent of process conditions
• Independent of installation
Limitation
• Pressure loss
• Size max DN 350
Pressure
= Density
Temperature
Velocity
Gas Properties
As the process pressure increases the gas shows an increased specific heat
absorption. To compensate for this effect the output must be corrected by
applying a multiplication factor
Influence of Moisture
• Typically the meter will read 30 to 50% too much if the gas is condensing
8000
t-mass dry
7000 t-mass wet
6000
5000
massflow [Nm3/h]
4000
3000
2000
1000
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
Slide 28 19/11/2012 SW Lim time [min]
Gas Flow Measurement
t-mass 65
•Integrated Gas Engine with list of 20 gases. Specific gas mixtures can be
programmed up to 8 components
•Measuring accuracy up to ± 1.5% o.r.
Insertion version
with optional
‘Hot Tap’
Insertion version mounting tool
Fits Cost-efficient gas For inserting or
everywhere flow measurement removing the
in large diameter device under
In-line version pipes. process condition
Other gases:
i.e. Ammonia Get expert support for all gases not listed above!
Chlorine
Installation requirement
Advantages
• Wide turndown ratio, 100:1
• Very low pressure loss (<2 mbar)
• Direct mass flow measurement
Limitations
• Not suitable for undefined gas mixtures
• Not recommended for condensate and
dirty gases
Vortex
f = Vortex frequency
V = Volume flow
f~V
DSC Sensor
Bluff Body
Trigger Level
The movement of the paddle
generates sinusidal voltage change
between Electrode 1 and 2
• 2) Depending on Reynolds-Number
4 V
Re 5000
dI
V: Volume flow [m 3/s]
: Density [kg/m 3]
dI : Diameter [m]
: kinematic viscosity [Pa s]
• Question: What happens with the min. flow if the fluid viscosity is
increasing? Min. flow decrease (-) or increase (+)?
• NOTE: linear measuring range starts at Re=20’000!
Volume Mass
The same type of sensor is used for all meter sizes means cost
reduction of spare part handling
Slide 41 19/11/2012 SW Lim
Prowirl 200 - the next step in vortex technology
Process parameters
(temperature, pressure)
Prowirl 200 features integrated temperature measurement and
current input for easy wiring of a pressure transmitter
Slide 42 19/11/2012
Prowirl 200 - the next step in vortex technology
3.
1. 2. 4. 5.
1. reducer
2. min. 15 DN straight run (inlet)
3. Vortex
4. min. 5 DN straight run (outlet)
5. expander
Installation requirement
J
Slide 47 19/11/2012 SW Lim
Gas Flow Measurement
Vortex Installation with
Pressure & Temperature Compensation
Advantages
• High pressure range
• Suitable for gas, steam and
liquids
• High temperature range
• Independent of gas properties
Limitations
• Volumetric measurement
• Sizes max. DN 300
• Min. flow limitation
Differential Pressure
v1 v2 v1
dp pressure
dp = Pstat1- Pstat2
P
Pdyn1 Pdyn2 dw
dP
PPstat
stat
11 PPstat
stat2
2
Flow Equation
10 6
0 .7
19000
0.8
10 6
0 .3
0 .043 0 .08 e 10 L1
0 .123 e 7 L1
1 0 .11
Re xxx 1 4
2L 1.1
0.031 2 2 L2
0 .8
1.3 X 0,011( 0,75 ) 2,8 D
2
1 1 0,0254
X 1
p 1/
1 0 ,351 0 , 256 0 ,93 1
4 8 r _ nom p r _ max
D
2
2 p r _ max nom
p r _ nom
4 1 4
d 2 1
Qm C 2 p nom
4 4
1
Q m K 2 p nom
Q p
Slide 52 19/11/2012 SW Lim
Gas Flow Measurement
p = p+ - p-
qm = K() 2 p
P+
P-
qv = K() 2 p 1/
Venturi tube:
conical upstream opening
D Diameter ratio of
the primary device:
d
d
=
D
Venturi nozzle:
round upstream opening
Pitot tube
p+
p- p = p+ - p- qm = K 2 p
qv = K 2 p 1/
According to
calculations
of manufacturer
or sample calibration
A B
1
3
upstream downstream
Advantages
• Tradition and experience
• Wide application area
• Low cost for large DN
Limitations
• Low turndown
• High maintenance required
Ultrasonic (Biogas)
Prosonic B200
• For wet biogas, landfill or digester gas
• Direct measurement of the methane content (CH4) in the pipe
• Process Temperature: 0 to +80ºC
• Nominal diameters: DN 50 to 200 (2” to 8")
• High accuracy: ±1.5% o.r.
• The Prosonic B 200 measures the time taken for the ultrasonic pulse
to travel through the gas.
• As the path length is know the speed of sound in the gas can be
accurately determined. As the speed of sound in a gas is dependent
on the gas composition the B 200 can use the sound speed to
calculate the methane content of the biogas.
100% CH4 @ 40 °C
100% CO2 @ 40 °C
Installation Location:
Poultry farm biogas plant at Negeri
Sembilan, Malaysia
Consider:
• Installation requirement
• Measuring accuracy
• Pressure loss
• Turndown
• Influence of moisture
• Changing pressure
• Changing temperature
Turndown
Thermal 100: 1
Coriolis 15:1
Vortex 13:1
DP 6:1
Pressure Loss
Deltatop Orificeplate
Differential Pressure 95 mbar
DN50
Any Question