“Calculation of Horizontal Displacement of Conductors

Under Wind Loading Toward Buildings and Other

S uppo rt ing St r uct ures”

Allen L. Clapp

Clapp Research Associates

Paper No.

93 A1 0-7803-0940-5/93/$3.00 0 1993 IEEE

A1

I ~-
 CALCULATION OF HORIZONTAL DISPLACEMENT OF CONDUCTORS UNDER WIND
LOADING TOWARD BUILDINGS AND OTHER SUPPORTING STRUCTURES
Allen L. Clapp, P.E., R.L.S., Senior Member
Clapp Research Associates, P.C.
Raleigh, N.C.
Abstract
Wind loadings can be the determining factor in the
structuraldesign and location of supporting structures,
including the choice of materials, sizes, and configuration.
Deflection of structuresor supported facilities under wind
loading may require increased clearances between
conductors or cables, thus affecting the physical design of
the structures,as well as requiring increased clearances
from buildings and affecting the location of the structures
themselves. Both exact methodologies and rules of thumb
are presented for calculating horizontal loadings and wind
deflections of conductors and cables. Tables give values
for common conductors that may be used in determining
compliance with the National Electrical Safety Code.
Wind Forces
The forces on structures and displacement of conductors or
cables under wind loading must be considered by the
designer of an overhead utility line.
The wind forces include increases in conductor or cable
messenger tension (longitudinal loading) and horizontal
forces (transverse loading) on the structure at the
attachment points.
Wind displacement can be critical when determining
whether an installationmeets the horizontal clearances
required to buildings (NESC Rule 234C) and to line
structuresto which a conductor or cable is not attached
(NESC Rule 234B).
Structures must be designed and located to accommodate
both (a) the forces created by the wind on the structure and
its supported components, and (b) the displacement of the
conductors or cables themselves.
Wind forces will cause the cables or conductors to swing
sideways and elongate. The forces can also cause
deflection of the structure,thus increasing the total
horizontal displacement of the conductor or cable. The
additional deflection of suspension insulator assemblies
under wind loading can be significant in many cases.
Structure deflection is design dependent. Both the
component layout and materials affect the ability of the
structureto resist deflection under wind loading and are
beyond the scope of this paper. This discussion
concentrates, instead, on the deflection of the conductors
or cables, including any suspension assemblies.
Deflection of Conductors and Cables Under
Loadings
When a conductor or cable is suspended between two
structures, it is not located directly on the line-of-sight
(LOS)between its attachment points. Rather, it sags
below the LOS. The deflection from the LOS is called the
sag. The term “sag” refers to the amount of deflection due
to weight by which a conductor hangs below its line of
sight as well as the deflection along the resultant “swing
A1 -1
angle” (see below) caused by a combination of weight and
wind.
The amount of sag depends upon the tension under which
the conductor or cable messenger is strung, the weight of
the total package (including ice, antigalloping weights,
etc., if applicable), the additional loading from wind (if
any), and the tensile characteristicsof the materials
involved.
Horizontal displacement of a conductor or cable under
wind loading is usually not as dependent upon the
structure design as it is upon (a) the tensile characteristics
of the conductor or cable messenger and (b) the initial sag
and tension of the cable or conductor.
A greater final sag at rest will produce a greater total
actual horizontal deflection for a given wind loading. The
closer the initial tension in a conductor or cable messenger
is to its rated breaking strength, the greater will be its
percentage increase in length and sag for a given wind
loading, although the total sag may be less due to
increased initial tension.
The greater the total loading on a conductor or cable
messenger due to weight and wind, the greater will be the
sag or deflection from the line of sight.
For purposes of this discussion, a conductor is considered
to be unrestrained between supports, as if it were attached
by a frictionless hinge. If the only conductor loading is the
weight of the conductor (plus the weight of any ice
loading, vibration dampers, etc.,) then the direction of
conductor displacement is vertical and downward toward
the mass of the earth.
If wind pressure is also loading the conductor, two
reactions will result. The extra loading will stretch the
conductor more and increase the amount of the sag
displacement from the LOS; the conductor will also be
displaced in a horizontal direction as well as a downward
direction.
The greater the wind loading, the greater will be the
horizontal displacement relative to the vertical
displacement caused by the weight, thus increasing the
angle of deflection, or swing angle of the conductor sag
from the vertical position. The swing angle is directly
proportional to the relative horizontal-wind-load-per-
lineal-foot versus the weight-per-lineal-foot.
Wind pressure, sag, and the deflection angle increase with
wind speed.
Wind pressures on conductors are directly proportional to
the diameter of the conductor. However, as the conductor
size increases, the weight of the conductor increases in
proportion to the square of the diameter. Thus, as the size
of the conductor increases, the weight of the conductor of
the conductor will increase faster than the wind loading
(for a given wind speed) and the angle of deflection of the
conductor from the vertical position (swing angle) will be
less than the angle exhibited by smaller conductors under
the same wind loading.
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Calculating Forces on Conductors and Cable
Messengers
The formulas for determining the wind pressure on a
cylindrical conductor produced by a given wind velocity
are given in Rule 250C of the National Electrical Safety
Code.
CAUTION: There were some printing errors in the 1990
Edition of the NESC. The correct formulas are:

