TABLE OF CONTENT

FOREWORD tl

)REFACE iii
ALI\lVt-,VV LtruLr Elvl trlY i

CHAPTER T TOBACCO CONSUMPTIOru ANB SMOKIruG PREVATINE€

i.1. Domestic Tobacco Consumption 1

!.2. Tobacco Consumption per Capita per Day by Peopie Characteristic 1

t.3. Smoking Prevalence

1.3.1. Adult Smoking Prevalence by Gender i

1.3.2. Smoking Prevalence by Age and Gender 4

1.3.3. Smoking Prevalence on Teenagers and School Student 5
L.3.4. Smoking Behavior among Health Profession 6
1.3.5. Smoking Prevalence by Province
1.3.6. Smoking Prevalence by Geography J
1.3.7. Smoking Prevalence by Education TU
1.3.8. Smoking Prevalence by Social Economic Status ln

1.4. Starting Smoking Age 11

L.4.1. Starting Smoking Age Trenci 11
1.5. Percentage of Passive Smoker 11
1.5.1 Percentage of Households with Smoker tI
L.5.2. Percentage of ln-House Smoker 17
1.5.3. Percentage of Passive Smoker at Home t7
1.5.4. Student who was exposed by people's smoke 13

CHAPTER 2 ILLNESS RISK AND HOUSEHOLD'S HEALTH EXPENDITURE OF SMOKER AND NON-SMOKER !4
2.1. Cause of Death by Disease due to Tobacco in lndonesia t4
2.2. Household's Treatment Cost of Smoker and Non-Smoker l_)
2.3. lllness Occurance of Smoker in lndonesia 18
2.4. Household's Medical Expenditure of Smoker and Nom-Smoker 20
2.5. Economic Loss 23

C}IAPTER 3 TOBACCOAND CTOVE PI"ANTATION 28

3.1. Tobacco Leaves Production 28
3.1.1. GlobalProduction 28
3.L.2. ProductionTrend )9
3.1.3" Tobacco Production and Area bv Province 29
3.2. Tobacco Area 5U
3.2.L. Percentage of Tobaeco Farm Area
?"2.2. Tobacco Area bv Province ?R

3.2.3. Tobacco Area by Type cf Tcbaccc Flant *42

3.?.4. Local Tobacco Are*

3.2.5. Virginia Tobacco Ar-ea 33
3.2.5. Na-Oogst Tobacco ,Area 33
::'.3. Worker in Tobaeco Plantatisn 33
3.3.1. Shift of Worker from Agriculture Sector to Other Sector 33
3,3.2. Percentage of Tobacco Farmers against Worker in Agriculture Sector 35
3.3.3. Tobacco Farmer Full Time 50
3.4. Tobacco Price 5t
3.4.t. Trend of Tobacco Price Changes 37
3.5. Tobacco Plantation Revenue 38
3.5,1. Tobacco Area Productivity 38
3.5.2. Tobacco farm Profit 39

Table of Content
 3.6. Tobacco Trade 4t
3.6.1, Tobacco Leaves Export and All Types of Products into Total Export +f
3.6.2. Tobacco Export Compared with Other Agriculture Products +T
3.6.3. Nett Export Value ofTobaccs teaves +z
3.6.4. Export lmpori Ratio of Tobacco Leaves +L
3.5.5. Virginia Tobaeeo import Vaiue 44
?..7 . Clove Production
3 .' i rliorid Clove Pioouciioi-, 45
3.7.2. of Clcve Productien iri indsnesie
Tr"end 46
3.S, Area and Worker in Ciove Plantation
3.8.1. Clove Area 47
3.8.2. Clove Area by Owner 47
3.8.3. Distribution of Cloves Area by lsiand and Province 48
3.8.4. Number of Clove Farmer bv Province 49
3.9. Clove Price 51
3.9.1. C\ovefradeSys\em 51
3.9.2. Trend of Clove Price 51
3.10. Clove Trading 52
3.10.1 Clove Export 52
3.10.2 Clove lmport 52

CHAPTER 4 TOBACCO PRODUCT MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES 54

4.1. Cigarette Production 54
4.1.1. Cigarette Production Trend 54
4.7.2. Cigarette Production Trend vs Inflation and Economic Growth 54
4.2. Cigarette Market Share 55
4.2.1. Large Company Domination 55
4.3, Number of Cigarette Industry 55
4.3.1. Definition of Industry Scale 5b
4.3.2. Development Trend of Tobacco Processing Company Number 56
4.3.3. Cigarette lndustry Contribution to Economy 57
4.4. Worker in Tobacco Product Manufacturing Industry 59
4.4.1. Worker Quantity Trend 59 o{
4.4.2. Percentage of Worker in Tobacco Manufacturing Industry 50
4.4.3. Labor Growth in Tobacco Manufacturing Industry 60
4.4.4. Worker Distribution in Tobacco Manufacturing Industry by Gender OI
4.4.5. Average Wage 62
4.5. Tobacco Trade 63
4.5.1. Cigarette Export Value to Total Export o5
4.5.2. Cigareiie Expori Quantity 64
4.5.3. Cigarette Export Value & t-Fl
4.5.4. Nett Cigarette Export Value 55
4.5.5 Country of Destination and Cigarette Export Vaiue
4.5.b Cor.lntry of Destination and Cigarette Export Value Kretek 66
4.5,5.a. An Export Comparison Value 2006 to 2007 tt
arJ

