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Atoll 3 3 2 Model Calibration Guide PDF
Atoll 3 3 2 Model Calibration Guide PDF
AT332_MCG_E0
AT332_MCG_E0
Table of Contents
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Atoll 3.3.2 Model Calibration Guide
Contents © 2016 Forsk. All Rights Reserved.
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Atoll 3.3.2 Model Calibration Guide
AT332_MCG_E0 Introduction
Introduction
This Model Calibration Guide is intended for project managers or anyone else responsible for calibrating the Standard Propa-
gation Model (SPM) or Hata Models (Okumura-Hata and Cost-Hata) using continuous wave (CW) measurements. To that end,
the Model Calibration Guide presents you with detailed information on the SPM and guides you through the calibration
process of both types of models.
It is not the intention of this guide to explain in detail how to use Atoll, nor to provide detailed technical information about
Atoll projects. For information on using Atoll, see the User Manual and the Administrator Manual. For detailed technical infor-
mation about Atoll projects, see the Technical Reference Guide.
The Model Calibration Guide follows the calibration process from planning the CW survey, to incorporating the CW measure-
ments into Atoll, to using the CW measurements to calibrate the SPM.
If this is the first time you are calibrating Atoll’s SPM, you might want to read though the entire Model Calibration Guide. Or,
you can go directly to the chapter that interests you:
• The Standard Propagation Model: This chapter describes the Atoll SPM, including the SPM formula and the Hata for-
mula on which the SPM is based. Other aspects described include, typical SPM parameter values, making calculations
using the SPM, and recommendations for using the SPM.
• CW Measurements: This chapter explains the role of CW measurements in calibrating the SPM. It also gives you infor-
mation that will help you successfully plan and carry out a CW survey.
• The Model Calibration Process: This chapter explains the entire calibration process for any model type:
• Creating an Atoll document that to use to calibrate a propagation model.
• Importing the measurements from the CW survey into the new Atoll document.
• Filtering the imported CW measurements to ensure that you are using only the most relevant data.
• Calibrating the SPM or Hata Models, using either the automatic or the assisted method (SPM only).
• Finalising and deploying the calibrated model.
This guide also contains an appendix with additional information on using CW measurements in Atoll.
About Atoll
Atoll is a 64-bit multi-technology wireless network design and optimisation platform. Atoll is open, scalable, flexible, and
supports wireless operators throughout the network life cycle, from initial design to densification and optimisation.
Atoll includes integrated single RAN – multiple RAT network design capabilities for both 3GPP (GSM/UMTS/LTE) and 3GPP2
(CDMA/LTE) technology streams. It provides operators and vendors with a powerful native 64-bit framework for designing
and optimising current and future integrated multi-technology networks. Atoll supports multi-technology HetNets, small cell
planning, and Wi-Fi offloading.
Atoll Microwave is a complete backhaul and microwave link planning solution based on the leading Atoll platform, which
includes a high performance GIS and advanced data and user management features. Atoll Microwave can share its site data-
base with Atoll radio planning and optimisation modules, thus allowing easy data consistency management across the oper-
ator organisation.
Atoll’s integration and automation features help operators smoothly automate planning and optimisation processes through
flexible scripting and SOA-based mechanisms. Atoll supports a wide range of implementation scenarios, from standalone to
enterprise-wide server-based configurations.
If you are interested in learning more about Atoll, please contact your Forsk representative to inquire about our training solu-
tions.
About Forsk
Forsk is an independent company providing radio planning and optimisation software solutions to the wireless industry since
1987.
In 1997, Forsk released the first version of Atoll, its flagship radio planning software. Since then, Atoll has evolved to become
a comprehensive radio planning and optimisation platform and, with more than 7000 installed licenses worldwide, has
reached the leading position on the global market. Atoll combines engineering and automation functions that enable opera-
tors to smoothly and gradually implement SON processes within their organisation.
Today, Forsk is a global supplier with over 450 customers in 120 countries and strategic partnerships with major players in the
industry. Forsk distributes and supports Atoll directly from offices and technical support centres in France, USA, and China as
well as through a worldwide network of distributors and partners.
Since the first release of Atoll, Forsk has been known for its capability to deliver tailored and turn-key radio planning and opti-
misation environments based on Atoll.
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Atoll 3.3.2 Model Calibration Guide
Introduction © 2016 Forsk. All Rights Reserved.
To help operators streamline their radio planning and optimisation processes, Forsk provides a complete range of implemen-
tation services, including integration with existing IT infrastructure, automation, as well as data migration, installation, and
training services.
Getting Help
The online help system that is installed with Atoll is designed to give you quick access to the information you need to use the
product effectively. It contains the same material as the Atoll 3.3.2 User Manual.
You can browse the online help from the Contents view, the Index view, or you can use the built-in Search feature.
You can also download manuals from the Forsk web site at:
http://www.forsk.com/MyForskAccount/
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Atoll 3.3.2 Model Calibration Guide
AT332_MCG_E0 Introduction
• Email: support_us@forsk.com
Opening Hours: Monday to Friday 8.00 am to 8.00 pm (Eastern Standard Time)
• Forsk China
For China, contact the Forsk China support team:
• Tel: +86 20 8557 0016
• Fax: +86 20 8553 8285
• Email: atollsupport@forsk.com.cn
Opening Hours: Monday to Friday 9.00am to 5.30pm (GMT+08:00) Beijing, Chongqing, Hong Kong, Urumqi.
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Atoll 3.3.2 Model Calibration Guide
Introduction © 2016 Forsk. All Rights Reserved.
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Chapter 1
Standard Propagation
Model
This chapter covers the following topics:
• "SPM Formula" on page 11
• "The Correspondence Between the SPM and Hata" on
page 11
• "Making Calculations in Atoll" on page 13
Atoll 3.3.2 Model Calibration Guide
© 2016 Forsk. All Rights Reserved.
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AT332_MCG_E0 Chapter 1: Standard Propagation Model
where:
• PR received power (dBm)
• P Tx transmitted power (EIRP) (dBm)
• K1 constant offset (dB)
• K2 multiplying factor for Log d
• d distance between the receiver and the transmitter (m)
• K3 multiplying factor for Log H Tx
eff
• H Rx effective height of the receiver antenna (i.e., mobile antenna height) (m)
eff
where,
• A1 , A2 , A3 , B1 , B2 , B3 Hata parameters
• f Frequency in MHz
• h BS Effective BS antenna height in metres
• d Distance in kilometres
• a hm Mobile antenna height correction function
• C clutter Clutter correction function
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The distance in this equation is given in kilometres as opposed to the SPM, where the
distance is given in metres.
where:
• A1 , A2 , A3 , B1 , B2 , Hata parameters
• f Frequency in MHz
• h BS Effective BS antenna height in metres
• d Distance in kilometres
The SPM formula can be simplified to:
L = K 1 + K 2 log d + K 3 log h BS + K 5 log dlog h BS + K 6 h meff + K 7 Log h meff
If you rewrite the Hata equation using with the distance in metres as in the SPM formula, you get:
d
L = A 1 + A 2 log f + A 3 log h BS + B 1 + B 2 log h BS log -------------
1000
K 1 = A 1 + A 2 log f – 3 B 1
K2 = B1
K3 = A3 – 3 B2
K5 = B2
K6 = 0
K7 = 0
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AT332_MCG_E0 Chapter 1: Standard Propagation Model
K 2 = 44,90
K 3 = 5,83
K 5 = – 6,55
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H Txeff = H Tx
where,
• H 0Tx is the ground height (ground elevation) above sea level at transmitter (m).
