“RAIL EUROPE “ROOT” OF TOURISM DEVELOPMENT IN EUROPE”

DISSERTATION

Submitted in partial fulfillment for the award of Degree of

MASTER OF TOURISM ADMINISTRATION

Under the supervision of
Prof. S.M. Imamul Haque

Submitted By:
BELAL AHMAD KHAN

EN.No.GJ1478

(Roll No.16-MTA-04)

DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

FACULTY OF COMMERCE,

ALIGARH MUSLIM UNIVERSITY, ALIGARH

2017-18

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 TABLE OF CONTENT

PAGE NO.

CERTIFICATE

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Chapter- 1. Introduction 4-13

(a) Review of literature

(b) Objective of the study
(c) Hypothesis
(d) Methodology of the study
(e) Limitation of the study
(f) Presentation of the study

Chapter-2. Rail Europe–A brief profile 14-27

a) Company profile
b) Products and services
c) Tickets & passes
d) Popular roots
e) Socio Economic Benefit of Rail Europe

Chapter -3. Working and management set up 28-38

a) Working model based on Customer Experience
b) Organizational setup
c) Opportunities to Rail Europe

Chapter-4. Issues and challenges to Rail Europe 39-52

a) Global level issues
b) Company level issues
c) Issues &Challenges to Tourist from Developing
Countries

Chapter -5. Conclusion and suggestion 53-55

Bibliography 56-58
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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
First of all, I praise Almighty ALLAH the most beneficent and ever merciful
who blessed me with strength to complete this dissertation. I am extremely
grateful and remain indebted to my supervisor. Prof.S.M. Imamul
Haque,Dean, faculty of commerce for being a source of inspiration and for
their constant support in the design, implementation and evaluation of this
dissertation work. I am thankful to him for their constant constructive
criticism and invaluable suggestions, which benefited me a lot while
developing the dissertation on Rail Europe Root of tourism development
of Europe.

I am indebted to Prof. Mohd.Mohsin Khan(Chairman) department of

commerce for supporting me during my dissertation work. I am also
grateful to all the teachers of the department of commerce AMU, Aligarh
for being very co-operative throughout this dissertation work. Through this
column,it would be my utmost pleasure to express my warm thanks to them
for their encouragement and co-operation without which I might not be able
to accomplish this dissertation.

I also express my gratitude to staff member for providing me the

infrastructure to carry out the dissertation and to my family who were
directly and indirectly involved in enabling me to stay committed for my
work. I want to thank all who have supported me and gave their timely
guidance. Last but not least I am very grateful to all those who helped me in
one way or the other way at every stage of my work.

(BELAL AHMAD KHAN)

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Chapter -1
Introduction

4
INTRODUCTION
Today transportation is one of the most important element of travel industry
earlier peoples travel by road in order to complete their journey but know
various means of transports are available such as rail, road and air to
complete their journey.These were the means which has simplified the
journey as well as due to availability of high speed means, cost as well as
time effective tourism is also increasing.
The history of transport is largely one of technological innovation.
Advances in technology have allowed people to travel farther, explore more
territory, and expand their influence over larger and larger areas. Even in
ancient times, new tools such as foot coverings, skis, and snowshoes
lengthened the distances that could be travelled. As new inventions and
discoveries were applied to transport the problems, travel time decreased
while the ability to move more and larger loads increased. Innovation
continues as transport researchers are working to find new ways to reduce
costs and increase transport efficiency

The history of rail transportation dates back nearly 500 years, and includes
systems with man or horse power and railways of wood (or stone). This was
usually for moving coal from the mine down to a river, from where it could
continue by boat, with a wheel running on a rail. The use of cast iron plates
as rails began in the 1760s, and was followed by systems (plate ways) where
the flange was part of the rail. However, with the introduction of
rolled wrought iron rails, these became obsolete.Modern rail transport
systems first appeared in England in the 1820s. These systems, which made
use of the steam locomotive, were the first practical form of mechanized land
transport, and they remained the primary form of mechanized land transport
for the next 100 years.
History of European Railways
In19th century,the construction of rail route in Europe started with the prime
objective to connect different countries capital in order to increase
accessibility and also focused on reduce time taking in comparison to air
transport and to cut the cost of travelling.
For regional and economic development of Europe, European union come to
an agreementin the year 1999, This agreementare based on two dimensions
in the development of policy and they are
 That modern efficient transport networks are essential if Europe as a
whole is to compete in the global, high-mobility, networked economy

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  That investment in modern transport infrastructure is vital for
economic development in disadvantaged peripheral regions and their
convergence towards the average levels of incomes and well-being in
the European Union (EU).

The Treaty on the European Union (EUROPEAN COMMISSION,1992)1

and the White Paper on Growth, Competitiveness and Employment
(EUROPEAN COMMISSION, 1994a) both set out the claim that the
development of TENs is an essential element in both promoting the economic
development and improving the economic and social cohesion of the EU.
However, many features of this enormous investment program indicate that
it is the former of these claims, based on enhancing the global
competitiveness of Europe, which has dominated policy thinking. It is
possible that the completion of the TENs, and especially of the most likely
elements to be achieved, may in certain circum-stances widen rather than
reduce the divergences in both accessibility and the economic opportunities
of regions. The consequences for both central and peripheral regions may be
quite complex.

The First Report on Economic and Social Cohesion has shown that a
comparison of the 10 richest and the 10 poorest regions indicates that, in
1993, in the former average GDP per head was some 3 times higher than that
of the latter, though this was slightly less than a decade earlier when the
figure was 5’ (EUROPEAN COMMISSION, 1996, p. 21). This confirms the
generally well-known picture of rich central regions surrounded by poorer
peripheral regions. The detailed picture is more complicated with some
geographically central regions being classified amongst the poorest regions
eligible for Objective 1 assistance from the EU Structural Funds. Of greater
interest, however, is the pattern of change in this picture through time. While
there was some convergence of regional per capita income in the European
Community in the 1960s and 1970s, during the early 1980s regional
disparities started to increase although, over the full period 1980±92, there
was again some modest convergence

High-speed rail in the European Union

6
High-speed rail (HSR) started developing in Europe in the late 1970s, first in
France and Italy, and subsequently in Germany, Spain and the UK, among
others. In the early stages, its development took place largely at national
level. The EU started providing specific support to European rail projects
with the establishment of the trans European transport network (TEN-T) in
the early 1990s, some priority projects of which concern HSR. The EU also
promotes HSR development through other means, including technical
harmonization measures, security systems and funding instruments. The
importance of high-speed rail has increased over time in the EU in terms of
network length, number of passengers carried and modal share.2
About Rail Europe
Rail Europeis an online platform through which a traveler can book their trip
or journey in Europe. It is the leading worldwide distributor of European rail
products, Rail Europe is the only one-stop-shop for planning and booking
European train travel and sightseeing.From rail passes to train tickets and
reservations, it provides unparalleled access to an extensive array of rail
products from over 50 European train companies.
Catering to travelers and travel agents from the Americas, Asia, Oceania, the
Middle East, and Africa, Rail Europe makes discovering Europe by train
easy, seamless, and memorable. Its unique, user-friendly online booking
engine makes it easy for travellers to book in their preferred language and
currency. Plus, it provides award-winning localized customer care and
assistance. It also offer support before, during, and after the journey.