4.5.6.b. An lmport Comparison value 20Q6 to 2QQ7 67

CHAPTER 5 TOBACCO CONTROL POLICY

5.1. Why We Need Tobacco Control Policy 68
5.2. Why We Need lntervention from Government 68
5.3. Positive lmpact on Tobacco Control 69
5.4. The Regulations in Indonesia 70 o{
5,5. Draft of Government Regulation on Protection of Tobacco Products 7t
as Addictive Substances for Health
5.5. Bill on Tobacco Product lmpact Control into Health 72
(RUU-PDPTK)
 5.7. The Last Status of RUU Draft of Tobacco Product lmpact Control into Health (RUU-PDPTK) 73
5.8. lmplementation of FCTC 73
5.9. Main Substances of FCTC and lts Comparison with Indonesia Currently Status 74
5.10. MPOWER Strategy 76

OIAPTER 6 INCREASE EXCISE TAX AND CIGARETTE PRICE

6.1. impact of Increasing Tobaceo Tax
l.4i_----!-fi_-_-_-:_-f_L--^--_._r-^._..'r1'
o i i irltI dGl iJt iitt-ted5tiig ii;ud(: :J i{tx ir!ii) i iEdiciie i_ijii5r=jiiiijiiijii
and State Revenue
6.1.2, lmpact of Ine reasing Tobaecc Excise Tax into Smoker Quantit'y, is
Death Related to Smoking and Tobacco Tax Revenue
6.1.3. lmpact of Increasing Cigarette Price in Poorest Group
5.1.4. Philosophy of Law No. 39/ 2007 on Excise Tax 61,

6.2. Cigartte Price 6Z

6.2.1. Retail Sale Price vs Cigarette Market Transaction Price 82
6.2.2. A Comparison Cigarette Tax Rates into HJE in Many Countries 82
6.2.3. Tax Rates on Tobacco Product in lndonesia 84
6.2.4. lmplication from Tax System on Tobacco Product 88
6.2.5. Affordability of Cigarette 88
6.3. Government Revenue from Tobacco Excise Tax 89
6.3.1, Government Revenue from Tobacco Excise Tax 89
6,3.2. Government Revenue from Excise Tax 90
6.3.3. A Comparison Revenue from Tobacco Excise Tax 91
with Other Revenue
6.4. Average Households Expenditure for Tobacco 93
6.4.!. Increasing of Household Expenditure for Tobacco 93
6.4.2. Share of Poor Household Expenditure for Tobacco 93
I 6.4.3. Household Expenditure Proportion forTobacco 2007 94
6.5. lssues Related for Tobacco tax 97
6.5.1. Allotment Sharing Fund of Tobacco tax Revenue 97
6.5.2. Regional Cigarette Tax 98

O{APTER 7 A COMPREHENSIVE BANS TO ADVERTISEMENT, PROMOTION AND SPONSORSHIP OF CIGARET 1OO

7.L. Why Advertisement, Promotion and Sponsorship Should be Banned 100
7.2. Direct marketing through Advertisement in Electronic, Print and Outdoor Media 101
7.3. Indirect Advertisement: Sponsorship, Promotion, Free Sample, Commercial 104
Advertisement in Movies
7.4. Partial Banning of Advertisement in Ineffective 104
7.5. A Comprehensive Banning of Advertisement does not Violate Free Speech 105

0TAPTER 8 PROTECTTON FROM OTHER'S PEOPLE CTGARETTE SMOKE EXPOSURE {FREE SMOKTNG AREAI 108
8.1. Problem in Other People's Cigar"ette Smoke Exposure 108
8.1.1. Health Affect Caused of Other People's Cigarette Smoke 108
8.1-.2. Economic Efr,ect Caused of Other People's Cigarette Smoke i08
R J Noar{ {nr Froa (mnlrino ,b,r,vvAre: 1nq
8.3. Mvths and fact 1"09
8.4. Regulation to Protect on Other People's Cigarette Smoke ttt
8.5. Prineiples on Free Smoking Envirsnment Regula,tion Lll
8.6. Free Smoking Environment in lndonesia Lt3
8.7. An Effective Regufation -|.L)

(XAPTER 9 HEALTH WARNING TABEL ON TOBACCO PRODUCT PACKAGE TI7

9.1. Why Health Warning is Needed tL7
9.2. Regulation Context and Relevance LL7
9.3. Labelling Room of Cigarette Package Creates Opportunity to Cigarette lndustry Promotior 118
9.4. A Ban on Misleading Warning Attachment 118

Toble of Content
 r20
9.5. Effectiveness Cigarette Package as Public Education Media
t20
9.6. Effectiveness of Health Warning Text in Cigarette Package
g.7. Globally status of lmplementation of Regulation on Pictorial Health warning !21
g.g. Recommendation of Regulation on Effective Health warning with Picture 722

PROGRAM !24
CHAPTER 10 PUBTIC CONSCIOUSNESS, EDUCAT|ON AND SMOK|NG CESSATION
LZl
10.1. Knowledge About Health Risk

i0.2. Heaith Education

| /6
10.?.1' Education Program in Schooi
rzl
L0.2.2' Community Education Program
L28
10.3. Smoking Cessation Program
729
1-0.3.1. Benefits from Quit Smoking
131.
10.3.2. Quit Smoking Techniques
 FOREWORD

i
-hrs Indonesian Tobacco Profile 2009 is a second book published byTobacco ControlSupport Center
I
- indonesian Public Health Association (TCSC-IAKMI). The first book was published in 2007. This
:.oflle (2009) is a further development of profile in 2007.
I

-hrs profile includes the most recent data and information which could be collected untilthe end of
,ear 2009. This book has been covered more extensively and deeply about "Tobacco and Clove
:arming", "lndustrial Management of Tobacco Products", "lncrease of Cigarette's Excise Tax and
!-rc€", "Comprehensive Ban Against Advertising, Promotion and Sponsorship of Cigarettes",
'Drotection Against Other's People Cigarette Smoke Exposure (KTR)", Health Warning Labels on
-cbacco Products Packaging", "Public Awareness, Education and Smoking Cessation Programs".

-.ends and changes on cigarette consumption and smoking prevalence were also presented in more
:etail. Tobacco control policies are also discussed in depth.