• H 0 is the average ground height above sea level along the profile (m).
If the profile is not located between the transmitter and the receiver, HTxeff equals HTx
only.
where,
• H 0Rx is the ground height (ground elevation) above sea level at the receiver (m).
• K is the ground slope calculated over a user-defined distance (Distance min.). In this case, Distance min. is the dis-
tance from the receiver.
1.3.2.4 Spot Ht
If H 0Tx H 0Rx then, H Txeff = H Tx + H 0Tx – H 0Rx
Distance min. and distance max are set to 3000 and 15000 m following ITU recommenda-
tions (low frequency broadcast f < 500 Mhz) and to 0 and 15000 m following Okumura
recommendations (high frequency mobile telephony).
These values are only used in the last two methods and have different meanings for each method.
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The X-axis and Y-axis represent positions and heights respectively. It is assumed that the X-axis is oriented from the transmit-
ter (origin) towards the receiver.
This calculation is made in several steps:
1. Atoll determines line of sight between the transmitter and the receiver.
The LOS line equation is:
H 0Tx + H Tx – H 0Rx + H Rx
Los i = H 0Tx + H Tx – ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Res i
d
where,
orig H i – H
orig i – 1
a. If H orig i H orig i – 1 and ------------------------------------------------------ 0,05 ,
Res
Then, H filt – Tx i = H filt – Tx i – 1 + H orig i – H orig i – 1
orig H i – H
orig i – 1
b. If H orig i H orig i – 1 and ------------------------------------------------------ 0,05
Res
Then, H filt – Tx i = H filt – Tx i – 1
c. If H orig i H orig i – 1
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c. If H orig i H orig i + 1
Then, for every point of profile, Atoll compares the two filtered heights and chooses the higher one.
4. Atoll determines the influence area, R. It corresponds to the distance from receiver at which the original terrain profile
plus 30 metres intersects the LOS for the first time (when beginning from transmitter).
The influence area must satisfy additional conditions:
• R 3000m ,
• R 0,01 d ,
• R must contain at least three pixels.
• When several influence areas are possible, Atoll chooses the highest one.
• If d < 3000m, R = d.
5. Atoll performs a linear regression on the filtered profile within R in order to determine a regression line.
The regression line equation is:
y = ax + b
d i – dm Hfilt i – Hm
i
a = -----------------------------------------------------------------------
-
2
d i – dm
i
and b = H m – ad m
where,
1
H m = ---
n Hfilt i
i
i is the point index. Only points within R are taken into account.
R
d m = d – ----
2
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regr i = a i Res + b
6. Then, Atoll calculates the effective transmitter antenna height, H Txeff (m).
H 0Tx + H Tx – b
H Txeff = -------------------------------------
-
2
1+a
If HTxeff is less than 20 m, Atoll recalculates it with a new influence area, which begins at the transmitter.
7. If H Txeff is less than 20 m (or negative), Atoll evaluates the path loss using H Txeff = 20m and applies a correction
factor.
Therefore, if H Txeff 20m ,
where,
d 20 1 – H Txeff – 20
K lowant = --------- – 0,3 H Txeff – 20 – ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
5 d d
10 9,63 + ------------ - 6,93 + -------------
1000 1000
where,
H Rx is the height of the receiver antenna above the ground (m).
H 0Rx is the ground height (ground elevation) above sea level at the receiver (m).
H 0Tx is the ground height (ground elevation) above sea level at the transmitter (m).
The calculation of effective antenna heights ( H Rxeff and H Txeff ) is based on extracted
DTM profiles. They are not performed properly if you have not imported heights (DTM file)
beforehand.
When the transmitter and the receiver are not in line of sight, the path loss formula is:
L model =K 1 NLOS + K 2 NLOS log d + K 3 log H Txeff + K 4 Diffraction + K 5 log H Txeff log d + K 6 H Rx + K clutter f clutter
K hill LOS is determined in three steps. Influence area, R, and regression line are assumed to be available.
1. For every profile point within the influence area, Atoll calculates height deviation between the original terrain profile
and regression line. Then, it sorts points according to the deviation and draws two lines (parallel to the regression line),
one which is exceeded by 10% of the profile points and the other one by 90%.
2. Atoll evaluates the terrain roughness, h; it is the distance between the two lines.
3. Atoll calculates K hill LOS .
K hill LOS = K h + K hf
If 0 h 20m , Kh = 0
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1.3.5 Diffraction
Four methods are available to calculate diffraction loss over the transmitter-receiver profile. These methods are explained in
the Technical Reference Guide.
• Deygout
• Epstein-Peterson
• Deygout with correction
• Millington
Along the transmitter-receiver profile, you can take one of the following into consideration:
• Ground altitude and clutter height (Consider heights in diffraction option). In this case, Atoll uses clutter height infor-
mation from the clutter heights file if it is available in the ATL document. Otherwise, Atoll considers average clutter
height specified for each clutter class in the clutter classes file description.
• Only ground altitude.
f clutter = Li wi
i=1
where,
• L: loss due to clutter defined on the Clutter tab by the user (in dB).
• w: weight determined through the weighting function.
• n: number of points taken into account over the profile. Points are evenly spaced depending on the profile resolution.
Four weighting functions are available:
dj
j 1
• d i = D – d' i , where d’i is the distance between the receiver and the ith point and D is the maximum distance defined.
d
log ----i + 1
D
• logarithmic weighting function: w i = -------------------------------------
n
-
dj
log ---- + 1
D
j 1
d
----i
D
e –1
• exponential weighting function: w i = -------------------------
-
n dj
----
e
D
–1
j=1
The following chart shows the weight variation with the distance for each weighting function.
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If you specify losses per clutter class, as illustrated in Figure 1.3, you must not consider clutter altitudes in diffraction loss over
the transmitter-receiver profile. This approach is recommended if the clutter height information is statistical (i.e., where the
clutter is roughly defined and without a defined altitude).
Because the Standard Propagation Model is a statistical propagation model, using this
approach is recommended.
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If you consider clutter height per class, as illustrated in Figure 1.5, you must not define any loss per clutter class. In this case,
f(clutter) will be "0;" losses due to clutter will only be taken into account in calculated diffraction. This approach is recom-
mended if the clutter height information is semi-deterministic (i.e., where the clutter is roughly defined with an average alti-
tude per clutter class).