Pressure in Ib./sq. R =

0.00256(Vmi,,)2
Pressure in pascals =
0.613(V,,,,,)2
where V = velocity in miles per hour or meters per
second. as applicable. Wind Pmsures for commonly
used wind velocities a n shown in NESC Table 250-2.

Various wind pressures are assumed for application of the

different rules of the NESC. For purposes of determining
the clearances required between conductors and buildings
or other installations, the NESC requires the use of a 6 psf
@ounds per square foot) wind pressure.
The 6 psf wind pressure used in these requirements is
rounded off from the wind pressure produced by a 50 mph
wind speed. It is unlikely that personnel will be working
on a building or other structure in such a wind.
The total transverse force on a conductor is proportional to
the diameter of the conductor and the length of the
conductor in the span.
Dividing the diameter of the conductor (in inches) into 12
inches will yield the number of lineal feet of that size of
conductor that would be required to produce one square
foot of exposed area. Thus, a 1/0 ACSR Raven conductor,
having a diameter of 0.3980 inches, requires 30.15 lineal
feet of conductor to present one square foot of area to the
wind (12/.3980 = 30.15). Dividing 30.15 feet into 6 Ib./sq.
ft yields a horizontal wind pressure of 0.1990 Ib./lineal ft
for 110 ACSR Raven conductor. NOTE: Since dividing 6
by 12L3980 is the same as multiplying 6 by .3980/12, the
easier method is to multiply the diameter by 6/12 or 0.5 to
determine the pressure per lineal foot produced by a 6
Ib./sq.ft wind.
Since the wind-displaced sag in the conductor is affected
by the both the wind and weight forces, a resultant force
can be calculated and used as a substitute for conductor
weight in the sag and tension calculations to obtain the sag
along the swing angle under wind loading conditions. This
may not be the easiest method, but it may be the only
available method depending upon the type of computer
program or manual calculation methods available.
This resultant can be calculated mathematically or
graphically, since it is proportional to the diagonal of a
box with dimensions proportional to the wind pressure on
the conductor and the weight of the conductor.
Figure 1, Calculation of Resultant of Wind Pressure and
Conductor Weight shows (a) the vertical force per lineal
foot due to conductor weight, (b) the horizontal force per
lineal foot due to wind loading, (c) the calculated amount
of the resultant force, and (d) the deflection angle for 1/0
AWG 6/1 strand (Raven) ACSR and 397.5 kcmil 30/7
strand (Lark) ACSR.
Figure 1
Calculation of Resultant of
Wind Pressure and Conductor Weight
(with Wind Pressure = 6 Ib./sq. ft.)
Table 1 contains the data and calculations required to
compute the conductor deflection angle for copper and
Copperweld conductors under a 6 psf wind loading. Table
2 contains similar data and calculations for ACSR
conductors, as does Table 3 for all-aluminum conductors.
Each table shows the resultant force and deflection angle
for illustrative wires and cables. The swing angle is seen
to be smaller for the heavier conductors, due to their larger
weightldiameter ratios.
Although the amount of sag (and thus the horizontal
displacement under wind loading) depends upon the final
tension in the conductor, the swing angle does not. For any
practical purpose, the swing angle is the same, regardless
of how tight the conductor is pulled.
Horizontal Displacement Under Wind Loading
The actual horizontal displacement under wind loading
will depend upon (a) the swing angle, (b) the unloaded
sag, and (c) the increase in sag (along the swing angle)
due to the wind loading.
Sag and Tension computer programs can be used in two
ways to calculate the final sag along the swing angle due
to wind loading. The easiest method is to ask for the sag at
60 O F and 6 psf wind. With the ALCOA SAG-lOTM
program and others, the result will be the elongated, wind-
blown sag along the swing angle.
Alternatively, you can substitute the resultant of the
weight and wind load calculation for the “conductor
weight” and ask for the sag at 60 OF, no wind. The result
should be the same.
Since the latter method will produce all sags on the
printout as if they had a 6 psf wind acting on them in
addition to other loading, and the program would need to
be run again with the normal weight to produce the at-rest
sags, the better method is to enter the wind loading irt the