' the profile in 2OO7 is widely used by hand-related parties to develop policies, and advocacy for
::mmunity, then in 2009 this profile conveys much more information and data for these purposes.

- this profile, there was a shift from health aspect to economic aspects, taxation and agriculture.
-:rs changes illustrate that the profile has been extended to aspects that had not been covered in
:epth because of tobacco hazard problem is multi-sector issue.

e expect this profile is used by decision makers in government and in parliament so policies and
,,,

:ecisions are taken based on evidence based and be able to produce right decisions and policies
*rrch favor to people who became very aggrieved parties by tobacco industry.

:.cm this profile should also be made a number of materials for advocacy, community education
a.d health promotion that could be used by all person concerned, especially civil society in
- Conesia.

-: all contributors who have seriously and diligently preparing this lndonesian Tobacco Profile Year
tJO9, we thank you profusely. f am sure that the brethren toil directly and indirectly will protect
n donesian public from the dangers of tobacco.

May 2010

** 'Dr. Alex Papilaya, DTPH

Head ofTobacco Control Support Center
lndonesia Public Health Association
PREFACE

Assalamu'alaikum Wr' Wb'

praisebetoGod,becauseonlyHismercyandgrace,wecancompletetheupdateProfileReport
Problems in Indonesia"'
entitled: "Tobacco Facts and lts
done updating data on
profile are published periodically' where each edition always
This tobacco trade, agriculture and
and its problems, viewed from various aspects such as hea|th,
tobacco (Riskesdas) that has been
using data of Basic Health Research
rndustry. Especially in year 2010, Ministry of
the Nationar rnstitute of Hearth Research and Deveropment -
:arried out in 2007 by
Health.
relation to
Tobacco year 2010 is expected to be a referral to tobacco and its
-his Updates Profile of
rreld of health .

provinces in
in popu|ation sample of 33
one, tel|s about percentage of tobacco consumption
Chapter
ndonesiabasedondatafromBasicHea|thResearch(Riskesdas)in2007.
diseases with smoking behavior.
ln this chapter
:rapter two, reviews relationship between
:aIculatedaveragecostpertreatmentofdiseasescausedbysmokingaswel|.
production of tobacco and
:napterthreefocusesonfarmingoftobaccoandcloves'Agricultural labor' prices and terms of trade'
in detail beginning in terms of production' land'
: ove are reviewed

1-apterfourreviewstobaccoprocessingindustry'intermsofproduction'marketshare'numberof
'custry,labor,tradeandgovernmentpolicyrelatedtotobaccoproductsindustry'
for government
--apterfive,focusingontobaccocontrolpo|icythatcontainsreasonsfortheneed in lndonesia, as
r:erventionandcontro|po|icies,impactofcontrol,regulationsandbillthatexist
Convention Tobacco Control {FCTC)'
.€,1 as principal content of Framework

tax and price with an overview

of impact of tobacco tax
i-apter six, explains about cigarette
and issues
revenue, average household expenditure
.,:'ease, cigarette prices, government
r:;cciated with tobacco tax'
sponsorship' furnished with reasons
tells sf a ban on advertising and promotion and
::3pter seven
of advertising bans'
as well as ineffectiveness
r:r the ban, issue of banning direct and indirect,

].aptereightpresentsFreeSmokingEnvironment(KTR)whichbeginswithimpactofsmokingon
.eathandeconomics,po|icyandprotectionofKTRconditionsinlndonesia'

]:.'apterninetalksabouthea|thwarninglabe|sontobaccoproductpackaging,reasonandre|evance,
policy recommendations'
::-r drtionsexist in society as well as effective
health risks, as we|| as smoking
of public awareness, education about
:.-.a3ter ten provides exposure
:cs;ation Programs'

ill
Let us deliver a high appreciation and sincere thanks for all contributions from all parties who have
helped up to realization of this report. We also expressed high gratitude to Tobacco Control Support
Center (TCSC-IAKMl) which has provided an opportunity for us to book this report.

We have sought maximum, but definitely still many shortcomings, weaknesses and mistakes. For
that we ask critism, feedback and suggestions for improvement of Tobacco Report Update
subsequent.

Billahit taufi q walhidayah,

Wassalamu'alaikum Wr. Wb.

Jakarta, October 201"0

on behalf of Coordinator of Tobacco

lv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

.^;sbookistheresu|tofteamworkconsistsof:TrihonoandtheNationa||nstituteofHea|thResearch
University of
a-c Development's team; Hasbullah Thabrany and the Faculty of Public Health'
-conesia'steam;AbdillahAhsanandtheDemographiclnstituteofFacultyofEconomics'Universityof
-conesia'steam;SetyoBudiantoroandKikisoewarsofromtheTobaccocontrolsupportcenter'
and Sri Nurwati'
-conesian Public Health Association (Tcsc-lAKMl); and widyastutisoerojo
and
thoroughly and obtained input from observers
3efore printing, this book has been reviewed
as: Alex Papilaya and Kartono
-stitutions who are concerned about tobacco's problems, such
\,chammad,theTobaccoControlSupportCenter,IndonesianPublicHealthAssociation(TCSC-|AKM|);
of Indonesia; Hakim
i ta Damayanti and sabarinah prasetyo, the centerfor Health Research, University
i.imudaPohan,sriUtarisetyawatidanlstnaeniAbbas,thelndonesiaForumofParliamentarianon
commission on child
::pulation and Developrnent; Lisda sundari and Dina Kania' the National
Haryo Karbyanto' the Jakarta
;-ctection; Tulus Abadi, the lndonesian consumers organization; Tubagus
of
Promotion; Farida sutiarto' the National Institute
:.:,zen Forum; lsmoyowati, the centerfor Health
-eaIthResearchandDeveIopment;WidyastutiWibisana,WHoJakarta'
(Riskesdas)
community-based national health survey
J-apter one, which was result of data analysis of
chapter was worked out by a team from the
National
::rducted in 2007 by the Ministry of Health' This
drg. ch. M. Kristanti, M'Kes" dr' Julianty
-stttute of Health Research and Development which consists of
with coordinator Dr. dr. Trihono,
:.adono, MS., Dwi Hapsari T., SKM, M.Kes., Puti Sari H', SKM, MSc'PH
r,f Sc.