7
Review of literature
Roger Vickerman, Klaus Spiekermann& Michael Wegener.(1999)1
“Accessibility and Economic Development in Europe”The paper was
published in the year 1995 and revised during the year 1997 , the paper
focused on rail accessibility and economic development of Europe, the paper
further demonstrate about the historical background of rail development in
Europe and contribution of European union in linking different countries of
Europe.
The paper major emphasis on transport infrastructure and regional
development in Europe, investment in European transport infrastructure &
about trans-European network and accessibility.
GUTIEÂ RREZ and URBANO, (1995)although based on a different
indicator, the work of GUTIEÂ RREZ and URBANO Confirms a similar
affect for road trans-European network, a larger proportion of the area of the
EU is served better bythe proposed road network, and the biggest
absolutechanges in accessibility are gained in some peripheral regions which
start with very poor levels of provision, the relative gap between the best and
the worst of the main centre increases.
JanicMilan(1997)2 “Comparison of the quality of rail and air networks in
West, Central and Eastern Europe” published by Institute of Traffic and
Transport, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia .The paper deals with an analysis of the
rail and air passenger transport network spreading over West, Central and
Eastern Europe. The rail network consists of the railway stations located in
the particular places (cities) assumed to be the network nodes and the trains
moving along the single/ double tracks (being a portion of railway
infrastructure) connecting them (the network links). The air transport
network consists of the airports located close to the particular places (cities)
assumed to be the network’s nodes, and the flights scheduled between them
(the links of the air transport network). The number and type of rail and air
connections between particular places (nodes), their surrogates defined as the
passenger schedule delays (e.g. defer times), and schedule travel times
between particular origins and destinations have been estimated for both
networks. The analysis could be useful for the following purposes-various
comparisons of the quality of services offered by different transport networks
serving the passenger flows in Europe; synthesizing the generalized travel
cost functions determining the conditions for choice of transport mode under
given circumstances; design of specific monitoring tool being convenient for
registrating the significant changes in the supply of transport capacities that
may occur due to the variations of transport demand, overall and specific
improvements in the transport infrastructure, operations and services, and
general consolidation of the processes of European economic, social and
political integrations.

8
VICKERMAN, 1995, in his paperreveal very different accessibility
landscapes depending on the specific connectivityneeds of particular
industries. Equally important
for the development of rail transport and its accessibility.

Regina R. Clewlowa ,n, Joseph M.Sussmanb, Hamsa Balakrishnanc

(2011)3“The impact of high-speed rail and low-cost carriers on European
air passenger traffic” The paper focused on the impact of high speed rail in
comparison to low cost carrier and how it is effective for the European
environment.
In this study, an empirical econometric analysis was conducted to examine
the impacts of high-speed rail and low-cost carriers on European passenger
air traffic between 1995 and 2009, based on data from over 35 airports and
90 airport pairs. Consistent with previous studies of specific airport pairs, the
improvement of rail travel times was found to be a significant factor in
reducing short haul air traffic in Europe. Furthermore, analysis of demand at
the airport level revealed that the presence of high-speed rail contributed to
lower domestic air passenger traffic.

Philippe Domergue And Emile Quinet,“Situation And Problems Of Railway

Industry In Europe”(2001)4 the article has been divided into three sections
the first section deals with the path of European reforms and outline the main
features of the directive defining the path by European union towards Rail
Europe. The second section showshow definitely each country has responded
to the directives and how far are they from the goal. The third section
examine the outcomes in terms of traffic and quality of service.

Roelof-Jan Molemaker& Andreas Pauer(2014)5.“The economic footprint of

railway transport in Europe” the paper has been divided on three basic
aspects i.e the economic pillar,social and employment pillar and
environmental pillar.The economic pillarelobarate about the size of railways
transport sector , economic benefits of selected railways infrastructural
project and impact of railway transport on competitiveness and innovation
,the social and employment pillar focused on social inclusion and percentage
of jobs offered and the environmental pillar elaborate the effect of railways
on environment and security and safety of passengers.

John Harcus & Leonardo Dongiovanni , A driver for EU competitiveness

and sustainable mobility worldwide”7The article focused on rail supply
industry, its impact on Europe and foreign countries in terms of investment,

9
its also analysis the European Rail Traffic Management System and its
infrastructure development , the article also compare some of the popular
roots of Europe i.e Paris to Frankfurt in terms of air and by road the article
further demonstrate about the environmental impact , high speed
comparison, cost competitiveness and cross border cooperation through all
these three medium Air, Road &Rail industry.
Spiekerman, K., Wegener, M.: Trans-European networks and unequal
accessibility in Europe. (1996)8 The paper mainly focused on the treaty of
maastricht and its outcome for the development of European central and
peripheral region , The Maastricht Treaty claims that the trans-European
networks are to improve the economic and social cohesion of the union
through increased accessibility of the less favored regions. However, all
features of this enormous investment program indicate that, in contrast to the
claims of the Treaty, its major purpose is to efficiently connect the main
economic centres and so enhance the global competiveness of Europe. lt is
therefore likely that the trans-European networks will not reduce but widen
the differences in accessibility, and consequently also in economic
opportunity, between central and peripheral regions in Europe. The
hypothesis of growing disparities in Europe due to the trans-European
networks is discussed ln the paper in theoretical terms and by presenting new
ways of analyzing the impacts of trans-European networks on the spatial
structure and the distribution of accessibility in Europe.

Jay Saw, “Major challenges facing rail operators, maintainers & owners
and the role of ict” (2015)9 the article was published by nomad digital.com
article is generally based on the survey conducted by nomad digital.com
among rail operators and are based on problems and challenges faced by
rail operators. The summary of the article is rail operators are expected to
operate more efficiently, maintain safety and service quality, meet ever-
demanding passenger needs and achieve more with shrinking budgets. there
is no sign of this trend diminishing. While many of these challenges are
not new, the industry itself is rapidly changing, with increasing economic,
regulatory, competitive and environmental pressures, thus creating new
challenges and complexity.

OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

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Objective of the study are as under

 To study the European rail system, its working and management.

 To go through the online platform ofEurope Rail and its booking
process.
 To understand the nature of business activities of rail Europe
 To study the popular rail roots.
 To understand rail Europe market and its segmentation

Research methodology
 Based on the objective of the study, the exploratory research method
is used. exploratory study is taken up when the researcher collected
data through the secondary sources.

Secondary data
 Previous works in the topics related with European railways like
dissertations, books, journals, online sources etc have been used.
..

LIMITATION OF THE STUDY

 Shortage of time was main constraint for the study
 The limited period of study may not be detailed and full- fledged in
all aspects.
 Non-availability of finance is also a major problem
 Problem of data availability related to the topic.

PRESENTATION OF THE STUDY

The entire study is divided into five chapters.The first chapter deals the
“Introduction”. The second chapter is devoted to “Rail Europe – a brief
profile” .The third chapter deals with “Working and Management set up of
Rail Europe”. The chapter four deals with “Issues and challenges to Rail
Europe” and the fifth chapter deals with “Conclusion and Suggestions”The
study focused on exploring rail Europe working model, and how it target its
customer and detailed about its product and services .

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References
1. Roger Vickerman, Klaus Spiekermann& Michael Wegener.
“Accessibility and Economic Development in Europe”.(1999)
2. Janic Milan “Comparison of the quality of rail and air networks in
West, Central and Eastern Europe” (1997)
3. DamianoScordamaglia “High-speed rail in the EU” European
Parliamentary Research Service (September 2015)
4. Regina R. Clewlowa, n, Joseph M. Sussmanb, HamsaBalakrishnanc
“The impact of high-speed rail and low-cost carriers on European air
passenger traffic”(2011)
5. Philippe Domergue And Emile Quinet , Situation And Problems Of
Railway Industry In Europe(2001)
6. Roelof-Jan Molemaker & Andreas Pauer. “The economic footprint
of railway transport in Europe” (2014)
7. John Harcus&LeonardoDongiovanni ,” A driver for EU
competitiveness and sustainable mobility worldwide
8. Spiekerman, K., Wegener, M.: Trans-European networks and
unequal accessibility in Europe. European Journal of Regional
Development (1996)
9. Jay Saw, “Major challenges facing rail operators, maintainers &
owners and the role of ict” (2015)

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 CHAPTER -2
RAILEUROPE- A BRIEF
PROFILE

13
RAIL EUROPE AN OVERVIEW

Rail Europe is a North American distributor of European rail products,

representing over 50 rail roads throughout Europe. Rail Europe's history of
doing business in North America dates to 1930s. In 1959, the company
introduced the Eurail Pass to the North American market, The company is
headquartered in White Plains, New York, and has a contact Center located
in Rosemont, Illinois, ISO 9001:2008 certified Rail Europe provides
assistance to travelers in English, French and Spanish both on the Web and
in their contact center. Rail Europe serves over one million travelers per
year.The company's core products include European rail passes and train
tickets, Rail Europe offers a wide range of high-speed train tickets including
Eurostar, TGV, Italo, and Le Frecce. Tickets for local and regional trains in
Europe are also available. Additionally, offered are sightseeing passes,
public transport cards, and hotel/rail packages.As the leading worldwide
distributor of European rail products, Rail Europe is the only one-stop-shop
for planning and booking European train travel and sightseeing
products.From rail passes to train tickets and reservations, its provide
unparalleled access to an extensive array of rail products from over 50
European train companies.

Catering to travelers and travel agents from the Americas, Asia, Oceania, the
Middle East, and Africa, Rail Europe makes discovering Europe by train
easy, seamless, and memorable. Its unique, user-friendly online booking
engine makes it easy for travelers to book in their preferred language and
currency, it’s alsoprovide award-winning localized customer care and
assistance. they offer support before, during, and after the journey.1

14
PRODUCT AND SERVICES

Source: Rail Europe

Rail Europe offers the widest selection of European rail products, from rail
passes to train tickets, as well as reservations and travel packages.Passes are
the ideal choice to explore Europe at one’s own pace. Simple and flexible,
passes offer more freedom and extensive travel in the countries selected. Rail
Europe offers everything from the iconic Eurail Global Pass that lets travelers
discover up to 28 different countries, to a large choice of rail passes covering
a single country or 2,3,4 adjoining countries for those wishing to focus on
specific countries.

For travel between several European cities, train tickets are ideal and a great
value for the money. A reservation (compulsory and included on some trains)
will guarantee a seat onboard in your selected class of service.Money-saving
fares (youth, senior, groups) are offered by Rail Europe, when available, for
trains including TGV, Eurostar, Thalys, and ICE.2

Rail Europe offer the best service to its customers, from journey planning
with useful information and innovative tools, to unparalleled after-sales
support. Rail Europe offers the comfort and ability to book in local
languages, and to use local currency to buy rail passes, tickets, and more.
Booking ahead ensures delivery before departing to Europe, all to avoid long
waiting times at European stations, and confusion over currency and
language differences.

15
Rail Europe products are generally divided on the basis of their services such
as high speed train and regional trains and according to their speed these are
divided into different categorizations which are

 Rail Passes - allow travel on European trains in a specific geographic

area (defined at time of purchase) for a specific number of days. These
days can be "consecutive" (i.e., 5 days in a row) or not (i.e., travel any
day within a longer period of time for up to 2 months). Eurail Select
and Global passes can include rail travel in 3 to 23 European countries
on a single pass. And national and regional rail passes offer extensive
travel within specific countries or regions.
 Train Tickets - allow for one-way or round-trip train journeys from
city-center to discover Europe.
 E-tickets - offer travelers the ability to print at home or at the station.
 Seat Reservations - mandatory for high-speed trains and are available
to rail pass holders at discounted "passholder" rates.
 Sleeping Accommodation - available on some overnight trains.
 High-speed trains - transport passengers from city center to city center
at speeds of up to 200 mph.
 City Sightseeing Tours - such as museum passes, wine-and-cheese
tasting and hop-on hop-off bus tours.
 Group Travel - Designed for groups of 10 or more travelers.

Rail passes.3

 Single country passes

Enjoy extensive train travel across the national rail network of one
country, with the freedom to explore its numerous cities and towns
 Multi- country passes
Travel across the national rail networks of neighboring countries with
a single rail pass. It’s a perfect way to explore Europe’s rich diversity.