A1 -2
. ..
normal calculation, if the computer program allows you to
do that. That way, the sags without wind loading will be
correct for vertical sag, and the sags with wind loading
will be correct for the resultant displacement along the
swing angle.
The resultant sag along the swing angle under wind
loading is the hypotenuse of a right triangle; the wind
displacement is its base. The horizontal displacement of
the cable or conductor can be directly calculated fiom the
swing angle and the sag (hypotenuse).
Figure 2, Wind Displacement of Copper and Coppenveld
Conductors shows the relative displacement of copper and
copper-clad wires and cables under the influence of a 6 psf
wind pressure. This figure was prepared using initial sags
and tensions commonly used for the conductors. The
displacement of each conductor is graphed relative to
100% of its unloaded final sag at 60 O F . Each of the types
of conductor exhibits its own sag-change characteristics.
The conductors do not swing on an arc from the unloaded
position; they stretch more under wind loading.
Figure 3, Wind Displacement of ACSR Conductors shows
the relative displacement of representative ACSR
A 1 -3
I
(aluminum conductor steel reinforced) conductors under a
6 psf wind loading.
Figure 4, Wind Displacement of Aluminum Conductors,
shows the relative displacement of representative AAC
(all-aluminum) conductors under a 6 psf wind loading.
Rules of Thumb for Estimating Horizontal
Displacement of Conductors By Wind
There is a simple rule of thumb that is useful in the field
when trying to determine if a conductor might be blown
too close to a building. If the sag at 60 O F can be easily
determined or estimated, it can be used to estimate the
wind displacement under a 6 psf wind.
As shown by Figure 2, copper and copper-clad conductors
of #6 AWG and smaller will be displaced horizontally by a
distance equal to or almost half again as great as the 60 O F
sag. Likewise, Figure 3 shows the break point to be
between 210 and 310 AWG for aluminum. It can be seen
that the small ACSR conductors will be displaced
horizontally almost twice the amount of the 60 O F sag.
I I I I (inches)
Figure3 also illustrates a more exact rule of thumb. The
relative ratio of wind-force/conductor-weightis the tangent
of the swing angle; this windweight ratio can also be used
to estimate the maximum horizontal displacement of a
conductor under wind loading.
In Figure3, the horizontal dashed line at the bottom of the
figure graphically represents the wind force on 4 AWG 6/1
ACSR relative to its weight. The solid line extending
along the swing angle from the LOS to the 4 AWG 611
ACSR deflectionpoint and the dashed line that continues
on to meet the horizontal dashed line represents the
resultant of the horizontal wind force and the weight. The
ratio of the wind force to this resultant is the sine of the
swing angle.
It can be seen that the sag of the 4 AWG 611 ACSR along
the swing angle (the solid line) is not as long as the full
hypotenuse of the triangle. In other words, the actual
horizontal displacement under wind loading, relative to
the final unloaded sag, is not as great as the windweight
ratio: the tangent of the swing angle. The actual horizontal
displacement is thus less than the windweight ratio
multiplied times the unloaded sag. How much less
depends upon (a) the stretchingcharacteristics of the
conductor or cable messenger and (b) the original
unloaded tension as a percentage of the rated breaking
strength.
1 Ib. pw
lin R I F-
1b.p.r I v.rtk.1 I -OnAwk I
For the smaller conductors, the actual displacement under
wind loading (expressed as a percentage of unloaded sag)
is significantly less than the windweight ratio. For the
larger, heavier conductors, the actual displacement is still
less, but is very close to the ratio. For example, if the
swing angle line of 336.4 ACSR is extended down to the
horizontal line of Figure 3, you can see that the horizontal
displacement is only slightly less than would be produced
by application of the windweight ratio to the 60 O F final
unloaded sag.
Horizontal Displacementof Suspension Insulator
Strings
The deflection of insulator strings can be calculated in the
same way as the deflection of the supported conductors,
except that certain constraintscan be used to shortcut the
routine, if desired.
Strings of suspension insulators weigh more per lineal foot
than the conductors that they support. However, due to the
greater length, the supported conductor typically has more
relative wind loading than the insulators. The actual swing
angle of the insulator string, considering both the forces
transferred to it by the conductor and the wind and weight
forces produced by the string itself, will generally be less
than the swing angle of the conductor supported in the
suspension shoe attached to the last insulator.
A1 -4
I I word l -