Thabrany from the Faculty of Public Health,

::apter two, was discussed by Prof' Dr' dr' Hasbullah Institute of
of Indonesia together with lr' Triasih Djutaharta' M'E from the DemograPhic
-- versity
dr. Soewarta Kosen, MPH,
::culty of Economics, University Indonesia, drg' wasis sumartono, Sp'KG and
and Development'
l'.tPH)from the National Institute of Health Research
Ahsan, SE,
analyzed by a team consisting of Abditlah
:.-apter three, four and six were collected and of
Hadi Wiyono' MSi from the Demographic lnstitute
\r.SE, Ayke Soraya Kiting, SE, MSc', and lr' Nur
:a:rlty of Economics, University Indonesia'
the Tobacco control Suppott center'
l-aoter five was composed by Kiki Soewarso s'Kom from
-:cnesian Public Health Association (TCSC-|AKMl)'
MA', from the Tobacco control support center'
l-apter seven was prepared by lr. Setyo Budiantoro,
-:onesian Public Health Association (TCSC-IAKMl)'

:- apter eight was summarized by dra' Sri Nurwati' MM '

Soerojo, MSc'
:-aDter nine and ten were compiled by dr. widyastuti
Our biggest thanks also goes to Rofingatul Mubasyiroh, SKM and Suparmi, SKM for administrative
support, MC. Natalia, ST who helped proofread Indonesian's manuscript, lcko Yoshida, SE who has
translated this manuscript into English and Setyo Utomo, S.Ant. who has corrected the English text and
lka Dharmayanti, SKM, M.Env. who has helped editing and layout process of this report. Ourthanks for
financial support provided by the Tobacco Control Support Center, Indonesian Public Health Association
{TCSC-IAKMl} and WHO Indonesia.

Jakarta, October 2010

on behalf of Coordinator of Tobacco

Profile Update Year 2010

-.t
4/t ?
,#W--'"
i;t,.'
).
Dr. dr. Trihono, MSc.

VI
 Tobacco Consumption and Smoking Prevalence
Written by: Ch.M.Kristanti, Julianty Pradono, Dwi Hapsari, Puti Sari, Trihono

1.1 Domestic Tobacco Consumption

Graph 1.1 illustrates tobacco consumption based on total amount stick of tobacco consumption per year
in five countries which devour it most. .n2AO2,Indonesia consumed 182 billion cigarettes, and then this
put lndonesia in the fifth rank as the highest tobacco consumption in the world, after China (1,697
billion sticks), USA (454 billion sticks), Russia (375 billion sticks) and Japan (299 billion sticks). Tobacco
Atlas 2009 showed that Indonesian rank in 2007 had no change; it was still on fifth rank.

Figure 1.1
5 Countries with the Highest Tobacco Consumption (billion sticks)

2500

2000

1500

1000

500

Japan lndonesia

Source: Tobacco Atlas

D.rring 1970-2000, tobacco consumption in Indonesia raised vastly, about 7 times, from 33 billion sticks
lo 217 billion sticks'. But then, during 2OOO-2AA2;there was reduction of tobacco consumption due to
cscalation of real price of cigarettes in 1998. In fact, decreasing in tobacco consumption was just
arrrcuflage, because Ministry of Finance found an illegal tobacco selling and fake ribbon tax".

iF purpose to revive tobacco industry, because of decreasing tobacco consumption, Ministry of Finance
*spended annually tax upsurge on tobacco products along 2003-2004 in order to "healing the
rsustries". lmpact of this regulation, in 2008, tobacco consumption increased highly 240 billion sticks
Jllr 274 billion sticks in 2005 {Figure 1.2).
 Figure 1.2
Tobacco Consumption in Indonesia 2005-2003 (billion sticksI

240

235

230

225

220

2t5
2to
205

240

Source: Tempo Newspaper,3l August 2009

Based on smoker quantity, Indonesia was the 3rd country with the highest smoker in the world, after
China and India (WHO, 2008).

Figure 1.3
Contribution of 10 Countries with the Highest Smoker from the amount of smoker worldwide* (%)

.g c:
o
.uryco,
o-lo(!J
.o;tri LJ
!
(,c,'
Source : WHO Report on GlobalTobacco Epidemic, 2008
* Total of Smoker in the World 1.3 billion people

r.2.Tobacco consumption per capita per Day by population characteristic

This analysis used Riskesdas (Basic Health Survey) 2007 data which has the same sampling frame with
Susenas Kor 2007. The obtained sample size described data in district level for some health variables.
Riskesdas has conducted by National Institute of Health Research and Development (NtHRD),
Indonesia's Ministry of Health. Data collection in the field was carried out by enumerators, who have
educational background in health (D3). They collected data in their own district areas according to
selected sampling.

Table 1.1result of Riskesdas 2007 showed the average adult tobacco consumption was 10 cigarettes per
day, where men 11 cigarettes and woman 8 cigarettes per day.