 Swiss travel passes

Extensive travel on trains, buses and boats, plus free entry to over 490
museums. There isn't a better or more budget-friendly way to discover
Switzerland.
 Eurail Select Pass 3 countries
a) Unlimited travel in 3 bordering countries.

16
 b) 2 children up to age 11 travel for free with each adult
c) Youth (12 - 27) discounts available
 Eurail Germany - Poland Pass
a) Unlimited travel in Germany and Poland.
b) 2 children up to age 11 travel for free with each adult
c) Youth (12 - 27) discounts available

 Eurail Scandinavia Pass

a) Unlimited travel in Denmark, Finland, Norway and Sweden.
b) 2 children up to age 11 travel for free with each adult
c) Youth (12 - 27) discounts available

TRAIN TICKETS

 Finnish trains ticket

a) Finnish trains are the best way to travel in Finland.
b) Book up to 60 days in advance
c) Regional trains
 French trains: Intercités ticket
a) Intercités trains serve more than 300 destinations in France
both day and night.
b) Book up to 90 days in advance
c) E-ticket
d) Regional trains
 UK Trains ticket
a) UK trains link all Britain from London to Oxford, Glasgow to
Edinburg and Cardiff to Birmingham etc.
b) London - Edinburgh: 04:19
c) Book early, save up to 60%
d) Book up to 60 days in advance
e) E-ticket
f) High Speed trains
 Thello Night trains ticket
a) Thello night trains. Ideal to travel from Paris to Milan, Venice
and Florence.
b) Paris - Venice: 13:24
c) Book up to 120 days in advance
d) Night trains

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 e) Secure cabins with cozy berths
 Italian trains: Frecciabianca ticket
a) Frecciabianca, long-distance trains serving all main cities like
Rome, Milan, Venice, Genoa and more.
b) Book up to 120 days in advance
c) E-ticket
d) High Speed trains
 German trains: Intercity ticket
a) Intercity and Euro city trains connect all major cities in
Germany.
b) Book up to 180 days in advance
c) Regional trains
 Swedish Day trains ticket
a) Swedish day trains, high speed link between Stockholm,
Copenhagen, Göteborg, Malmö and Oslo.
b) Copenhagen - Stockholm: 05:03
c) Book early, save up to 30%
d) Book up to 90 days in advance
e) High Speed trains

Most popular roots

18
Source:https://www.google.co.in/search

 MADRID - BARCELONA

Source: https://www.google.com/maps

19
The average travel time between Barcelona and Madrid is 2h56 minutes. The
quickest route is 2h30 minutes. The first train leaving Barcelona is at 06:05,
the last at 20:00. There is an average of 18 trains a day between Barcelona
and Madrid, leaving approximately every 1h03 minutes.4

Departure station: Barcelona sants (Plaça dels Països Catalans Barcelona)

Arrival station: Madrid atocha (Avenida de Barcelona Madrid)

LONDON – PARIS-AMSTERDAM

Source: https://www.google.com/maps

20
The average travel time between London and Paris is 2h20 minutes. The
quickest route is 2h16 minutes. The first train leaving London is at 05:40, the
last at 20:31. There is an average of 16 trains a day between London and
Paris, leaving approximately every 57 minutes.

Departure station: London st-pancras (Pancras Road NW1 2QP London)

Arrival station: Paris nord (112, rue de Maubeuge 75010 Paris)

PARIS- AMSTERDAM
The average travel time between Paris and Amsterdam is 4h09 minutes. The
quickest route is 3h17 minutes. The first train leaving Paris is at 06:01, the
last at 19:25. There is an average of 27 trains a day between Paris and
Amsterdam, leaving approximately every 28 minutes.

Departure station: Paris nord (112, rue de Maubeuge 75010 Paris)

Arrival station: Amsterdam cs (Stationsplein 15 1012 AB Amsterdam)

THE ECONOMIC FOOTPRINT OF RAILWAY

TRANSPORT IN EUROPE
The European railway transport sector plays an important role in fostering
social inclusion. In addition, the sector is a crucial element in the delivery of
‘mobility for all’, as has been acknowledged by the European Commission.
The Commission’s strategies were outlined in a 2003 report84, and in the
Common Transport Policy85, which includes the commitment to “place
users at the heart of transport policy”. In this regard, the Commission
promotes a coherent approach, where transport planning is properly
integrated into social policy.5

21
 Source: Unife (European rail industry association)

PROVIDING JOBS
The railway sector and the many activities linked to the sector are an
important source of employment for European citizens. In the past decade,
the sector has not only continued to provide secure jobs for existing
employees but has also initiated an ongoing revitalization process that will
offer opportunities for younger generations. This is particularly relevant at
a time when the European Union is facing a significant challenge in the
area of youth unemployment.

Source: Unife (European rail industry association).

22
Social inclusion in railway transport as a facilitator for equity and economic
development Fostering social inclusion contributes to achieving two
transport planning goals namely equity of transport and economic
development

 In terms of equity railway transport can be considered as ‘most

equitable’ if it provides the greatest benefit at comparable cost relative
to alternative means of transportation. It is important, in this context,
to keep in mind the strong positive external effects of railway
transport on other transport users, especially when entering cities;
 Social inclusion contributes indirectly to economic development.
Physical constraints that prevent individuals from obtaining an
optimal education or employment may hamper overall economic
performance.Inthiscontext,byreachingouttoawiderpartofsociety,railw
aytransport(asopposed to car or air travel) can help to enhance the
competitive positions and economic performance of underdeveloped
regions and communities

Source: Unife (European rail industry association).

23
Source: Unife (European rail industry association)

A LEADER IN ECO FRIENDLY TRANSPORT

Rail transport is commonly recognized as a clean mode of transport that has
an important role in the creation of a sustainable transport system. With
growing demand for freight and passenger transport, a shift towards the least
polluting and most energy efficient modes of transport especially in the case
of long distance and urban travel will contribute to more sustainable
mobility. A study conducted by Austrian Federal Railways (ÖBB)in 201090
also shows that limited space in cities plays a crucial role in assessing the
environmental benefits of railways. The study estimates that the savings in
terms of congestion associated with one person switching from car to rail
amount to € 3,000 per year.
Furthermore, railway transport has strong safety advantages in comparison
to other modes of transport. In this section we provide first an overview on
the environmental effects and then provide some key safety data.