L.0.S

\ I

Sag at
60 OF
No Wind
Figure 2
Wind Displacement of Copper and Copperweld Conductors

A 1 -5
L.O.S.

Sag at
60 'F
No Wind Wind Displacement
of ACSR Conductors

Figure 3
Figure 3
Wind Displacement of ACSR Conductors

L.O.S.

Sag at
60 'F
No Wind
Figure 4
Wind Displacement of Aluminum Conductors

A 1 -6
Some methods of calculating the swing of insulator string
assembliesresemble the balancing of a seesaw (teeter-
totter.) If a big kid weighs twice as much as a little one,
the little one has to sit twice as far out as the big one to
achieve balance.
In this balancing act, the moment produced by the weight W i h t of Crosshatched
supported Area Shows
of Kid #1 multiplied times its moment arm (his distance Fadlis Increase in
only Pr0)eCted
from the fulcrum, or balancing point) is the same as the Wind Area
moment produced by the weight of Kid #2 multiplied
times his own moment arm.In other words, applying half
the weight at the full distance produces the same moment
as applying the full weight at half the distance. wnd Load
on Supported
Fpcll~tles
The same moment-balance concept is useful in thinking
about how a suspension insulator swings from its pivot
point.
The forces on the last insulator in the string, to which the
suspension hardware is attached, include (a) the forces
transmitted from the conductor and suspension hardware Figure 6
(applied at the attachmentpoint end), (b) the wind on the Comparison of Loading on Suspension
insulator, and (c) the weight of the insulator. See Figure Insulator With and Without Wind Loading
5-Displacement of Suspension Insulator Due to Wind
l,oading. Typically, the bottom insulators in a long string are more
affected by the wind due to their greater swing angle. See
Figure 7- Wind Displacement of Insulator String.

Wind Load of
Suspended
Faalhes Plus
One-Half of the

T+
dmplacemeni
horizontal s,,,iWa"ge '.
Wnd Load on
the Insulator Bell

Weiihiof
:
1

Suspended
; FaaliiPlus
1 One-Harofthe
! insulator 6eil Figure 7
; Wiht Wind Displacement of
*or other appropriate ratio

Figure 5 The weight of the insulator can be taken as a force applied

Displacement of Suspension
Insulator Due to Wind Loading
The wind force on the insulator itself can be taken as a
horizontal force applied at the centroid of the projected
area upon which the wind acts. To be extremely precise,
the location of the wind-related centroid would have to be
modified from the centroid produced by the outline of the
shape to account for the relative shape factors of the
various portions of the insulator.
Both the projected area and the effective centroid may
change as the swing angle increases and, thus, may not be
the same for all insulators in the string. See Figure
M o m p a r i s o n of Loading on Suspension Insulator With
and Without Wind Loading.
at the center of gravity of the insulator. As the swing angle
increases, the effective moment arm (the horizontal
distance by which the center of gravity is displaced from a
vertical line directly below the top insulator attachment
point) increases. See Figure 5.
Calculating the exact horizontal displacement of a
conductor due to the displacement of a supporting
insulator string under wind loading is tedious, because
each individual insulator needs to be separately
considered. This task is made more difficult by the
nonuniform shape of insulators that, in turn,causes the
loadings on each insulator to vruy with its individual
swing angle.
To calculate the swing angle of an insulator in the string,
the three forces acting on the insulator in three different

