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Enviornmental Engineering - Dr. R. Jayakumar 4/4/2012: Sedimentation
Enviornmental Engineering - Dr. R. Jayakumar 4/4/2012: Sedimentation
Enviornmental Engineering - Dr. R. Jayakumar 4/4/2012: Sedimentation
4/4/2012
Jayakumar
SEDIMENTATION
All the particle have more specific gravity than the liquid , will
move vertically downward due to gravitational force.
Several factors affect the separation of settleable solids from Another factor to consider in the operation of a sedimentation basin
water. Some of the more common types of factors to consider are: is the temperature of the water being treated.
PARTICLE SIZE When the temperature decreases, the rate of settling becomes
The size and type of particles to be removed have a significant slower
effect on the operation of the sedimentation tank, Because of
their density, sand or silt can be removed very easily As the temperature decreases, the operator must make changes to
the coagulant dosage to compensate for the decreased settling rate.
The velocity of the water-flow channel can be slowed to less
than one foot per second, and most of the gravel and grit will be A water treatment plant has the highest flow demand in the
removed by simple gravitational forces summer when the temperatures are the highest and the
settling rates the best.
The shape of the particle also affects its settling characteristics.
A round particle, for example, will settle much more readily than When the water is colder, the flow in the plant is at its lowest
a particle that has ragged or irregular edges. and, in most cases, the detention time in the plant is increased
so the floc has time to settle out in the sedimentation basins
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SETTLING ZONE
Outlet zone
The settling zone is the largest portion of the sedimentation basin. The outlet zone should also be designed in the same way as
This zone provides the calm area necessary for the suspended inlet zone , so that water may be taken out from the tank without
particles to settle. causing any disturbance to the water of settling zone.
SLUDGE ZONE
Types of sedimentation tanks
• The sludge zone, located at the bottom of the tank, provides a
storage area for the sludge before it is removed for additional
Rectangular tanks
treatment or disposal.
Circular tanks
• If high flow velocities are allowed to enter the sludge zone, the sludge
could be swept up and out of the tank. Hopper – bottom tanks
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ENVIORNMENTAL ENGINEERING - Dr. R. 4/4/2012
Jayakumar
COAGULANT SELECTION
Over-mixing does not affect coagulation, but insufficient
mixing will leave this step incomplete. Inorganic Coagulants
Coagulants should be added where sufficient mixing will occur. Inorganic coagulants such as aluminum and iron salts are the most
Proper contact time in the rapid-mix chamber is typically 1 to 3 commonly used. When added to the water, they furnish highly
minutes. charged ions to neutralize the suspended particles.
FLOCCULATION
FERRIC SULFATE
Following the first step of coagulation, a second process
Fe2(SO4)3 + 3 Ca(HCO3)2 ------------> 2 Fe(OH)3 + 3CaSO4 + 6 CO2 called flocculation occurs.
Ferric + Calcium gives Ferric + Calcium + Carbon Flocculation, a gentle mixing stage, increases the particle
Sulfate Bicarbonate Hydroxide Sulfate Dioxide size from sub microscopic microfloc to visible suspended
particles.
FERRIC CHLORIDE
Flocculators are slow stirring mechanisms, which forms floc
2 Fe Cl3 + 3 Ca(HCO3)2 ------------> 2 Fe(OH)3 + 3CaCl2 + 6CO2
Flocculators mostly consist of paddles which are revolving at
Ferric + Calcium gives Ferric + Calcium + Carbon very slow speed about 2-3 rpm.
Chloride Bicarbonate Hydroxide Chloride Dioxide
The paddales may revolve on a vertical or horizontal shaft
FERROUS SULFATE
FeS04 + Ca(HCO3)2 ------------> Fe(OH)2 + CaS04 + 2CO2 The detention time should be 30-60minutes
Ferrous + Calcium gives Ferrous + Calcium + Carbon
Sulfate Bicarbonate Hydroxide Sulfate Dioxide
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Jayakumar
FLOCCULATION
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ENVIORNMENTAL ENGINEERING - Dr. R. 4/4/2012
Jayakumar
CLASSIFICATION OF FILTERS
c) Biological action
Filters may be classified as follows
suspended impurities contain some portion of organic
impurities such as algae, plankton etc . Which are food of 1) Gravity filters
various types of micro organisms.
a) Slow sand filters
These organisms act on the organic matter and cause
chemical and biological change in water. b) Rapid sand filters
The organic impurities form a layer on the top of sand bed 2) Pressure filters
which is known as dirty skin
Slow sand filters
The sand particles of filer media and ionized matter in These are watertight shallow tanks about 2.5 m to 4m deep and having
the water carry electrical charges of opposite nature , therefore surface area 100sq.m to 2000 sq. in plan.
they attract each other and neutralize the charge of each other
The size of the bottom layer gravel is 40-60mm the size of the
intermediate layer 20-40 mm.
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Operation of filter
Water after passing through the sand bed is collected through the
under drainage system in the filtered water well.
The outlet chamber in this filter is also equipped with filter rate
controller.