24
Source: UNIFE, the European Rail Industry Association.

COMPARISION

Source: UNIFE, the European Rail Industry Association

25
References
1. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rail_Europe,_Inc.
2. R Lewis, U Olofsson “Wheel Rail interface hand book”(2009)
3. http://www.raileurope.co.in/
4. https://www.google.com/maps
5. John Harcus&LeonardoDongiovanni ,” A driver for EU competitiveness and
sustainable mobility worldwide”
6. European Commission,'High Speed Europe–A sustainable link
between citizens'(2010)
7. TRANSFORUM thematic workshop paper'High speed rail'–Rome
(2014)

26
 Chapter 3
WORKING AND
MANAGEMENT SET UP OF
RAIL EUROPE.

27
Working Model of Rail Europe
Rail Europe working model is generally based on customer experiences that
y categorized into different stages based on customer journey they are

 Research and planning

 Shopping
 Booking
 Post-Booking, Pre-Travel
 Travel&Post travel

These points are further sub categorized on the basis of human psychology,
what they think about the rail Europe its working and services and based on
the services their views are revied.1

Research, planning& Shopping

The first stage under which company focused is on research and based on
that research further planning is made, this planning process are basically
divided on the uses of services which are

a) Rail Europe research

Initially research was generally based on the destination, routes to be
covered and products to be offered.
b) Doing
Research planning &Shopping
Under this head focused on what can be the customer query or exactly
what he will do, it’s basically a continuous process of comparison and
shopping on the basis of result drawn.

28
 Model showing working of customer review with different opinion
Source: file:///E:/rail%20europe/pdf%20rail%20europe%20working%20mgmt.pdf

c) THINKING
Traveler, what thinks about rail Europe product or services this is the time
when traveler make decision that what to do, purchase the product or
travel through rail Europe while travelling to Europe.
Traveler think of these three basic questions
• What is the easiest way to get around Europe?
• Where does he want to go?
• How much time should I/we spend in each place for site seeing and
activities
Shopping
under this head traveler decided that how much is to paid while
purchasing the tickets ,what is the cost of whole trip as well as any
other cost to be paid while travelling such as station charges.

29
Common questions while shopping
• I want to get the best price, but I’m willing to pay a little more for first
class.
• How much will my whole trip cost me? What are my trade-offs?
• Are there other activities I can add to my plan?
d) FEELINGS
common feeling of traveler while travelling to Europe which is
•Excitement: while travelling what will be challenges as well a what
will be the experiences.
•Will traveler be able to see everything?
•What if I can’t afford this?
•I don’t want to make the wrong choice.

From shopping part

•people believe that It’s hard to trust Trip Advisor. Everyone is so negative.

• Keeping the track of all the different product is confusing in the form of
comparison and arrival of new products.

• after comparison people confirm there itinerary on which they wants to

travel.

e) EXPERIENCE
From research part

•Enjoyability: under this head traveler research about the product and it
is enjoyabile to him as Europe is one of the hot destinations among tourist.

•Helpfulness of Rail Europe: Rail Europe is helpful to traveler as the

traveler can get passes of different countries and can board any train while
travelling to Europe.

•Relevance of rail Europe: under this head researcher found that while
travelling to Europe rail Europe is relevance to the traveler such as while
making decision that what product should be purchased and what kind
of pasees should be chose etc.

Booking & Post-Booking, Pre-Travel

30
 The second most important step booking and reviewing post booking
options and pre- travel requirements which are generally based on
confirming the itinerary i.e what root to be selected while travelling to
Europe and what kind of passes or train tickets to be selected the next step
is to select the delivery option such as where the ticket should be
delivered ,now after selecting the delivery options payment mode to be
selected such as cash on delivery or credit card payments option now wait
for review and confirm option of booking and the last wait for paper
tickets to be arrived.

DOING

Source:
file:///E:/rail%20europe/pdf%20rail%20europe%20working%20mgmt.pdf

THINKING
From booking part

•Traveler think about that they have tickets, passes and reservations they
need in this booking, so they don’t pay more on shipping

•Rail Europe is not answering the phone. what is the next option to query
the questions. These are the common question which were generally
asked by the traveler.

31
 From Post Booking, Pre-Travel

•After booking the tickets Do the traveler have everything they need?

•Rail Europe website was easy and friendly, but when there was issue ,
traveller couldn’t get help.

•What will traveller do if there tickets don’t arrive in time?

FEELING

From booking part

•Website experience is easy and user friendly

•Frustrated to not know sooner about which tickets are eTickets and
which are paper tickets. Not sure that tickets will arrive in time or not.

From post booking, pre-travel

•Stressed that traveler about to leave the country and Rail Europe won’t
answer the phone.

•Frustrated that Rail Europe won’t ship tickets to Europe.

•Happy to receive my tickets in the mail!

TRAVEL & POST TRAVEL

The third important step in customer experience

 Activities, unexpected changes: after post travel the experiences

as well as destination covered what are the changes which were
made by the company and by the customer
 Share experience: What were the experiences after travel positive
or negative the reason behind negative experiences as well as
feedback to the company.
 Follow-up on refunds for booking changes: If any changes by the
customer refund to be generated and booking changes charges to
be made.

32
DOING

Source:file:///E:/rail%20europe/pdf%20rail%20europe%20working%20mg
mt.pdf

THINKING

From travel part

•I just figured we could grab a train but there are not more trains. What can
we do now?

•Am I on the right train? If not, what next?

•I want to make more travel plans. How do I do that

From post travel part

•Trying to return ticket I was not able to use. Not sure if I’ll get a refund or
not.

•People are going to love these photos!

•Next time, we will explore routes and availability more carefully

33
FEELING

From travel part

• Tourist feel vulnerable to be in an unknown place in the middle of the night.

• Stressed that the train won’t arrive on time for my connecting train.

• Meeting people who want to show us around is fun, serendipitous, and

special

From post travel part

• traveler were Excited to share there vacation story with there friends.

•A bit annoyed to be dealing with ticket refund issues when they reach home.

OPPORTUNITIES TO RAIL EUROPE

34
ON GLOBAL LEVEL

STAGES EXPERIENCES
GLOBAL Communicate a clear value proposition.
Initial visit Help people get the help they need.
Global Support people in creating their own solutions.

Global Make your customers into better, more savvy

travelers
Global Engage in social media with explicit purposes.