A 1 -7
1
places must all be considered: (a) forces transmitted from
the supported facilities, (b) wind on the insulator, and (c)
the weight of the insulator.
The teeter-totter effect can be used to recalculate the wind
and weight forces on the insulator itself and move them to
the bottom attachment point to coincide with the
application point of the forces transmitted from supported
facilities. In other words, the fill weight of the insulator
applied at half the length produces the same moment as
half the weight applied at the full length. See
Figure &Forces on Insulator Due to Wind Loading and
Insulator Weight.
The most accurate method of determining the horizontal
deflection of an insulator string under wind loading
conditions is to:
(a) apply the total suspended weight and horizontal
wind loading of the conductor to the end of the suspension
clamp,
(b) add half (or a different ratio, if appropriate to
achieve the correct total moment) of the weight and wind
loading of the suspension clamp and apply it to the end of
the suspension clamp,
(c) calculate the swing of the clamp,
(d) apply the total weight and wind loading of the
suspension clamp and supported conductor to the
attachment point at the lower end of the last insulator bell,
(e) add half (or a different ratio, if appropriateto
achieve the correct total moment) of the weight and wind
loading of the last insulator bell and apply it to attachment
point at the lower end of the last insulator bell,
( f ) calculate the swing of the last insulator, and
(g) repeat the process, working your way one
insulator at a time back up to the point of attachment of
the fvst insulator to the structure. See Figure 5.
One common mistake is to forget that the area exposed to
the wind increases as the bell is tumed more sideways.
See Figure 6.
Although the above method is technically correct, it is
tedious. There is an approximate method that is much
easier to use and has been used with success. This
involves calculating the weight and wind loading of the
string and applying half of it (along with all of the
conductor loadings) to the end of the insulator string, as if
the string were a single stiffmember.

The Level of the Location of the Center of Gravity may

H i f f e r from the Centroid of the Projected Area
I

Center of Gravity Centroid of

Projected Area
Exposed to Wind
’

I .
I.’
If d = 2c Full
wt f--- Wind Load (hL) x C
Y = Half Wind Load x D

Figure 8
Forces on Insulator Due to Wind Loading and Insulator Weight
I

AI -a
The approximate method is just that; depending upon the
length of the insulator string and how it actually operates,
and depending upon the length and size of the supported
conductor, the result will be close, but not necessarily
correct. This method can underestimate the deflection of Windspeed 50 70 90 100
the insulator string with light conductors and may not mPh mph mph mph
yield reliable results, especially if the purpose is to
calculate swing angles under extreme wind conditions to Wind Pressure 6 psf 13 psf 21 psf 26 psf
check structure clearances.
Swing Angle 65.34’ 78.05” 82.57” 83.98”
Fortunately, there is a very conservative method that
happens to be even easier. As a practical matter, the swing Resultant Sag 5.19 fl 6.46 fl 7.46fl 7.98fl
angle of the loaded insulator string is generally less than Along the
or equal to that of the conductor. Although the swing angle Swing Angle
of a small, light conductor can greatly exceed the swing
angle of its insulator string, the swing angle of the
Horizontal 4.72 fl 6.32 fl 7.40fl 7.98fl
insulator string cannot be greater than that of the
Displacement
supported conductor except in very short spans.
Thus, the swing angle of the suspended conductor or cable
can be used as the swing angle for the insulator string The at-rest clearance requirements of Rules 234B (to other
assembly. It may overstatethe horizontal displacement of supporting structures) and 234C (to buildings) should not
the string, but in most cases that would be preferable to be confused. Although both of these rules require primary
understatement. voltage conductors to be installed at rest so that they will
The reverse is not true. Since the swing angle of the not come horizontally closer to the structure than 4.5 feet
insulator string is often less than the swing angle for the under a 6 psf wind loading, Rule 234B has a basic at-rest
conductor for light conductors, using the swing angle of clearance of 5.0 feet, while Rule 234C has a basic at-rest
the insulator string as the swing angle of the conductor clearance of 7.5 feet.
can cause serious trouble, especially when trying to In essence, the wind loading controls most clearances of
determine the clearance to an “other” supporting structure, conductors which go by, but do not attach to, another
building, billboard or other installationunder NESC Rules supporting structure, since the horizontal wind
234B and 234C. displacement only has to be 6 inches (5.0 ft - 4.5 ft) before
the wind loading controls the required location. For
Horizontal Displacementof Conductorsand clearances to buildings, however, the at-rest clearances of
Table 234-1 will control the short spans where the wind
Cables Under Extreme Wind Loading
displacement does not exceed 3.0 feet (7.5 ft - 4.5 ft).
NESC Rule 234 specifiesthe clearances that are required
when the conductor is displaced horizontally toward a
building or other installation by a 6 psf wind. Obviously, Installation Problems: The Wrong Tension Can
this is not the greatest wind loading that the conductors Cause Serious Clearance Problems
and cables would be expected to experience during their The stringing tension of a conductor affects both the fmal
lifetime. See the wind map in NESC Rule 250. unloaded sag and the sag change under wind loading. The
The coordinated system used in the NESC serves to limit greater the tension as a percentage of the rated breaking
the opportunity for conflict, even in extreme winds. For strength, the lesser is the fmal unloaded sag. However, the
example, consider a 300 ft span of #4 ACSR, 611 stranding additional stretch due to wind loading increases with
(Code Name: Swan) with sag of 3.0 ft at 60 OF, operating initial tension.
at 7200 Volts to ground. If this conductor runs alongside a Table 5, Differences in Horizontal Displacement of #4
billboard to which it does not attach, Rule 234C and Table ACSR Conductor Under Extreme Wind Loading Due to
234-1 requires the greater of two clearances: 7.5 ft with Diflerences in Stringing Tension shows the relative sag
the conductor at rest, or 4.5 ft with the conductor displaced along the swing angle and the horizontal displacement
toward the building by a 6 psf wind loading. under various wind loadings for #4 ACSR, 6/1 stranding
Since the horizontal displacement of this conductor under (Code Name: Swan), 300 ft span, in the Heavy Loading
the specified wind loading is 4.72 ft, the applicable District. Three tension levels under the combined ice and
clearance requirement is 9.22 A (4.5 + 4.72 = 9.22) with wind loading design condition are used to develop the
the conductor at rest. The actual horizontal displacement data. They are 60% of the rated breaking strength (NESC
of the #4 ACSR conductor under wind loading is less than limits), 50% of RBS (ALCOA limits), and 40% of RBS.
the at-rest clearance of 9.22 ft for any of the wind speeds These data illustrate the problem. If the conductors are not
shown in Table &Horizontal Displacement At Variow initially sagged to the correct tension, significant wind
Wind Speeds. To put it another way, the increase in displacement can occur. If line workers hang conductors so
horizontal displacement under extreme wind loading, that they “look good”, they may be in for a rude surprise
beyond the displacement under a 50 mph wind, is less one day.
than the 4.5 feet used in the rules.