Table 1.1
Average Smoking Consumption (Sticks per day) based on Characteristic
Year 2OO7

Year 2007
Variable Gender
Total
M W
Location
Urban 1n 1
5.8 9.8
Rural to.7 7.8 10.5
Quintile(income)
K1(lowest) 10.0 7.r 9.8
K2 10.2 7.7 10.0
K3 10.5 7.4 L0.2
K4 10.7 7.4 10.4
Ks (highest) 1.1.2 7.7 11.0
Education Level
Primary LO.7 7.2 10.3
Secondary 10.2 8.2 10.1
High 70.7 8.2 10.5
Marital Status
Married 10.9 7.3 10.6
Unmarried 8.8 9.2 8.8
Working Status
Working 10.8 7.7 L0.7
Jobless 8.2 7.3 7.9
Age Group
15-24 8.4 9.4 8.4
25-34 10.6 8.5 10.4
35-44 11..2 7.7 L1.L
45-54 11.5 7.r 11.1
55+ 10.3 5.9 9.7
Total 10.5 7.4 L0.2

Location. In the rural area, tobacco consumption (calculated by stick) higher than in the urban, either
men or women.
Marital Status. Unmarried man smoker consumed fewer cigarettes than married men. Beside, in
women were reversed.
Age. The lowest smoking consumption of men smoker were on age group 15-24 years and >55 years,
while in women, smoking consumption tended to be declined along with rising level of age group.
Education. In men, smoking consumption did not show specific trend, while in women, the consumption
of cigarettes is as high as the level of education.
Work Status. Both men and women smoker who working consumed cigarette more than jobless
smoker.
lncome (quintile). Based on quantity of cigarette (sticks), there was slightly difference in all level of
income. Table 1.1 showed that those who have high income level consumed more cigarettes. However,
refer to quantity of smoker, smoking prevalence is higher in group of those who have low income
compared to those who have high income level (Table 1.7).

1.3. Smoking Prevalence

In 2007, smoking prevalence on 15 years of age above was 34.2 % {more than 50 million adults). lt rose
from 31.5 % in year 2001, and not so different in year 2004 (figure 1.4).

1.3.1. Adults Smoking Prevalence By Gender

Smoking prevalence of men was higher than women's. In men, smoking prevalence increased annually.
ln year 2007, smoking prevalence of male raised from 62.2% in year 2001 to 65.6%. Nevertheless,
female's smoking prevalence increased 4 times from 1.3% to 5.2% in period of time 2001 - 2007 (Figure
7.41.

Figure 1.4
Smoking Prevalence on Age:15 years by Gender, Indonesia
Year 1995, 2OOt,2OO4, and 2007

7At ---:555
62.2
:

OUT
i

s0 -t-
I
!

40 1
I

I
I Laki
34
30f
i
I Psrsrnpu6n

20 'i I
-'- Total
I

10 l-
0r-
i

r_995 2001 2004 2A07

Source : Survev ofSocio-Economic (Susenas) year 1995, 2001,2004 dan Riskesdas 2007

1.3.2. Smoking Prevalence By Age and Gender.

Based on group of age, the research's result 2OO7 showed that percentage of smoker increased along
with the upsurge of age group, until age group 55-59 years old, then decreased on the next higher group
of age (Table 1.2). The augment was occurred in age group 15-19 years old, fromT.t% (1995) to !9.9%
(2007) or increased about 180% during 1995 -2OO7.

Based on age group, smoking prevalence annually increased. The highest escalation took place on the
youngest age group of 10-14 years old from 0.3% ta 2.O% or boosted almost 7 times during the past 12
years.

Table 1.2
Percentage of Smoker based on Age Group and Gender
In fndonesia Year 1995, IOOL,2OO4 and 2007

1995 2AO1 2004 2007

Group
of Age M w Total M w Total M w Total M W Total

10-1.4 0.5 0.1 0.3 4.7 0 0.4 NA NA NA 5.) 0.5 2.4

15-19 73.7 0.3 7.7 24.2 o.2 L2.7 32.8 1.9 t7.3 37.3 r.o 19.9
20-24 42.6 r 20.3 60.1 0.5 28.8 53.5 4.7 30.6 o t.o 2.5 32.8
2s-29 57.3 t.L 27.4 59.9 0.6 33.7 69.9 4.5 ?4.7 73.5 2.5 35.1
30-34 64.4 !.2 31.5 70.5 0.9 35.3 68.9 3.8 37.3 73.3 2.7 3s.6
35-39 67.3 r.7 3s.6 73.s 1.3 36.6 67.7 5.0 39.7 77.7 3.4 35.7
40-44 67.3 2.3 34.2 74.3 1.9 39.6 66.9 4.9 40.1 71.6 4.6 36.6
45-49 68 3.1 35.7 74.4 2.2 4L.3 67.9 5.8 41.0 72.5 5.9 38.1
s0-54 55.8 3.4 34.5 70.4 1-O 34.8 67.9 4.9 38.8 69.9 7.0 38.5
55-59 55.1 3.3 33.9 69.9 J 36.3 64.1 6.2 36.8 68.2 8.4 39.2
60-54 64.7 2.8 32.2 55.6 2.8 32.6 60.0 o.z 31.3 64.0 tt.4 36.3
65-69 64.3 3.8 34 64.7 2.7 32.2 58.7 4.4 30.9 50.5 13.5 35.7
70-74 56.9 3.1 30.6 59.2 2.1 30 55.3 3.8 27.0 58.4 17.o 35.8
75+ 53.3 L.:t 24.8 48.5 2.7 23.5 47.4 4.t 24.9 55.5 18.0 34.9
Source: Socio Economic Survey {Susenas} Year L995, 2N7,20O4 and Riskesdas 2007

1.3.3. Smoking Prevalence on Teenager and School Student.

. year 2007, teenager's smoking prevalence on age 15-L9 years was 18.8%. For boys 373% and girls
1 5%. Smoking prevalence on adolescent, especially boys aged 15-19 years old, continuously increased
*cm 1995 to2OO7.
 Figure 1.5
smoking Prevalence on Age Group t5-19 years old based on Gender,
fndonesia
Year 1995, 200t, 2004, 2007

40
J5

30,
25 l

D Laki
20
1s
I Perempuan

Total
10!
5:

0
199s 2001 2AO4 2007

Source: Socio Economic Survey (Susenas) Year (1995, 2OOt,2OO4l and Riskesdas 2007

Between 1995 to 2007, percentage of smoker in boys aged 15-19 years old increased almost 3 times,
while it boosted 5 times in girls.

ln 2OOt, Global Youth Tobacco Survey (GYTS) showed that teenagers smoker's percentage in Jakarta was
20.4% (boys 36.7%; girls 4.4%1, while in 2004, the percentage was t6.6% (boys 28.4%; girls 3.0%). GYTS
2005 which was used as national rate, whereabouts 12.6% (boys 24.5%; eirls 2.3%l (Table 1.3).