When the clutter height information is an average height defined for each clutter class, you must specify a receiver clearance
per clutter class. Both ground and clutter height are considered along the entire transmitter-receiver profile except over a
specific distance around the receiver (clearance), in which Atoll bases its calculations only on the DTM. The clearance infor-
mation is used to model streets because it is assumed that the receiver is in the street.
In Figure 1.4, the ground altitude and clutter height (in this case, average height specified for each clutter class in the clutter
classes map description) are taken into account along the profile.
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AT332_MCG_E0 Chapter 1: Standard Propagation Model
Figure 1.5: Settings when using clutter heights set per class
If you use a clutter height file, do not define any loss per clutter class, as illustrated in Figure 1.5. In this case, f(clutter) will be
"0;" losses due to clutter will only be taken into account in calculated diffraction. This approach is recommended if the clutter
height information is deterministic (in this case, where there is a clutter height file).
It is not necessary to define receiver clearance if the height information is from a clutter height file; the clutter height infor-
mation is accurate enough to be used without additional information such as clearance. Atoll calculates the path loss if the
receiver is in the street (i.e., if the receiver height is higher than the clutter height). If the receiver height is lower than the
clutter height, the receiver is assumed to be inside a building. In this case, Atoll does not consider any diffraction for the build-
ing (or any clearance) but takes into account the clutter class indoor loss as an additional penetration loss. Nevertheless, Atoll
does consider diffraction caused by surrounding buildings. In Figure 1.6 on page 22 this diffraction is displayed with a green
line.
In order to consider indoor losses inside a building when only using a deterministic
clutter map (i.e., a clutter height map), you must clear the Indoor Coverage check box
when creating a prediction or indoor losses will be added twice (once for the entire
reception clutter class and once as indoor losses).
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Figure 1.6: Diffraction caused by surrounding buildings when the receiver is indoors
Figure 1.7: Clutter class settings when using a clutter height file
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Chapter 2
Collecting CW
Measurement Data
This chapter covers the following topics:
• "Before You Start" on page 25
• "Guidelines for CW Measurement Surveys" on page 26
Atoll 3.3.2 Model Calibration Guide
© 2016 Forsk. All Rights Reserved.
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DTM and clutter class files must be of a sufficiently high resolution to obtain a high-quality and accurate results in a
calibration project. The resolution of geographic data should typically be:
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• Only the signal from the best server is scanned and, therefore, the signal level is measured over only a short distance
from each transmitter. Therefore, the model will only be calibrated for coverage predictions and not for the evaluation
of interference.
Therefore, you should plan CW measurement surveys if you need measurements to calibrate the SPM or Hata models.
However, before planning and performing CW a measurement survey:
• Determine the number of required propagation models depending on representative area types (urban, suburban,
flat_rural, hilly_rural, etc.), and on the number of frequency bands (GSM 900, GSM 1800, UMTS, etc.). One propaga-
tion model for each "area type–frequency band" pair must be calibrated.
• Select a representative area of each area type, where the measurement survey campaigns will be performed.
• For each area type, select at least 8 sites (6 for calibration and 2 for verification), which respect the conditions
described in "Guidelines for CW Measurement Surveys" on page 26.
• For each selected site, define a survey route, which respects the conditions described in "Guidelines for CW Measure-
ment Surveys" on page 26.
• Ensure that it will be possible to respect all other criteria described in "Guidelines for CW Measurement Surveys" on
page 26 when performing the measurement survey.
To avoid problems if the measurements of one or more stations must be rejected, a mini-
mum of 10 stations for each propagation model to be calibrated is recommended.
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AT332_MCG_E0 Chapter 2: Collecting CW Measurement Data
90 68
120 90
150 113
• The measured signals over the distance of 40 should be averaged, with the mean signal level (50th percentile) being
the one stored.
• The maximum distance between 2 stored measurement points should be equal to one half the resolution of the
clutter file used. This is necessary to obtain a good representative sample of each clutter class.
• At least 5,000 points per station must remain after averaging. A typical number of points per measured station is
between 10,000 and 20,000 points.
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Chapter 3
The Model Calibration
Process
This chapter covers the following topics:
• "Setting Up Your Calibration Project" on page 31
• "Calibrating the SPM" on page 54
• "Calibrating Hata Models" on page 61
• "Analysing the Calibrated Model" on page 66
• "Finalising the Settings of the Calibrated SPM" on
page 71
• "Deploying the Calibrated Model" on page 74
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making changes to the original document. For information on making a copy of an existing document, see the User
Manual.
Once you have created the calibration document, you must set a few necessary parameters and import or create the prelim-
inary data. These steps are explained in the following sections:
• "Setting Coordinates" on page 32
• "Importing Geo Data" on page 32.
All imported raster geographic files must be use the same cartographic system. If not, you
must convert them to a single cartographic system.
For more information on the projection and display coordinate systems in Atoll, see the User Manual.
The only propagation models that can take clutter heights into account in calculations are
the Standard Propagation Model and WLL model.
• Vector Maps: Maps with possible survey routes defined as vectors can be imported to verify the planned survey
routes against other maps.
• Scanned Images: Scanned images are geographic data files which represent the actual physical surroundings, for
example, road maps or satellite images. They are used to provide a precise background for other objects. Although
they are not used in calculations, they can be used to verify the accuracy of proposed survey routes.
• WMS Raster-format Geo Data Files: Raster images from a Web Map Service (WMS) server. The image must be in TIF
format and be referenced in the document; it can not be embedded. You can use a WMS image to add a precise back-
ground for other objects, or to add place names, or a map of roadways. WMS images are not used in calculations.
For more information on any of the geographic data formats that can be used in Atoll, see the User Manual, and the Technical
Reference Guide. For information on importing geographic data, see the User Manual.
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that defines the structure of the data in the CW measurement file. By using the import configuration, you will not need to
define the data structure each time you import a new CW measurement file.
In this section, the following are described:
• "Importing a CW Measurement Path" on page 33
• "Importing Several CW Measurement Paths" on page 34
• "Creating a CW Measurement Import Configuration" on page 36
• "Defining the Display of CW Measurements" on page 37.
CW measurements are usually made using WGS84. By default the coordinate system
displayed in the coordinates field is the display system used in the document. If the CW
measurements were made using WGS84, make sure that WGS84 is selected. The WGS84
geographic system is indicated by the globe symbol ( ).
7. Click the Setup tab and, if any is available, select an Import configuration for the data structure of the imported file.
• If you select an import configuration, go to step 9.
• If no import configuration is available, continue with step 8.
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Figure 3.1: The Setup tab of the Import of Measurement Files dialogue
You can also identify the columns containing the XY coordinates of each point in the CW
measurement path by selecting them from the Field row of the table on the Setup tab.
d. In the Measurements box, select the field that contains the value of the measured signal for each defined point.
e. Click OK to close the CW Measurement Setup dialogue.
f. If there is other data available in the file, in the table under File, define the Type for each additional column of
data.