OPPORTUNITIES WHILE PLANNING, SHOPPING&

BOOKING

STAGES EXPERIENCE
Planning, Enable people to plan over time.
Shopping
Planning, Visualize the trip for planning and booking
Shopping
Shopping, Arm customers with information for making
Booking. decisions.
Shopping, Connect planning, shopping and booking on the
Booking web.
POST-BOOK, TRAVEL, POST-TRAVEL

STAGES EXPERIENCES
Post-Booking, Improve the paper ticket experience.
Travel,Post-
Travel
Traveling Accommodate planning and booking in Europe
too.
Post-Booking, Proactively help people deal with change.
Traveling
Post-Booking, Communicate status clearly at all times
Traveling
ORGANISATIONAL SET UP OF RAIL EUROPE

35
Management team of rail Europe is divided on the basis of the work flow and
levels of management and its follow the functional organistaional set up such
as “policy to be implemented flow from top to bottom and feedback if any or
any changes in the services flow from bottom to top.

President & Chief

Executive officer

Chief Financial Officer

Chief Commercial Vice President of E- Vice president of

Officer Business business developmenty

Management team
The company President and Ceo Mr Frederic Langlois he is responsible for
smoothly functioning of rail Europe as well policy to be made, any changes
in policy as well as proper implementation of policy and search for possible
investment for growth and development.

Mr. Zine Belhonchet, Chief Financial Officer of the company responsible

for proper implementation of policy and functioning of rail Europe, he passes
the information from top level to middle level as well as any feedback, any
changes in policy or any suggestion to top level is communicated by chief
financial officer.

Mr. Duncan Still, Chief Commercial Officer he is responsible for all sales
and revenue generation as well as cost to be incurred on any product as well
as he is also responsible for franchise distribution and travel agent
registration.

36
Mr. Fred Buhr Vice President of E-Business he is responsible for the
development of E-Business as well as maintenance of information and
technological sector to increase the presence of company worldwide.

Ms. Jean Heger Vice President of Business Development, Ms jean heger is

responsible for marketing and advertisement of rail Europe products and
services to worldwide in order to increase the sales and for brand creation the
product should be marketed world wide specially to developing countries.

Source: http://www.raileurope.co.in/about-rail-europe/article/about-us/management
team

37
 Chapter 4
ISSUES AND CHALLENGES
OF TOURISM RELATED TO
EUROPE RAIL SYSTEM

Issues and challenges

Rail Europe issues and challenges are divided on two level first one global
level and the second company level.

38
Global level issues
Climate Change.

Rail networks have been designed and built using historical records of
climate and weather events. Now with the ‘Inconvenient truth’ of climate
change, these projections are no longer a reliable predictor. Even what sound
like modest changes in the average temperature can translate to large and
potentially dangerous shifts in climate and weather. Flooding on the tracks
north of MNRs Garrison Station, New York High temperatures can cause rail
tracks to expand and buckle, and may lead to more regular repairs, speed
restrictions, delays and disruption. Storms can damage or deposit debris on
lines and at stations and floods or high-tides can submerge them as well.The
rail industry now has to plan for a different weather future, and build
accordingly with a 'predict and prevent' ethos looking forward rather than
back. Our networks, standards and systems now have to be built for the world
of the 2050s and beyond, a world which could be very difficult and
challenging.1

Source: https://www.google.co.in/search
1.https://www.smartrailworld.com/9-major-factors-shaping-the-future-of-the-rail-
industry

Urban growth.

Today, 54 per cent of the world’s population lives in urban areas, a

proportion that is expected, according to United Nations figures to increase
to 66 per cent by 2050. Projections show that urbanization combined with

39
the overall growth of the world’s population could add another 2.5 billion
people to urban populations by 2050, with close to 90 percent of the
increase concentrated in Asia and Africa.The rapid pace of urbanisation
puts added pressure on already strained infrastructure – anyone who travels
at peak-time in a major city will attest to this. As a result infrastructure
needs to be designed to be able to be able to absorb such growth, and be as
efficient and rapid is possible. Along with the pressures, though come
opportunities – the increased size of cities widens their power and tax base
and enables a greater investment in public transport, an example being the
Crossrail project currently underway in London .

Source: https://www.google.co.in/search

Rise of the start-ups

At the recent SmartRail Europe Congress in Amsterdam, the pace of change

was a regular point of discussion across all the streams. Same as always
right,Well it’s always a key point in any project, but what is shifting the
parameters of the discussion is the entry of small, lean start-ups into the
industry. Without the baggage and legacy of larger traditional firms, they
don’t play the conventional rules of the business. Digital rather than physical
solutions can be rolled out in days or weeks, not months or years. And the
perennial issues of ticketing, overcrowding and train organisation are some
of the issues in the sights of start-ups aided by a recent blooming in
hackathons and a first rail accelerator opening in London

40
Digitization takes over.

One of the challenges faced by the rail Europe is day to day upgradation of
technology which leads to timely upgradtion and changes of the system , to
maintain safety and to maintain the delays of train rail Europe should
timely update its system for which heavy amount to be invested in order to
maintain its brand and goodwill among the competitors.

New players offering integrated travel solutions.

A recent study prepared for the American Public Transportation Association

(APTA) through the Transit Cooperative Research Program has revealed that
the people using services like Uber and Lyft are actually more and not less
likely to travel on public transport. The survey taken by 4,500 people in seven
different UK cities showed that 50% of people travelled by train and 45%
used buses frequently. The study can be viewed as insight into the impact of
ride-sourcing on public transport.There are some who view the likes of Uber
and Lyft as the solution to the first-mile / last-mile challenge and to help
overcome the concern that potential riders avoid public transport because of
difficulties getting to or from the train or metro. And instead they end up
driving. Ride-sourcers can help solve this by offering the optimal
combination of walking, transit and their own transport.

Source:https://www.google.co.in/search

Powered by different energy sources.

Environmental concerns, fears over energy security and the lowering costs
of implementation mean that rail is looking at new ways of powering itself.
On the train itself, options for possible replacements for diesel include

41
hydrogen and perhaps the most appealing, LNG, already being tested by
some railways and offering a competitive price, and lower carbon
emissions plus an established regulatory structure when compared to its
fossil and renewable fuel rivals. Whilst Alstom is currently developing
entirely new types of fuel cell trains which aim to be completely emission-
free.

The Station becoming a Destination.

the stations now days are becoming hot tourist destination ,facilities and
development of these station are such on the way that tourist from all over
the world choose this destination as one of the important destination, this
destination are one of the mostly preferred destination by the tourist to visit
because of there unique feature and new innovative design traveler from all
over the world prefer it as a hot destination. St Pancras International, in
London Rail stations are changing. For a long-time they appeared to be an
after-thought for many train operators, designed simply to get as many
passengers in and out as quickly and safely as possible, But no more.
Stations are evolving and offering more to its passengers, making them a
place to stay in and enjoy, an amenity all to itself, rather than a building to
quickly head away from or arrive with little time to spare before catching a
train. The central position of stations, also puts them at the heart of urban
regeneration schemes and a crucial link between commercial, leisure and
residential spaces analytical evidence based on psychological, behavioural
and physical factors to improve experiences.