Three of ten students (30.9%) of their first time smoking experience was found before 10 years of age.
Among students who were smoker, 3.2% had been addicted with an indicator what they want first thing
in the morning was smoking. lndonesian National GYTS 2006 also showed that more than 14.4%
students declared that they had been offered "free" cigarettes by tobacco company, 2t.6% of these are
boys; and 7.4% girls.

Table 1.3
Students Smoker Prevalence on age 13 15 s Indonesia Y ea 2006
Had smoking Active Smoker who felt
Ever Smoking before aged 10 Active Smoker smoking is the 1st
(%l years old (%) (%l necessity in the
moming (%)
Boys oL.5 28.5 24.5 3.5
Girls 15.5 40.8 2.3 -1. O

Total 37.3 30.9 L2.6 3.2

Source: lndonesia GlobalYouth Tobacco Survey (GYTS), 2006

1.3.4. Smoking Behavior among Health Profession.

To get a reliable comparative data, the WHO, U.S. CDC Atlanta and the Canadian Public Health
Association developed the Global Tobacco Surveillance System (GTSS). GTSS consists of Global Youth
 -obacco Survey (GYTS) for school students (13-15 years old), the Global School Personnel Survey {GSPS)
and Global Health Professional Survey (GHPS) for the health professions. Until this writing done,
ndonesia has conducted GYTS and GHPS. GHPS is using third-year college student of the Faculty of
Medicine, Faculty of Dentistry, Nursing and Faculty of Pharmacy.

n 20O6Indonesia conducted GHPS by using thirdJevel medical students as respondents in the survey'
Medical students were expected to play an important role to decline smoking behavior, as well as
providing some information smoking impact on health, helping people to stop smoking and giving a
sample model of free-smoking lifestyle.

\early half of Medical College Student (45.4%l has smoked. GHPS 2006 obtained that smoking
prevalence of medical college students was 9.3%; men 2t.7To and women 23%. One-third (33%l of them
I

nad smoking desire, less than 30 minutes since woke up in the morning; whereas in women 39'4Yo,was
higher than men where just only 3t.g%.lt indicated the high level of smoking addiction (Table 1.4).

Table 1.4
Smoking Prevalence of Medical College Students, Indonesia Year 2006

Active Smoker who has

Ever Smoke Active Smoker smoking desire less
l%l (%l than 30'after woke up
(%l
Men 74.2 21.1 31.9
Women 35.4 2.5 39.4
Total 48.4 9.3 33.0
Source: lndonesia Global Health Professional Survey (GHPS), 2006

1.3.5. Smoking Prevalence by Province

nZOO7, Bengkulu Province was a province with the highestsmoking prevalence in Indonesia {.38.7%l.lt
was greater than National rates which was only 34.2% (figure 1'9a).

3ompared to survey results in 1995 and 2OO7, nearly all provinces in Indonesia shown an increasing
smoking prevalence, except Bali Province (Table 1.5a). More than half men were a smoker (65.6%1,
while women were 5.2%. Percentage of female smoker was highest in Papua Province for L1.7%.
 Figure 1.9a
Percentage of smoker among aged 215 years old based on province in Indonesia,Year 2AO7
45

40

35
m
n n<-
*Hssiltil=x::
30

] EgiEEEEEBE 3 U
6dEFS*5d== E gE *E g
5EE,i1E(;eEig E FE# E =
(oi(' - -gEggE E BFE fi E E
5s 5 $-sEs$$
i dEE.9Qs €E
ir'e-=-g=
t=<D-<t>
6-' €E€#€
gg 9 .r> it
Source : Riskesdas 2007

Table 1.5a
Trend of smoking prevalence among people aged > 15 years old based on gender and province
Year 1995,2O0t,2007

1995 2007
Province
Me Wom Men &
Men
Wome Men & Me Wome Men &
n en Women n Women nn Women

NAD 52.8 2.2 26.9 'i * * 56.6 5.7 34.8

Sumatra Utara 59.8 2,3 28.7 59.7 t.7 30.3 64.9 7.0 34.9
Sumatra Barat 54.2 1.5 27.5 67.1 2.5 33.3 71.6 3.7 35.2
Riau 58.6 3.7 31 53.3 2,t 33.4 64.2 5.0 34.8
Jambi 57.2 1.7 29.2 57.4 1.5 30.1 63.1 4,8 33.5
Sumatra Selatan 61.3 1.7 31.6 64.8 L7 33.7 69.3 3.4 36.2
Bengkulu 61.1 2.4 32.3 66.7 0.6 34.8 73.1 4.2 38.7
Lampung 42.6 L.6 22.1 67.4 t-.o 35.9 70.9 4.3 38.2
Bangka Belitung
lr * lc
58.5 1.3 30.3 61.3 3.2 5Z.O