9. Click Import. The CW measurement data is imported into the current Atoll document.
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3. Select Import from the context menu. The Open dialogue appears.
4. Select the file or files you want to open.
You can select contiguous files by clicking the first file you want to import, pressing SHIFT
and clicking the last file you want to import. You can select non-contiguous files by pressing
CTRL and clicking each file you want to import.
CW measurements are usually made using WGS84. By default the coordinate system
displayed in the coordinates field is the display system used in the document. If the CW
measurements were made using WGS84, be sure to select WGS84, a geographic system
as indicated by the globe symbol ( ).
7. Click the Setup tab (see Figure 3.1). If you already have an import configuration defining the data structure of the
imported file or files, you can select it from the Configuration list on the Setup tab of the Import of Measurement
Files dialogue. If you do not have an import configuration, continue with step 8.
a. Under Configuration, select an import configuration from the Configuration list.
b. Continue with step 9.
You can also identify the columns containing the XY coordinates of each point in the CW
measurement path by selecting them from the Field row of the table on the Setup tab.
d. In the Measurements box, select the field that contains the value of the measured signal for each defined point.
e. Click OK to close the CW Measurement Setup dialogue.
f. If there is other data available in the file, in the table under File, define the Type for each additional column of
data.
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9. If you wish to save the definition of the data structure so that you can use it again, you can save it as an import con-
figuration:
a. On the Setup tab, under Configuration, click Save. The Configuration dialogue appears.
b. By default, Atoll saves the configuration in a special file called "MeasImport.ini" found in Atoll’s installation folder.
In case you cannot write into that folder, you can click Browse to choose a different location.
c. Enter a Configuration Name and an Extension of the files that this import configuration will describe (for example,
"*.csv").
d. Click OK.
Atoll will now select this import configuration automatically every time you import a drive test data path file with
the selected extension. If you import a file with the same structure but a different extension, you will be able to
select this import configuration from the Configuration list.
• You do not have to complete the import procedure to save the import configura-
tion and have it available for future use.
• When importing a CW measurement file, you can expand the MeasImport.ini file
by clicking the button ( ) in front of the file in the Setup part to display all the
available import configurations. When selecting the appropriate configuration, the
associations are automatically made in the table at the bottom of the dialogue.
• You can delete an existing import configuration by selecting the import configura-
tion under Setup and clicking the Delete button.
10. Once you have defined the import parameters, you can import the selected files:
• When importing several files for the same transmitter: Click Import All. The CW measurement data are imported
into the current Atoll document.
When you click the Import All button, Atoll does not import files that do match the
currently selected import configuration. It displays an error message and continues with
the next file.
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c. Select the columns in the imported file that give the X-Coordinates and the Y-Coordinates of each point in the CW
measurement path file.
You can also identify the columns containing the XY coordinates of each point in the CW
measurement path by selecting them from the Field row of the table on the Setup tab.
d. In the Measurements box, select the field that contains the value of the measured signal for each defined point.
e. Click OK to close the CW Measurement Setup dialogue.
f. If there is other data available in the file, in the table under File, define the Type for each additional column of
data.
8. On the Setup tab, under Configuration, click Save. The Configuration dialogue appears.
a. By default, Atoll saves the configuration in a special file called "MeasImport.ini" found in Atoll’s installation folder.
In case you cannot write into that folder, you can click Browse to choose a different location.
b. Enter a Configuration Name and an Extension of the files that this import configuration will describe (for example,
"*.csv").
c. Click OK.
Atoll will now select this import configuration automatically every time you import a drive test data path file with
the selected extension. If you import a file with the same structure but a different extension, you will be able to
select this import configuration from the Configuration list.
• You do not have to complete the import procedure to save the import configura-
tion and have it available for future use.
• When importing a CW measurement file, you can expand the MeasImport.ini file
by clicking the Expand button ( ) in front of the file in the Setup part to display all
the available import configurations. When selecting the appropriate configuration,
the associations are automatically made in the table at the bottom of the dialogue.
• You can delete an existing import configuration by selecting the import configura-
tion under Setup and clicking the Delete button.
• The defined configurations are stored, by default, in the file "MeasImport.ini",
located in the directory where Atoll is installed. For more information on the
MeasImport.ini file, see the Administrator Manual.
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Predictions and CW measurements are shaded differently. Nevertheless, you can obtain a
similar colouring by excluding the last break of the CW path display. To do this, select the
’Filter up to Last Break’ check box.
When "Discrete Values" is the selected display type, you select Shading to choose a Start Colour and an End Col-
our.
For most object types, you can also display object information in the form of a tool tip that
is only visible when you move the pointer over the object. This option has the advantage
of not filling the map window with text. For more information on tool tips, see "Defining
the Tip Text" on page 39.
2. Click the Browse button ( ) beside the Tip Text box. The Field Selection dialogue appears.
3. Select the fields which you want to display in the label:
a. To select a field to be displayed in the label for the object type, select the field in the Available Fields list and click
to move it to the Selected Fields list.
b. To remove a field from the list of Group these fields in this order, select the field in the Selected Fields list and
click to remove it.
You can also display information about data objects in the form of a label that is displayed
with the object. Given the large number of CW measurement points in a CW survey, defin-
ing labels that are always visible is not recommended.
Once you have defined the tool tips, you must activate the tool tip function before they appear.
To activate the tool tip function:
• Click the Display Tips button ( ) on the toolbar. Tool tips will now appear when the pointer is over the object.
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The entries in the Legend column will appear in the Legend window.
With value intervals, you can enter information in the Legend column to be displayed on the legend. If there is no information
entered in this column, the maximum and minimum values are displayed instead.
1. Open the Display tab of the Properties dialogue as explained in "Defining the Display of CW Measurements" on
page 37.
2. Select the Add to legend check box. The defined display will appear on the legend.
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If panoramic photographs of the area surrounding the base station are available, you should verify that there are no nearby
obstacles disturbing propagation. If there is an obstacle close to the base station, you can filter out the obstructed CW meas-
urement data using an angle filter or remove the station from the set of CW measurement data if the obstruction is too wide.
For information on defining an angle filter, see "Filtering by Angle" on page 52.
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If you set filters on the CW Measurements folder, any filters set on individual CW
measurement paths will be erased.
Before the point distribution statistics can be displayed, you must calculate signal levels
on the CW measurement points. You can calculate signal levels by right-clicking the CW
Measurements folder and selecting Calculations > Calculate Signal Levels from the
context menu.
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To filter out the measurement points from the under-represented clutter classes:
1. On the Network tab of the explorer window, right-click the CW measurements whose statistics you have just exam-
ined:
• All CW measurements: Right-click the CW Measurements folder.