42
Source: https://www.google.co.in/search

Long distance travel makes a return.

Traveler generally prefer Air travel as a medium of travel for long distance
but with the innovation of high speed train people started travelling there
trip from rail , and travelling by railways in Europe are more safer, less
costly and less time taken as well as eco friendly such as introduction of
Eurostar reduces time of travelling from London to Amsterdam by 45
minutes as well as it is cheaper then air transfer as well as traveler can
explore scenic beauty of Europe by choosing rail as a means of tranfer. .

High-Speed and Hyper-Speed Rail

The invention of hyperloop plans and hyper speed rail is addition of a mile
stone to railways system which is basically focused on eco friendly use of
energy , and mainly focus on reduction of time, the announcement by Elon
musk the founder of Tesla group increases the expectation of the traveler
which according to him it would “never crash, be immune to weather, go
twice as fast as an airplane, four times as fast as a bullet train, and – to top
it off – run completely on solar power.” It will reduce the cost as well as
time of travelling. hyper-loop train uses the same system as railways but
this train travel in a vacum in order to increase the speed, the main problem

43
of hyperloop plans is the cost of construction as well as maintenance which
is generally high in compare to normal rail system.

Company level challenges

 Operational and Maintenance Costs: the cost of operation and

maintenance are very high in order to cut the cost and make feasible
the rail with air transfer it’s a big challenge to promoter to maintain
the cost.
 Improving Information for Passengers ranked second equal,
highlighting the growing sentiment that more can be done to reduce
passenger anxiety when travelling and hence improve satisfaction
 The next tier of challenges are mostly related to Operations in terms
of rolling stock availability and how to improve traffic on the rail
system, but Energy Costs scores highly, undoubtedly driven by the
focus of regulators to see greener fleets in operation
 other challenges are train delays ,train availability, operational
efficiency ,immense competition ,traffic management and problem
within organization in order to deal with all these problems there
must be proper set up of organization in order to deal with these
daily bases problem the main challenges of all these problems is to
cut the cost of operations and maintain the cost of operation and
maintenance.

44
 Challenges
organisational problem
traffic mangement
competition
reducing delays
train availability
energy cost & effiency
capicity &congestion
operational efficiency
Improving information for…
operation &maintainence cost

0 1 2 3 4 5
Series 1

Figure 1: Biggest challenges facing Rail operating companies.2

Problems

Costs Organistion Operational Management of information Market

Figure 2. Problem faced by Rail operating companies

2. nomad digital.com
(file:///E:/rail%20europe/ISSUES%20AND%20CHALLENGES.pdf)

45
ISSUES AND CHALLENGES TO TOURIST TRAVELLING TO
EUROPE

EU destinations reported 500 million international tourist arrivals in 2016.

By region of origin according to UNWTO’s classification, it is estimated that
a total of 417 million arrivals (83%) came from Europe, of which 361 million
(72%) from EU source markets and 56 million (11%) from European source
markets outside the EU. The remaining 83 million arrivals originated from
outside Europe (17%), of which 39 million from the Americas (8%) and 32
million from Asia and the Pacific (7%), while Africa and the Middle East
accounted for respectively 6 million and 5 million of EU’s arrivals (1%
each).

Arrivals in the EU from source markets outside the Union, both extra-EU
countries in Europe and markets outside Europe, totalled 139 million in 2016,
up from 80 million in 2005. In the last decade, the number of arrivals from
outside the EU grew rather faster, fuelled by strong demand from both
traditional and emerging markets in Asia, the Middle East, Africa, North
America and Latin America. While arrivals from intra-EU source markets
grew by 2% a year on average between 2005 and 2016, arrivals from outside
markets grew at a rate of 5% a year. Growth has been strongest for arrivals
from the Middle East at almost 10% a year on average, but from a
comparatively small base volume. Arrivals from Asia and the Pacific and
from Africa both grew by 7% a year on average, while arrivals from the
Americas grew by 4% a year. Arrivals from extra-EU source markets also
grew by 4% a year.2

46
Arrivals to EU and extra–EU destinations by origin of visitors, 2016 (million)

Source: World Tourism Organization (UNWTO).

Issues And Challenges To Traveler From Developing Countries

CONFUSION

One of the important problem faced by the traveller from developing country
is confusion they were generally confused about services to be choosed ,
hotel adrees as well as how to choose the transfer services from airport to
hotel .3

47
Source:https://www.google.co.in/search]

FOODS

First time traveler generally face the problem of fodding such as what to eat
such as if vegetarian it is hardly to get restaurent for vegetarian as well there
is common of eating pork which generally a problem for muslim traveller as
well as it is hard to get halal food centre or indian restaurent.

Source:https://www.google.co.in/search

PROBLE M GE TT ING USED TO T OILET P APER

Generally in Europe people used toilet paper in place of water which is

generally a big problem to first time traveler from india in order to

48
encountered thids problem people should make up the mind to use toilet
paper in place of water because generally they will not get water .

Source:https://www.google.co.in/search

PREPAR ED TO G IVE A T ID BI T F OR THE TOIL ET

As an Indian we use to piss any where but as a traveler to Europe you have
to pay for urinals .

Source:https://www.google.co.in/search

49
RED AL WAYS M EANS STOP, T O YOU NO W

As a first time traveler we are not used to follow the traffic rules, but if you
are in Europe you have to strictly follow the traffic rules otherwise a penalty
will be charged .

YOU AL WAYS L OOK FO R A T RA SH BIN

Trash bin include the use of dustbin in Europe as an Indian we use to throw
our wastage any where of our convenience but as a traveler to Europe you
have to choose the right place for waste disposable.

Source:https://www.google.co.in/search

SERVE YOUR SE LF

If you are in europe and you are in party or hotles you have to serve youself
, you have to take your food by your own .

Precautions taken before leaving for Europe

 Reconfirms the airport terminal, flight number,date and time of

travel 1to 2 days prior to departure
 make sure that traveler collected amount of foreign exchange
 keeping the traffic condition in mind make sure you reach on time .
 Tag the bag for easy identification of your luggage

50
  Make sure that traveller has a photocopies of following documents,
passport including the valid visa pages, hotel contact list,
international airline ticket, overseas travel assistance and insurance
and travelers cheques.