Kepulauan Riau * * * :F * * 59.1 4.8 30.8

DKI Jakarta 58.3 1.8 29.8 54.5 1q 27.7 54,4 4.8 30.8
Jawa Barat 52.4 1.3 26.t 68 I.7 35 7t.t 6.2 37.t
tlya r9rq9h 47.2 0.5 23.5 61.5 t .30,:8 9s..5
5.0 34.3
 Dl Yogyakarta 55.7 L.5 27.2 53.7 n) 26.3 60.3 7.7 32.8
Jawa Timur 33.1 0.9 16.9 62.4 0.8 30.7 54.5 4.O 32.6
Banten * * :*
66.3 0.8 33.6 71.7 4,9 37.3
Bali 61.8 0.5 29.2 45.7 1.3 23.3 49.2 7.5 28.2
NTB 45.7 t 18.8 62.5 0.4 29.9 66.6 4.1 33.8
NTT 39.8 0,9 20.r 56.6 0.5 27.6 643 9.2 34,8
Kalimantan Barat 54.7 2.4 28.7 58.6 2.9 3t.4 59.5 5.4 32.4
Kalimantan
46.3 2.3 23.5 60.2 1 31.8 629 o.o 34.7
Tengah
Kalimantan 1-' n
42.t 1.9 22.5 51.8 1.2 26.6 54.5 2.J.
Selatan
Kalimantan
50.6 0.9 25.6 55.3 2.6 29.2 54.6 3.3 29.3
Timur
Sulawesi Utara 49.3 3.3 26.2 61.2 1.9 31.7 63.8 5.0 33.9
Sulawesi Tengah 48.7 2.2 23.7 64.6 3 34.3 68.0 3,8 35.2
Sulawesi Selatan 51.1 2.4 zo. ! s8.5 t.2 27.9 60.7 2.9 29.4
Sulawesi
Tenggara
40.9 I 2t.t 58.7 L.7 29.9 50.1 3.5 30.3

Gorontalo * * 69 0.9 35.2 74,2 37.5

Sulawesi Barat * :* * * * * 57.7 2.4 29.5
Maluku 69 4.3 23.1
Maluku 62.0 4.3 31.6
Maluku Utara 68.1 5.4 35.s
?apua 59 0.5 27.3 54.6 3.7 29.7
lrian Jaya Barat 56.9 7.7 30.8
Papua 52.9 tr.7 32.0
Indonesia 53.4 t.7 25.9 62.2 1.3 3 1,5 6s.5 5.2 34.2
* Not surueyed / New Province

L3.6. Smoking Prevalence By Geography (Urban and Rural)

:n year 2007, smoking prevalence in rural area (36.6%) was higher than urban area (3L2%).
rtowever, smoking prevalence in urban area had slightly decreased compared to year 2004
,Table L.5b).
Table 1.5b
Smoking Prevalence among Aged > 15 Years old Based on Location and Gender
tn fndonesia Year 1995, ZOA\ 2OO4 and 2OOT

1995 2001 2AO4 2007

-ccation
M W Total M W Total M W Total M W Total
-,ral 58.3 2 29.s 67.O 1.5 34.0 56.8 4.7 36.5 69.2 5.3 36.6

- udtl 45.7 L.2 22.6 56.1 1.1 28.2 58.6 4.2 3L.7 61.1 3.8 3r.2
Total 53.4 t.7 26.9 62.2 31.5 53.1 4.5 34.4 65.6 J.1 34.2
lcurce : Survey of National Socio Economic (Susenas) Year (1995, 200L, 2004) and Riskesdas 2007
 1.3.7. Smoking Prevalence By Education.

Based on education, percentage of smoker whose did not attend/did not finish elementary school
increased during year 2004-2007 from 3L2% to 35.4%, while it decreased in a higher level of education.
This pattern was similar between men and women (Table 1.G).

Table 1.6
smoking prevalence among aged > 15 years old based on education in Indonesia
Year 1995,2O0t,2004, and 2007
1995 2007 2004 2007
Ed ucation
M W Total M W Total M W Total M W Total
llliterate 67.3 2.8 29.3 73.0 2.4 3r..1 67.3 4.8 3L.2 72.3 10.1 35.4
Elementary Degree 52.8 1.0 27.3 55.1 0.9 33.3 67.O 5.0 36.6 70.1 4.O 35.s
Junior High School
38.5 0.8 2L.3 51.8 0.6 27.8 s8.9 3.7 33.8 60.7 2.7 3L.7
Degree
Senior High School
Degree
44.7 0.8 26.t 57.7 0.8 33.s 60.7 3.8 36.4 62.3 2.8 35.0

University Degree 37.1 0.6 23.4 44.2 0.3 25.2 47.8 3.5 29.7 49.9 2.3 27.2
Total s3.4 L.7 27.O 62.2 J..5 31.5 53.1 4.5 34.4 oJ.t) 5.2 34.2
Source : Survey of National Socio Economic (Susenas) Year (L995, 2OO7,2OO4) and Riskesdas 2007

1.3.8. Smoking Prevalence By Social Economic Status.

According to social economic status, percentage of smoker showed almost no difference, as well as
women smoker unrevealed a specific trend (Table 1.7). In 2007, percentage of smoker in lowest social
economic level was 35.8yo, whereas in the highest social economic level was 31.5%. There was a rise
5.6% in the lowest social economic level during 2OA4-2OO7, while in the highest social economic level
descended for 4%.