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I

Wind Speed Wind Pressure Sine of Swing
(mph) (PSO Angle
50 6 .go91
70 13 .9783
90 21 .9916
100 26 .9945
Slack spans may not be practical near billboards,
buildings, and other structures. The at-rest clearance may
M e n L.Chpp (M’76, SM’ 90)
received the B.S. degree in
Engineering Operations (1967). and
received the Master of Economics
degree (1973), all from N.C. State
University.
Since 1965 he has worked in many
areas involving the design, operation,
and maintenance of electric
distributionand “ission systems.
His experience includes four years
with Booth-Jones & Associates,
eleven vears with the North Carolina
Utilities Commission and three years
with the N.C. Alternative Energy Corporation. In 1985, Mr. Clapp
founded Clapp Research Associates, P.C., a Raleigh, N.C.
engineering consulting f m providing services to utilities and
industries. He now serves as President of both Clapp Research
Associates, P.C. and Clapp Research,Incorporated.
Mr. Clapp is Chairman of the National Electrical Safety Code
Committee and a member of the following subcommittees:Executive
A1-10
Horizontal Displacement(feet)
NESC ALCOA Special
6.26 9.14 12.65
7.75 10.38 13.90
8.66 11.06 14.42
9.11 11.40 14.67
tensioned portion of the line in order to meet the clearance
required under wind loading.
(Chairman);Interpretations(past Chairman); S&engths and Loadings
(Secretary);Clearances (past Acting Secretary);and Scope,
Application, and Defintions (Past Secretary). He has served
continuously on NESC technical subcommittees since 1971and has
chaired a number of special working groups.
Allen Clapp is author of the NESC Handbook published by the
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers. He also edits and
publishes DANESC UPDATE“ Newsletter, which provides in-depth
treatment to practical problems in meeting the NESC requirements
under various conditions, and is a contributor to McGraw-Hill’s
Standard Handbook for Electrical Engineers. He has produced a forty
videotape training series on the National Electrical Safety Code.
Mr. c h p p is a member of the National Safety Council, American
National Standards Institute, American Society of Safety Engineers;
IEEE, and the Power Engineering Society. He is a past member of the
IEEE StandardsBoard, Past President of the Professional Engineers
of North Carolina, Past President of the North Carolina Association
of the Professions, and a former Director of the National Society of
Professional Engineers.