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Pressure filter
Disinfection of water
o It is a rapid filter placed within a closed , watertight steel cylinder. The process of killing the infective bacteria from the water
and making it safe to the user is called disinfection.
o The water passes through the sand bed under a pressure greater
than atmospheric. The filters are unable to remove all the disease bacteria's. they
can remove only few types of bacteria
o All the operation of this filter is similar to rapid gravity filters,
except that the coagulated water is directly applied to the filter Before the water is supplied to the public it is utmost necessary to
without mixing and flocculation. kill all the disease causing bacteria.
o These filters are used on small supplies where water is received The chemicals or substances which are used for killing the
under pressure, which can be used to force the water through the bacteria are known as disinfectants
filter.
The presence of harmful bacteria's may lead to the spread of
o Mostly pressure filters are used for industrial plants, because various diseases
these are much suited for such places .
Chlorine has been found as the most ideal disinfectant , it is
widely used most at all the water works
Methods of disinfection
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ENVIORNMENTAL ENGINEERING - Dr. R. 4/4/2012
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Lime is usually used at the water works for reducing the hardness
of water. chlorination has been used for many decades as a mean of
purifying water supplies.
The addition of excess lime in the water increases the pH value
of the water
Chlorine is a powerful oxidizing agent and vigorously reacts with
It has been noted that pH value more than 9.5, all bacteria are bacteria (destroys bacteria) fungi, algae and other forms of
killed. organic matter
After killing the bacteria by using excessive lime, the next When chlorine gas enters the water, the following reaction
requirement is to reduce the pH value for making it fit for occurs:
domestic purpose
Cl2 + H2O → HOCl + HCl
HOCl = H+ + OCl-
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Nature and concentration of chlorine consuming The raw water specially from the ground sources may
substances present in water contain large quantity of bicarbonates, sulphates,carbonates
and chlorides of calcium and magnesium as dissolved
Time of contact impurities.
pH value of water These dissolved impurities of salts usually make the water hard.
Temperature of water
Heat
Ca(HCO3)2 -----------> CaCO3↓ + CO2↑ +H2O
1. Boiling
Heat
Mg(HCO3)2 -----------> MgCO3↓ + CO2↑ +H2O
2. Freezing
3. Lime addition
ADDITION OF LIME
4. Lime soda process
Ca (HCO3)2 + Ca(OH)2 -----------> 2CaCO3↓ + 2H2O
5. Excess Lime treatment
Mg(HCO3)2 + Ca(OH)2 -----------> CaCO3 + MgCO3 + 2H2O
6. Caustic soda process
The calcium carbonate and magnesium hydroxide are insoluble
In water and get precipitated and can be removed by
sedimentation tank.
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1. Lime soda process : In this method, the lime and is sodium MgCl2 + Ca(OH)2 --------------> Mg(OH)2 + CaCl2
carbonate or soda as have used to remove permanent hardness { removal of chlorides}
from water.
CaCl2 + Na2CO3 --------------> CaCO3 + 2NaCl
The chemical reactions involved in this process are as
follows. MgCl2 + Na2CO3 --------------> Mg CO3 + 2NaCl
{removal of chlorides}
Mg(HCO3) + Ca(OH)2 --------> CaCO3 + Mg(CO3) + 2H2O
MgSO4 + Ca(OH)2 ----------> Mg(OH)2 + CaSO4 Limes react with bicarbonates of sodium and magnesium to form
{ conversion of MgSO4 to CaSO4} Carbonates and water
2SiO2 Al2O3 Na2O + CaSO4 ----------> 2SiO2 Al2O3 CaO + Iron and manganese are found frequently in water
Na2SO4 systems that obtain their water from wells and springs.
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They can be removed during softening with lime, but most OXIDATION WITH PERMANGANATE
commonly, iron and manganese removal is done by filtration
after oxidation with different agents.
The use of potassium permanganate for the oxidization of
iron or manganese is common in water treatment
OXIDATION WITH CHLORINE
Potassium permanganate oxidizes iron and manganese
into their insoluble states.
Iron and manganese in water can be oxidized by chlorine,
converting them to ferric hydroxide and manganese dioxide. Use of permanganate is more effective at oxidizing
manganese than aeration or chlorination.
The flocculated material can then be removed by filtration.
After filtration the chlorine is removed by the addition of When oxidizing with permanganate, the operation of the
sodium bisulfide, sulfur dioxide, or sodium bisulfide. filters becomes important since the reaction also continues
to take place in the filter media.
The raw water which found in various natural resources cannot be directly used by
Aeration The public for the various purposes , before removing the impurities.
To remove the unpleasant and objectionable tastes and colours from the water
It takes 0.14 ppm of dissolved oxygen to oxidize 1 ppm of iron; it
takes 0.27 ppm of dissolved oxygen to oxidize 1 ppm of To kill all the pathogenic germs
manganese. To make water fit for domestic use as cooking and washing
There are many ways to provide the aeration. To eliminate the tuberculating and corrosive properties of water which effects the conduits
and pipes
Either the water being treated is dispersed into the air or
else air is bubbled into the water.
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