• All CW measurements for a single reference transmitter: Click the Expand button ( ) to expand the CW Meas-
urements folder and right-click the folder of the reference transmitter.
The context menu appears.
2. Select Filter from the context menu. The CW Measurement Filter dialogue appears.
3. In the Per Clutter window, under Filter, clear the check boxes of the clutter classes you want to filter out. Only the
clutter classes whose check box is selected will be taken into account.
4. If you want to keep the measurement points inside the focus zone, select the Use focus zone to filter check box.
5. If you want to permanently remove the measurement points outside the filter, select the Delete Points Outside Filter
check box.
Remember that, by selecting the Delete Points Outside Filter check box, you are defining
a property of the CW measurement path. Once you have defined this property, points
that you filter out using other methods, for example, using the Filtering Assistant (see
"Using the Filtering Assistant on CW Measurement Points" on page 45) will also be
permanently deleted.
If you permanently delete measurement points and later want to use them, you will have to re-import the original
measurement data.
6. Click OK. The selected CW measurement data will be filtered according to the defined parameters.
The filter settings can also be saved to a filter configuration which can be retrieved afterward.
You can also filter out the measurement points from the under-represented clutter classes on a single CW measurement path
by using the Filtering assistant (see "Using the Filtering Assistant on CW Measurement Points" on page 45).
See "Displaying Statistics Over a Measurement Path" on page 82 and "Displaying Statistics Over Several Measurement Paths"
on page 83 for more information on measurement path statistics.
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In this section, filtering out CW measurement points based on the signal strength or their distance from the reference trans-
mitter is explained:
• "Typical Values" on page 44
• "Using Manual Filtering on CW Points" on page 44
• "Creating an Advanced Filter" on page 45
• "Using the Filtering Assistant on CW Measurement Points" on page 45.
If you permanently delete measurement points and later want to use them, you will have
to re-import the original measurement data.
6. Click OK. The selected CW measurement data will be filtered according to the defined parameters.
The filter settings can also be saved to a filter configuration which can be retrieved afterward.
You can also filter out CW measurement points on signal strength or distance on a single CW measurement path by using the
Filtering assistant (see "Using the Filtering Assistant on CW Measurement Points" on page 45).
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6. Click OK to filter the data according to the criteria you have defined.
Filters are combined first horizontally, then vertically.
The filter settings can also be saved to a filter configuration which can be retrieved afterward.
You can also filter out CW measurement points using an advanced filter on a single CW measurement path by using the Filter-
ing assistant (see "Using the Filtering Assistant on CW Measurement Points" on page 45).
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4. Select Filtering Assistant from the context menu. The Filtering Assistant dialogue appears (see Figure 3.6).
The Filtering Assistant dialogue displays measurements by 10log(d), where "d" represents the distance. This enables
you to check whether measurement points are homogeneously distributed for the relevant signal level and distance
according to a linear function.
The Filtering Assistant enables you to filter by entering the values for Min. distance, Max. distance, Min. measure-
ment, and Max. measurement. Or, you can filter by drawing a rectangle in the graph. You can select the points to keep
or you can select areas with few points to exclude the points. After including or excluding points, you can verify the
number of points remaining and their percentage of the whole.
5. Under Clutter, clear the check box of any clutter class that is either under-represented or unrepresentative of the
survey zone. For more information, see "Filtering on Clutter Classes" on page 42.
6. Filter the measurement points by selection. Typically, you will first select the points to include, respecting minimum
distance and minimum and maximum values, and then you will exclude the anomalous points from that selection.
To select points to include:
a. Click on the graph where you want to start the rectangle that will contain the points to keep.
b. Drag to the opposite corner. The selection rectangle appears outlined in red.
When you release the mouse, the values reflected by the current selection are displayed in the fields on the left.
c. Right-click the rectangle. The context menu appears.
d. Select Filter Selected Points from the context menu (see Figure 3.6). All points outside the rectangle are filtered
out.
The Number of Points field displays the number of points kept as well as their percentage of the whole.
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d. Select Excluded Selected Points from the context menu (see Figure 3.7). All points inside the rectangle are filtered
out.
The Number of points field displays the number of points kept as well as their percentage of the whole.
7. If you want, click the Save button under Filter configuration to save the filter settings as a filter configuration. You can
then select the same configuration the next time by selecting it from the list under Filter configuration.
8. Click OK to apply the filters and close the dialogue.
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• When moving the mouse over the graph, the related distance, measurement, and
point index are displayed in the left of the dialogue.
• The Clear All button resets the existing filters.
For more information on using the CW Measurement Analysis Tool and the Point Analysis Tool to display diffraction peaks,
see "Using the CW Measurement and the Point Analysis Tools" on page 69.
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6. You can display the data in the CW measurement path in two ways:
• Click the values in the CW Measurement Analysis window.
• Click the points on the CW measurement path in the map window.
The CW measurement path appears in the map window as a line connecting the reference transmitter and the CW
measurement point, which is indicated by the pointer ( ).
7. You can display a second Y-axis on the right side of the window in order to display the values of a second variable. You
can select the secondary Y-axis from the list on the right-hand side on the top of the CW Measurement Analysis Tool
window.
8. You can change the zoom level of the CW Measurement Analysis window in the following ways:
• Zoom in or out:
i. Right-click the CW Measurement Analysis window.
ii. Select Zoom In or Zoom Out from the context menu.
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If you open the table for the CW measurement path you are displaying in the CW
Measurement Analysis Tool window, Atoll will automatically display in the table the
data for the point that is displayed in the map and in the CW Measurement Analysis
Tool window.
When you select a CW measurement point on the map, Atoll automatically selects the
same point in the data table. So, by arranging the map window and the data table so
that both are visible, you can locate the first and last points of the selection in the data
table by clicking them on the map.
7. Press DEL to delete the CW measurement points permanently from the data table.
If you permanently delete measurement points and later want to use them, you will have
to re-import the original measurement data.
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Figure 3.11: Displaying the measurement path and the data table (in a second tab group)
When you have created several filtering polygons for a path, you can delete all of them at
the same time by selecting the Delete Filtering Polygons check box in the CW Measure-
ment filter dialogues.
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• All CW measurements for a single reference transmitter: Click the Expand button ( ) to expand the CW Meas-
urements folder and right-click the folder of the reference transmitter.
The context menu appears.
2. Select Filter from the context menu. The CW Measurement Filter dialogue appears.
3. Under Azimuth/Point Angle, select one of the following:
• Relative: Select Relative if the antenna is directional. The entered angles will then be offset from the antenna’s
azimuth.
• Absolute: Select Absolute if the antenna is omnidirectional. Because an omnidirectional antenna has no azimuth,
the entered angles will then be offset from the north.
4. Define the negative and positive angles of the aperture:
a. Min. Angle: Enter a minimum angle from 0 to -180 degrees.
b. Max. Angle: Enter a minimum angle from 0 to 180 degrees.