Table 1.7
Smoking prevalence among aged > 15 years old based on income, Indonesia,
Year 1995, 200L, 2OO4 and 2AO7

Economic 1995 2001 2004 2A07

Status
M W Total M W Total M W Total M W Total
quintile 1 57.8 2.2 27.5 62.9 1.7 30.0 63.0 4.4 33.9 58.4 5.8 35.8
quintile 2 56.5 i.5 28.7 65.4 1..2 33.0 64.8 4.O 3s.5 67.2 5.2 3s.o
quintile 3 55.0 7.7 28.3 64.0 1.3 32.9 64.4 4.5 35.2 55.0 5.4 34.4
quintile 4 s1.5 1..4 26.5 61..2 r.5 31.8 63.4 4.8 34.s 64.5 5.0 33.4
quintile 5 46.2 1..4 23.7 57.4 1.1 29.6 60.1 4.5 32.8 50.9 4.5 31.5
I otal 53.4 t.7 26.9 oz.z r.5 31.5 63.1 4.5 34.4 55.6 5.2 34.2
Source : Survey of National Socio Economic (Susenas) Year (1995, 2001, 2004) and Riskesdas 2007

L0
 1.4. Starting Smoking Age

1.4.1. Start Smoking Age Trend

Table 1.8
Smoker Percentage among Age 2 15 years old based on Average Start Smoking Age in lndonesia
Year 1995, 2OOt, 2004, and 2OO7

Start Smoking Year

Age 1995 200t 2AO4 2007
I

5-9 0.5 0.4 L.7 1.9

I

TA-L4 9.0 9.5 12.6 15.0

I

I 15-19 54.6 58.9 o5. I 50.7

20-24 25.8 23.9 17.2 19.0
25-29 6.3 4.8 3.L 5.5
30+ 3.8 2.6 1.82 5.9
Source : Survey of National Socio Economic (Susenas) Year (1995, 2001, 2004) and Riskesdas 2007

L5. Percentage of Passive Smoker

1.5.1. Percentage of Households with Smoker.

According to Riskesdas 2007 showed 69% of households have expenditures on cigarettes. This means
there is at least one household member who consumes tobacco.

L5.2. Percentage of In-house Smoker

Riskesdas 2OO7 informed that 85.4% of smokers with age 10 years above were smoking at home
together with other member.

L5.3. Percentage of Passive Smoker at home.

n 2007,4A.5% of the population of all ages {91 million) is exposed to cigarette smoke in the house.
Women is higher (54.5%l than in men (26%) and children aged 0-14 years who are exposed is 58.8%,
thus about 40 million children are exposed to smoke, or nearly half the amount of secondhand smoke in
the home.

L1
 Table 1.9
Prevalence of population who were exposed by people's smoke (Passive Smoker) at home
based or Group and Gender, Inr lonesia Year 2(X)1, 2004, and 2007
Percentage of Passive Smoker
Age
2001 2004 2007
Group
M W Total M W Total M W Total

ffi
0-4 69.5 69.6 59.5 59.2 59.0 59.1
5-9 70.6 70.6 74.5 59.3 58.8 59.0
10-14 74.7 70.4 70.6 - 57.8 59.1 58.4
15-19 57.1 o /.o 59 36.1 55.2 45.7 35.1 57.8 46.2

20-24 23.4 65.6 45.6 15.5 52.0 35.1 15.1 56.6 37.2
25-29 9.5 65.5 38.8 8.1 53.9 32.7 8.1 55.8 33.9
30-34 4.3 64.8 35 5.7 53.7 29.O 4.4 53.1 30.4
35-39 2.L 67.4 35.4 7.L 54.6 28.3 3.0 54.0 29.9
4044 2.5 58.8 34.3 8.5 53.4 28.0 5.r 54.7 30.1
45-49 5.5 67.5 32.9 8.3 54.0 28.1 4.6 55.8 31.0
50+ 5.3 56.3 31.9 tr.7 38.3 25.0 8.8 44.4 27.1
:?,;:'in i.* 54.5 40.5
Total 31.8 65 48.9 ,i,s.:.:.1 -;i 26.O

Total i.ri::;:'1.-1 ?i :e*.1{-Ei 11.8 50.0 30.5

Table 1.10
Prevalence of population who were exposed by people's smoke (Passive Smoker) at home
based on Age Group and Gender, Indonesia Year 2004

Quantity of Passive Smoker (Person)

Age Group 2007

Men Women Total

o-4 6,371,809 6,OL4,790 12,386,600
5-9 7,3O7,709 6,936,435 L4,244,144
10-L4 6,925,952 6,777,518 13,703,559

15-19 3,344,O70 5,247,592 9,591,651

20-24 L,137,282 4,858,956 5,996,239
z5-29 558,103 5,288,081 5,946,!84
30-34 351,293 4,898,260 5,239,553
35-39 252,31O 5,01L,481 5,263,79!
40-44 228,468 4,480,463 4,708,531
4549 372,423 4,029,228 4,341,,65L

50+ 7,7LO,277 9,707,741 1,0,818,O17

Total 28,599,696 62,640,245 91,239,939

source: Riskesdas 2007
1.5.4. Student who was exposed by people's smoke'
Two out of three students (68.8%l are exposed to cigarette smoke other people in their homes and
more than three-quarters percent l7s.t%l students are exposed to smoke of others
in public places
{Table 1.11)

Table 1.11
Proportion of Students Exposed to Smoke By Others, Year 2009

Students who are other le's smoke

Students who live with smokers who smoke at home
*udents who live with smokers who smoke outside the home
and public
st,rd""tt *h" believe that smoking should be banned in public
places
Students who believe that someone else's cigarette smoke is
harmfulto them
Students who have at least one person or more than one parent
who smokes
Students who have many or all friends who smoke

Source: Indonesia GYTS 2009

leferences:

Of Tobacco
1. MOH Rl, 2004, Fact Tobacco Indonesia Empirical Data For The National Strategy
control lssues, Directorate of General of community Health, Jakarta

IAKMI and South

Z. TCSC-IAKMl, 2007, Indonesia Profile Tobacco, Tobacco Control Center Support,
East Asia Tobacco control Alliance (sEATCA) and wHo Indonesia

Report of the
3. National Institute of Health Research and Development, Ministry of Health ,2007,
and
National Basic Health Research (Riskesdas) 2007, National lnstitute of Health Research
DeveloPment, jakarta

13