1.http://www.weareholidays.com/articles/culture-shocks-for-indians-in-europe/

2.file:///E:/tourism%20news/EU_Tourism_Trends_LowResolution_emails.
pdf

3. http://www.weareholidays.com/articles/culture-shocks-for-indians-in-
europe/

51
 CHAPTER -5
CONCLUSION
&SUGGESTION

52
CONCLUSION & SUGGESTION
Rail Europe as we know an online system to book online ticket for travel in
European countries it is one of the cheapest, eco-friendly, less time taken and
based on customer satisfaction, focusedon security and safety of traveler. The
study focused on exploring rail Europe working model, and how it target its
customer and detailed about its product and services. Rail Europe is an
important and one of emerging neo tourism product in Europe, Rail Europe
is also important because its connect all the European union countries and
those destination which are highly in demand by the tourism and one of the
important factors why tourist choose rail Europe is travelling in railways in
Europe are less costly then flights as well as time taken is also less.
Everybody agrees that European railways needed to be revitalized and that
reform was necessary. There are clear signs that reform has had some
positive effects but a lot of problems and questions have been raised

Suggestion to Rail Europe.

 Technical problems: Rail Europe should focused on handling the

technical problems such as from review on trip advisor customer were
not satisfied by the company services such as while booking ticket
payment failure, only credit card mode of payment and travelers were
not getting the printed tickets if they choose for print on mail option
on the website.
 Customer handling query system: There are no proper channel where
customer can query about the problems they were facing while
booking the tickets
 Rail Europe should more focused on rail Europe distributor channels
world-wide to create connectivity and brand among the people how
were dealing in Europe tour packages.
 To negotiate on some products from supplier because sometimes rates
are generally higher in comparison to local service provider.
 Refundable policy: Rail Europe should redesign its refundable policy
as well as cancellation policy to create brand and goodwill among
customer.
 Rail Europe should also review the Shipping charges of tickets which
it is charging to its customer because it is generally paid in euros hence
traveler from developing countries must paid more for there tickets.

53
  Online system not functioning while making changes in tickets.
 current information for timetables nor train service information are
with rail Europe.

Technical problem includes the technical services such as customers were

not getting their tickets and related information as well as necessary
services.Customer relation management (CRM) is not to update such as
customers were not getting related information about the product and
services which the company is offering.

Rail Europe should focus on management of all the technical problems as

indicated in trip advisor by the traveler to create brand in the market as well
as for the better experience of the traveler monthly feedback or after sales
service must be provided. The other important aspects is safety and security
of data collected or entered by the traveler Rail Europe should focus on
maintenance of privacy of data as well as other necessary ancillary services
to the traveler.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

54
Books
 Kothari, C. K. (2002). Research Methodology. Vishwaprakashana
 Philip Kotler's (14th addition) Marketing Management
 Beech, J., & Chadwick, S. (2006). The Business of Tourism Management.
Pearson Education
 A K. Bhatia International Tourism Management (2011)
 R.Davidson “Travel and tourism in Europe” (1998)
 Tourist satisfaction: A view from a mixed international guided package
tour David Bowie* and Jui Chi Chang Received (in revised form): January
2005
 PATA. (2010). Asia Outbound Tourism: A PATA Snapshot. Pacific Asia
Travel Association
 TRANSFORUM thematic workshop paper'High speed rail'–Rome (2014)

RESEARCH PAPERS

 Janic Milan “Comparison of the quality of rail and air networks in West,
Central and Eastern Europe” (1997)
 P O'BrienRailways and the Economic Development of Western Europe,
1830-1914(1983)
 UK Department for Transport' High Speed Two (HS2)-International case
studies review'(2014)
 Roger Vickerman, Klaus Spiekermann& Michael Wegener.
“Accessibility and Economic Development in Europe”.(1999)
 Damiano Scordamaglia “High-speed rail in the EU” European
Parliamentary Research Service (September 2015)
 Regina R. Clewlowa, n, Joseph M. Sussmanb, HamsaBalakrishnanc
“The impact of high-speed rail and low-cost carriers on European air
passenger traffic”(2011)
 Philippe Domergue And Emile Quinet , Situation And Problems Of
Railway Industry In Europe(2001)
 Roelof-Jan Molemaker & Andreas Pauer. “The economic footprint
of railway transport in Europe” (2014)

55
  John Harcus&LeonardoDongiovanni ,” A driver for EU
competitiveness and sustainable mobility worldwide
 Spiekerman, K., Wegener, M.: Trans-European networks and
unequal accessibility in Europe. European Journal of Regional
Development (1996)
 Jay Saw, “Major challenges facing rail operators, maintainers &
owners and the role of ict” (2015)

ARTICLE

 The economic footprint of railway transport in Europe.

 Prepared by: Community of European Railway and Infrastructure
Companies (CER) Brussels, October 2014.
 A driver for EU competitiveness and sustainable mobility worldwide
 Prepared by UNIFE, the European Rail Industry Association
 Customer Mood and Service Quality Evaluation of Tour Operations
University of Massachusetts – Amherst Scholar Works @UMass Amherst
 European Commission, 'High Speed Europe–A sustainable link between
citizens'(2010)

WEBSITES:

 www.raileurope.com

 www.indiatourismreview.com

 www.travelbizmonitor.com

 www.coxand kings.com

 www.europomoundo.com

 www.eurail.com

 www.tourismandmore.com

 Wikepedia.org

56
 http://www.indiatourismreview.com/interviews/long-haul-destinations-there-
are-lot-little-details-can-only-be-coordinated-travel-agents
 http://www.indiary.org/en/news/Indian-Outbound-Tourism-2-83-50
 http://www.tourism-master.nl/2011/12/22/customer-satisfaction-a-big-step-
towards-company-profitability/
 https://europa.eu/european-union/about-eu/eu-in-brief_en
 https://ec.europa.eu/home-affairs/what-we-do/policies/borders-and-
visas/schengen_en
 http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-
explained/index.php/Population_and_population_change_statistics
 http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-
explained/index.php/Population_structure_and_ageing
 http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-
explained/index.php/The_EU_in_the_world_-_population
 http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?mode=view&code=tec00001
http://hdr.undp.org/en/2016-report
 http://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/show.do?dataset=tec00115
 http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-
explained/index.php/Unemployment_statistics
 8 https://ec.europa.eu/info/about-european-commission/euro/history-euro_en
 www.ecb.europa.eu/stats/policy_and_exchange_rates/euro_reference_exchan
ge_rates/html/eurofxref-graph-usd.en.html
 https://ec.europa.eu/transport/modes/rail/market_en
 http://italy.hitachirail.com/en/organisation-model_480.html
 http://www.forumtraineurope.eu/organisation/forum-train-
europe/history/?L=1

57