In the example in Figure 3.12, a filter from -140 to 140 degrees relative to the antenna azimuth has been created to
filter out CW measurement points in the 80 degrees directly behind the antenna.
5. If you want to keep the measurement points inside the focus zone, select the Use focus zone to filter check box.
6. If you want to permanently remove the measurement points outside the filter, select the Delete points outside filter
check box.
If you permanently delete measurement points and later want to use them, you will have
to re-import the original measurement data.
7. Click OK.
The filter settings can also be saved to a filter configuration which can be retrieved afterward.
You can also filter out CW measurement points using a filter by angle on a single CW measurement path by using the Filtering
assistant (see "Using the Filtering Assistant on CW Measurement Points" on page 45).
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If not enough base stations are available (in other words, if there are fewer than eight base stations per propagation model
being calibrated), you should use all the base stations for calibration. You can verify the calibration later by using the same
measurement paths as in the calibration process.
When selecting base stations for calibration and for verification, you should keep the following guidelines in mind:
• For calibration: Select paths that cover the entire area so that all the area characteristics can be taken into account
during the calibration process.
• For verification: Select several paths (the number depends on the total number of available paths) that are within the
covered area and not at the outer boundaries. Ensure that the areas covered by the verification paths are also covered
by the calibration paths.
If you want to increase the reliability of the calibrated model, you can ensure that the
mean error is under 2.5 dB and that the standard deviation is under 8.5 dB for each
calibration site.
After you have set initial parameters, you can retain the original copy of the SPM by
creating a copy of the SPM and calibrating the copy instead. This allows you to restart
calibration from the original version if you should need to. You can create a copy of the
SPM by right-clicking the SPM on the Parameters tab of the explorer window and
selecting Duplicate from the context menu.
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• K6: Ensure that K6 is set to "0." Because the K6 coefficient is a direct multiplicative factor of the receiver height in
the formula used to calculate path loss, it can influence propagation results in an unrealistic way.
• K7: The K7 coefficient has little influence on the performance propagation model and can usually be set to "0." It
is a direct multiplicative factor of the log of the receiver height in the formula used to calculate path loss; an incor-
rect setting can influence propagation results in an unrealistic way.
Other Ki values will be calibrated during the automatic calibration process.
DU = Dense Urban
U = Urban
Tx
Rx
DU DU DU U U U U U
Maximum Distance
Figure 3.14: Calculating the total clutter loss between the transmitter and the receiver
In the example in Figure 3.14, the defined maximum distance indicates that only the clutter losses on the first six
pixels will be taken into account when calculating the total loss. How the losses on each pixel within the maximum
distance are taken into account when calculating the total loss depends on the weighting function. There are four
possible weighting functions:
• Uniform
• Triangular
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• Logarithmic
• Exponential.
Figure 3.14 displays how the clutter loss of each pixel will be taken into consideration. In Figure 3.14, the value of
each pixel is displayed as a function of its distance from the receiver. With the uniform weighting function, the
clutter loss of each pixel within the maximum distance is simply added. With the other three functions, the clutter
loss of each pixel diminishes according to a mathematical formula. For more information on the weighting func-
tions and on the mathematical formulas used, see the Technical Reference Guide.
Figure 3.15: Comparative behaviour of the clutter weighting functions in the SPM
If clutter losses are not taken into account by the propagation model, clutter loss weighting
will not have an effect.
Under Parameters per clutter class, you can set the following parameters for each clutter class:
• Losses: Clutter losses will be calibrated.
• Clearance: Clutter clearance is only used when clutter height information from the clutter class file is used for a
clearance distance from the receiver when calculating diffraction.
• Rx Height: Ensure that the Rx Height is set to "(default)." The default receiver height is defined on the Receiver
tab of the Predictions folder Properties dialogue.
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tion to the physical environment. For this reason, the assisted calibration process is better suited to advanced users who can
apply their experience to the calibration process.
The recommended approach is to combine both calibration methods, by first using the automatic calibration process and then
fine-tuning the results of the calibrated propagation model using the assisted calibration method.
Both calibration processes are started using the same method.
To start the calibration process:
1. Click the Parameters tab in the explorer window.
2. Click the Expand button ( ) to expand the Propagation Modules folder.
3. Right-click the copy of the SPM that you want to calibrate. The context menu appears.
4. Select Calibration from the context menu (see Figure 3.16). The Calibration Wizard window appears.
5. Select the CW measurement paths that you decided to use for the calibration process (see Figure 3.17). For informa-
tion on selecting CW measurement paths, see "Selecting Base Stations for Calibration and for Verification" on page 53.
6. Select the calibration method:
• Automatic calibration: When you select the automatic calibration method, you set the acceptable ranges for var-
iables and Atoll attempts to find a solution that minimises the error between measurements and predictions and
their standard deviation.
• Assisted calibration: When you select the assisted calibration method, you can adjust each variable of the prop-
agation model using a correlation matrix which indicates which variables have the greatest impact on the mean
error.
When you select the assisted calibration method, you can select the check boxes of LOS or NLOS to indicate
whether you want to work with the LOS or NLOS sets of variables or with both.
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Figure 3.17: Path and calibration method selection for SPM Calibration
7. Click Next.
• If you selected Automatic calibration, continue with "The Automatic Calibration Wizard" on page 59.
• If you selected Assisted calibration, continue with "The Assisted Calibration Wizard" on page 60.
The filters defined in the properties of each CW measurement path will be taken into
account in the calibration process.
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Ki Minimum Maximum
K1 0 100
K2 20 70
K3 -20 20
K4 0 0.8
K5 -10 0
Leave the K6 parameter unselected. You can set the K7 parameter to "0" as well as it has
little influence on the performance propagation model.
d. Click OK.
3. Click Next to start the calibration process.
After the calculations have completed, a results window appears with the previous parameters and methods and
current parameter values and methods (see Figure 3.19).
The previous and the current statistics are also displayed in terms of the root mean square, the standard deviation
and the mean error (error = predicted - measured).
4. Click Commit to apply the results of the calculation process (i.e., calibrated Ki, methods, and clutter losses) to the ini-
tial propagation model.
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Figure 3.20: Table listing the correlation of the SPM variables to the global error
When the correlation coefficient is close to one, the graph showing the regression is a vertical line; this indicates that the
global error depends strongly on the variable. When the correlation coefficient is close to zero, the points are scattered
around a horizontal line; this indicates that the correlation between the error and the variable is limited. It means that if the
variable if modified, this will not improve the error.
To use the assisted calibration wizard to reduce the mean error:
1. In the table, select the variables that you want to modify to reduce the mean error. To select more than one variable,
press CTRL as you click the other variables.
2. Click the Identify button. The assisted calibration wizard attempts to bring the correlation as close to zero as possible.
Under Statistics, you can compare the Root Mean Square, the Average, and the Standard Deviation before and after.
If you want to adjust the losses per clutter class to reduce the mean error, the maximum distance, as defined under
Range on the Clutter tab of the propagation model’s Properties dialogue, must be set to "0". If the maximum distance
is set to any other distance, Atoll will ask you if you want to force the maximum distance to "0" before letting you
modify the losses per clutter class.
If you are not satisfied with the changes made when you clicked Identify, you can undo
them by clicking Reinitialise.
Calibration is complete when the Root Mean Square, the Average, and the Standard Deviation are as close to zero as
possible.
3. Click Statistics to view a report on the statistics of the propagation model, using the current parameter values.
Under Model Parameters, the settings defined in General and Clutter tabs of the propagation model’s Properties
dialogue are summarized: formulas, methods, distances, diffraction method, and losses per clutter class.
Under Global Statistics, the number of CW measurement points which match any filter criteria is given, along with the
mean, standard deviation, and minimum and maximum values for variables such as the error, error (LOS), error
(NLOS), log(d), log(HTxeff), Diff, log(d)log(HTxeff), and HRxeff.
Under Statistics per Clutter Classes, number of points, mean, and standard deviation for each clutter class are given.
Under Correlation Matrix, is a matrix of all parameters.
4. When you are satisfied with the results, click Commit to update the Ki factors of the propagation model with the
changes.
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If you want to increase the reliability of the calibrated model, you can ensure that the
mean error is under 2.5 dB and that the standard deviation is under 8.5 dB for each
calibration site.
After you have set initial parameters, you can retain the original copy of the Hata Model
by creating a copy of the considered Hata Model and calibrating the copy instead. This
allows you to restart calibration from the original version if you should need to. You can
create a copy of an Hata Model by right-clicking the appropriate model folder on the
Parameters tab of the explorer window and selecting Duplicate from the context menu.
The Okumura-Hata model is suited for predictions in the 150 to 1000 MHz band over long distances (from one to 20 km). It is
best suited to GSM 900, and CDMA 1xRTT radio technologies.
The Cost-Hata model is suited for coverage predictions in the 1500 to 2000 MHz band over long distances (from one to 20
km). It is best suited to DCS 1800 and UMTS radio technologies.
Hata models in general are well adapted to the urban environment. You can define several corrective formulas and associate
a formula with each clutter class to adapt the Hata model to a wide variety of environments. You can also define a default
formula to be used when no land use data is available. Additionally, you can consider diffraction losses based on the DTM.
In this section, the following initial Hata Model parameters are explained:
• "Defining General Settings" on page 62
• "Selecting an Environment Formula" on page 63
• "Creating or Modifying Environment Formulas" on page 63.
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6. Click OK.
Additional losses can be evaluated using the Automatic Calibration Wizard. For informa-
tion on the Automatic Calibration Wizard, see "Running the Hata Calibration Process" on
page 64.
• You can weight the diffraction loss by setting the diffraction multiplying factor
within the range [0;1].
• Constant values and diffraction multiplying factor can be evaluated using the Auto-
matic Calibration Wizard for each environment formula. For information on the
Automatic Calibration Wizard, see "Running the Hata Calibration Process" on
page 64.
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5. Select the CW measurement paths that you decided to use for the calibration process (see Figure 3.22). For informa-
tion on selecting CW measurement paths, see "Selecting Base Stations for Calibration and for Verification" on page 53.
Figure 3.22: Path and calibration method selection for a Hata-based model
6. Click Next.
7. For each parameter you want to calibrate, select the check box of the parameter in the Parameter column.
8. Define the range of each parameter to be calibrated:
a. Click the parameter in the Parameter column.
b. Click the Define Range button. The Define Range dialogue appears.
c. Set the Min. Value and Max. Value for the variable.
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Here are default and recommended ranges for the calibrated parameters:
B1 0 100
Diffraction Factor 0 1
d. Click OK.
9. Click Next to start the calibration process.
After the calculations have completed, a results window appears with the previous parameters and methods and
current parameter values and methods (see Figure 3.24).
The previous and the current statistics are also displayed in terms of the root mean square, the standard deviation
and the mean error (error = predicted - measured).
10. Click Commit to apply the results of the calculation process (i.e., calibrated Ai, diffraction multiplying factors and Addi-
tional Losses) to the initial propagation model.
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Figure 3.25: Selecting the calibrated model for all CW measurement paths
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5. Select Tools > Point Analysis. The Point Analysis window appears.
6. Arrange the Point Analysis window and the CW Measurement Analysis window in order to display them and the map
window at the same time as in Figure 3.31.
As you move the pointer ( ) along the CW measurement path on the map or in the CW Measurement Analysis
window, the following information appears in the CW Measurement Analysis window (see Figure 3.31):
• The measured signal level
• The predicted signal level
• The error
• The graph
You can select an additional characteristic of the CW measurement path from the list on the right.
The Profile view of the Point Analysis window displays the profile between a reference transmitter and the selected
CW measurement point. As well, Atoll displays the strength of the received signal from the selected transmitter as
well as any diffraction peaks.
The propagation model used to generate the results on the Profile tab of the Point
Analysis Tool window is the model defined in the properties of the reference transmitter.
You can also move through the CW measurement points by dragging the vertical line in the
CW Measurement Analysis Tool window that indicates the current CW measurement
point.
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• Typical losses: You can extrapolate missing clutter losses from typical losses. It is important to remember that the rel-
ative difference (between losses per clutter class) is more important than the absolute value of clutter losses because
the absolute value is dependent on the constant K1. As well, you must calculate and use a scaling factor between cal-
ibrated losses and typical losses. Additionally, clutter losses should be normalised on the most representative clutter
class in order to be able to compare them. In other words, if the best represented clutter class is "Urban," then the
clutter losses for "Urban" should be shifted to "0" for that clutter class and the calibrated clutter class losses should
be shifted to respect their relative difference from the clutter losses for "Urban" and the constant K1 should be mod-
ified to compensate for the shift. For example, if "Urban," the best represented clutter class, has a loss of "-3" and
"Suburban" has a loss of "-7," when you shift "Urban" it to "0," you will have to shift "Suburban" by a corresponding
amount, i.e., the normalised loss for "Suburban" will be "-4." As well, if the value of K1 was 22, when you shift the
clutter losses by 3, you will have to shift the value of K1 by a similar value, to give you a value of 19, in order to com-
pensate for the shift in clutter class losses.
The following table gives typical clutter losses, normalised for the Urban clutter class.
Woodland From 2 to 3
Urban 0
Suburban From -5 to -3
Industrial From -5 to -3
Before you can extrapolate undefined clutter losses, you must ensure that the losses
from the other propagation model are normalised on the same clutter class as the
clutter class used for normalisation in the propagation model you are calibrating.
1. On the Parameters tab of the explorer window, right-click the copy of the propagation model calibrated on another
area. The context menu appears.
2. Select Properties from the context menu. The Properties dialogue appears.
3. Under Parameters per clutter class, on the Clutter tab, note the losses for all clutter classes that remained uncali-
brated in the copy of the propagation model you are currently calibrating.
4. Open the Properties dialogue of the propagation model you are currently calibrating.
5. Under Parameters per clutter class, on the Clutter tab, enter the losses for the clutter classes that remained uncali-
brated.
To extrapolate undefined clutter losses from standard values:
1. Using values that are present in both the calibrated propagation model and in the typical values, calculate the scaling
factor between the two sets of values.
To calculate the scaling factor, you use values existing in both the propagation model and in the typical values, for
example:
Dense Urban, project – Suburban, project Dense Urban, typical – Suburban, typical
Remember that it is the relative difference between losses per clutter class that is impor-
tant.
2. Calculate the delta between the normalised clutter class loss in the typical values (i.e., "Urban") and the clutter class
loss that is undefined in the calibrated propagation model (i.e., the standard ).
3. Multiply this delta by the scaling factor between the project losses and the standard losses to calculate the clutter loss
for the project:
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4. Add the delta of the project to the normalised clutter loss to obtain the value of the clutter class loss that is undefined
in the calibrated propagation model.
5. Repeat these steps for each clutter loss that is undefined in the calibrated propagation model.
For example, a project has the following clutter losses:
Dense Urban = 5
Urban = (0)
Suburban = 2
The clutter loss for Urban is undefined. To extrapolate from the known values using typical values, you must first calcu-
late the scaling factor, using the values existing in both the standard values:
Dense Urban, project – Suburban, project Dense Urban, typical – Suburban, typical
In this case:
3
5 – 2 4 – – 4 ---
8
Using the scaling factor, you can calculate the delta between the Urban loss and the Dense Urban in the project:
project = standard scaling factor
Or:
3
project = 4,5 – 0 --- 1,5
8
Subtracting the result of "1.5" from "5" gives us a clutter loss of "3.5" for Urban in this project.
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Remember that the calibrated propagation model is valid only for the area and
frequency band on which it was calibrated. If you use it on another project based on a
different area or frequency band, you must calibrate it for that project.
drawing pointer ( ).
c. Click on the map to start drawing the filter polygon. Click each time you change the angle on the border defining
the outside of the polygon.
d. Close the polygon by clicking twice. The transmitters outside of the selected zone are filtered out. On the Network
tab of the explorer window, the Transmitters folder appears with a special icon ( ), to indicate that the folder
contents have been filtered. Only the transmitters within the filtering zone will now appear in the Transmitters
table.
2. Open the Transmitters table:
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• On the Network tab of the explorer window, right-click the Transmitters folder and select Open Table from the
context menu. The Transmitters table appears.
3. If necessary, sort the entries in the Transmitters table by frequency band:
• In the Transmitters table, click the title of the Frequency Band column to sort the entries by frequency band.
4. Select the calibrated propagation model for all records that will use it:
a. In the Main Propagation Model column, select the calibrated propagation model.
b. Starting with the record you have just changed, click and drag to select all records that will have the same propa-
gation model.
c. Right-click the table. The content menu appears.
d. Select Edit > Fill Down from the content menu. The entry under Main Propagation Model changes to the value in
the first record of the selected transmitters.
If the result was not what you expected, select Edit > Undo and repeat the steps.
e. If you want to assign the calibrated propagation model to the extended propagation model as well, repeat these
steps with the entries in the Extended Propagation Model column.
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76
Chapter 4
Additional CW
Measurement
Functions This chapter covers the following topics:
• "Creating a CW Measurement Path" on page 79
• "Drawing a CW Measurement Path" on page 80
• "Merging Measurement Paths for a Same Transmitter"
on page 80
• "Smoothing Measurements to Reduce the Fading Effect"
on page 81
• "Calculating Best Servers Along a CW Measurement
Path" on page 81
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CW measurements are usually made using WGS84. By default the coordinate system
displayed in the coordinates field is the display system used in the document. If the CW
measurements were made using WGS84, be sure to select WGS84, a geographic system
as indicated by the globe symbol ( ).
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9. From the document with the CW measurements, select the X and Y coordinates and CW measurements to be
imported and copy them.
10. In the New CW Measurement Path dialogue, click the Paste button.
11. Click OK.
Once you have created the CW measurement path, you can modify the values of the path in the table. You can open the CW
measurement table by right-clicking it in the CW Measurements folder on the Network tab of the explorer window and select-
ing Open Table from the context menu.
5. Select Add > Points from the context menu. The pointer changes ( ).
6. Click the map at each location where you want to add a CW measurement point.
7. When you have finished, press ESC or double-click.
To add a path segment to a CW measurement path:
1. Click the Network tab in the explorer window.
2. Click the Expand button ( ) to expand the CW Measurements folder.
3. Click the Expand button ( ) to expand the folder of the reference transmitter.
4. Right-click the CW measurement path to which you want to add points. The context menu appears.
5. Select Add > Path from the context menu. The Path Creation dialogue appears.
6. Enter the Step between each point and click OK. The pointer changes ( ).
7. Draw the path of the path segment by clicking on the map to draw the starting point and each time the path segment
changes direction.
8. When you have finished, press ESC or double-click.
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5. Enter the width of the smoothing window (in meters) and click OK. This parameter defines the number of samples to
be considered when averaging the path data.
In the path table, the smoothed values overwrite the initial ones in the M column. The initial measurement data are
reported in new column called (M (Initial)).
You can restore the initial values in any CW measurement path by selecting Smoothing >
Restore Initial Values.
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measurement path. For information, see "Displaying Statistics Over a Measurement Path" on page 82 and "Displaying
Statistics Over Several Measurement Paths" on page 83.
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84
Chapter 5
Survey Site Form
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Map GPS x
Gain 2 dBi
Notes:
• Pay attention to the separation between the test antenna and any live antennas. Vertical separation, if the antennas
are aligned, is not really a problem, but horizontal separation could be problematic, so it should be avoided.
• Site photos: Take photos of the sites both from the ground and from the site itself. You also need a set of panoramic
photos, starting from 0° (North) and moving clockwise by 45° increments. You can use a laser telemeter to measure
the height of the site.
• Site Drawing: Make an accurate (as far as possible) drawing of the site. Indicate where North lies in relation to the
site.
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Site Photos
Global view:
Rooftop:
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Panoramic Photos
North East
South West
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Survey Details
10
-Before antenna- Output power after 39.8 dBm 39.8 dBm 39.8 dBm
Survey Comments:
(Information about issues that will necessitate data filtering, etc.)
Notes:
• Take note of any areas on the survey path which are not suitable data collection areas (avoid them if possible), for
example, tunnels, bridges, raised motorways, etc. Keep in mind that the planning tool assumes that you are at
ground level; any raised or lowered areas produce errors.
• Before making the survey drive, measure the RF output at the antenna, after the cable.
• Measure the RF output at the antenna again after the survey drive, to ensure that the transmitter is still working.
91
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