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 Introduction to WHMIS

WHAT IS WHMIS?
WHMIS stands for Workplace Hazardous Materials Information System. It is a nationwide system to provide information on
hazardous materials used in the workplace. WHMIS affects workers, employers, suppliers, and regulators. Nova Scotia’s
WHMIS Regulations place duties at any workplace covered by the Occupational Health and Safety Act where hazardous
materials are used, stored, or handled.

WHAT IS THE OBJECTIVE OF WHMIS?

The objective of WHMIS is to reduce the risk of illness or injury to employees, employers, or visitors in the Workplace resulting
from the use of controlled products.

COMPONENTS OF WHMIS
There are three key components to WHMIS:

1. Worker Education and Training

Worker education programs provide instruction on the hazards of hazardous materials in the workplace and training
inunderstanding and using WHMIS information.

2. Labels
Labels must be placed on all containers of hazardous materials to alert employees and workers to the dangers of the
product and basic safety precautions.

3. Material Safety Data Sheets

Provide detailed health and safety information on a product.

1
 WHMIS Legislation

WHMIS, Canada’s right-to-know hazard communication standard, came into effect on October 31, 1988. It was developed by
the collaborative efforts of government, industry and labor and is supported by both federal and provincial legislation.
The federal laws relevant to WHMIS are:

• The Hazardous Products Act - this places duties on suppliers, who sell or import a hazardous material for use in a
workplace in Canada, to provide supplier labels and material safety data sheets to their customers.

• The Controlled Products Regulations made under the Hazardous Products Act. These regulations prescribe the
hazardous materials that will be covered by WHMIS and set out, in detail, the information to be put on a supplier label
and a material safety data sheet.

• The Hazardous Materials Information Review Act and Regulations which sets out how confidential business
information will be handled at the federal level. These regulations permit some exemptions from the disclosure of trade
secrets that are claimed by suppliers of controlled products.

Nova Scotia uses three additional laws to implement WHMIS, they are:

• The Occupational Health and Safety Act

• WHMIS Regulations, and
• Disclosure of Information Regulations

To promote consistency across Canada, each provincial and territorial government used the same model to draft its WHMIS
regulations.

2
 Worker Education and Training

WHMIS legislation requires that information and instruction be provided to all workers who work with or in proximity to a
controlled product, that is any worker who stores, handles, uses or disposes of a controlled product or who immediately
supervises another worker performing these duties.

In proximity” is the area in which a worker’s health and safety could be at risk during storage, handling, use or disposal of a
product, maintenance operation, or emergencies such as an accidental release or spill. It is the supervisor’s responsibility to
provide work-site specific WHMIS training.

Employees must ensure that they obtain adequate information on a controlled product in order to work with it safely. See your
supervisor if you feel you need more information.

WHMIS education is performance based and is measured by the ability of workers to demonstrate safe work procedures and
the knowledge of why the procedures are required.

Regarding frequency of training, WHMIS law does not specify how often WHMIS courses must be provided. Instead, the law
provides a standard for effectiveness of the training and requires that the standard be achieved on an ongoing basis.

To meet the WHMIS education standard an employee should be able to answer the following four questions:

1. Where can I get hazard information on products that I work with?

2. What are the hazards of the controlled product?

3. How am I protected from those hazards?

4. What do I do in the case of an emergency?

3
 WHMIS Classifications

WHMIS uses classifications, or classes, to group chemicals with similar properties or hazards. The Controlled Products
Regulations specifies the criteria used to place materials within each classification. There are six (6) classes although several
classes have divisions or subdivisions.

CLASS A - COMPRESSED GASES

Cylinders store compressed gases under pressure. Because gas leaking from a cylinder, a value
or a regulator can cause injury or damage, WHMIS treats all compressed gases as controlled
products. Gases which are also flammable, toxic or have other hazardous properties will also be
found in other classes.

Typical compressed gases are oxygen which is used in health care and welding, and ammonia
which is used in some large scale refrigeration systems.

CLASS B - FLAMMABLE AND COMBUSTIBLE MATERIALS

WHMIS groups together into a single class all those chemicals which pose a fire hazard. There
are 6 subdivisions to the flammable and combustible materials class. Chemicals covered by any
of the subdivisions all carry the same stylized flame symbol.

Divison 1 - Flammable Gases

All gases such as hydrogen and butane which can form ignitable mixtures in air, are classed as
flammable gases. Cylinders of these gases carry both the compressed gas and the flammable
material symbols.

Division 2 - Flammable Liquids

All those liquids which present an extreme fire hazard are called flammable liquids. A spark or
other ignition source can easily ignite flammable liquids at or below room temperature. Gasoline
is a typical flammable liquid. Even at temperature as low as -40 C, gasoline gives off enough
vapor to form a vapor/air mixture that will burn.

4
 Division 3 - Combustible Liquids
Although they are more difficult to ignite, when a combustible liquid is heated, it gives off enough
vapor to form a vapor/mixture that will burn. Combustible liquids are those liquids which present
a fire risk when the liquid is heated to temperatures between room temperature and about 100o F.
Diesel fuel and many other more difficult to ignite liquids are combustible liquids. Many
commercial and industrial liquid products that are based upon petroleum or other organic solvents
are combustible liquids.

Division 4 - Flammable Solids

WHMIS regulates all those solids that ignite through friction such as white phosphorus, or that
can be readily ignited and burn vigorously such as magnesium and a number of other finely
divided metals.

Division 5 - Flammable Aerosols

Aerosol products containing flammable ingredients or that use a flammable propellant such as
propane, butane and dimethyl ether, present a workplace fire hazard. All such products which
pass a flame projection or flash back test are included in the flammable aerosol subdivision.

Division 6 - Reactive Flammable Materials

WHMIS places a few particularly dangerous materials in the subdivision. Included are chemicals
that are spontaneously combustible under normal conditions of use or chemicals which, when in
contact with water, become flammable or give off a flammable gas.
This group includes such chemicals as aluminum alkyls, metallic sodium and lithium aluminum
hydride. All of these chemicals are uncommon outside of the laboratory.

CLASS C - OXIDIZING MATERIALS

Fire is really a chemical reaction involving the fuel and oxygen. Some chemicals called oxidizers,
can provide oxygen that can increase the risk that a fire will break out. Once a fire is underway,
oxidizers can cause the fire to burn more intensely.

Oxidizing materials are not particularly common in the shop or office. However, they are found
fairly often in laboratories where researchers commonly use oxidizers generally, and a family of
oxidizers are called organic peroxides.

The symbol carried by all oxidizing materials resembles the flammable materials symbol in that
it also depicts a flame. But the flame rests on an “O” which signifies that oxidizers contribute
oxygen.
5
 CLASS D - POISONOUS AND INFECTIOUS MATERIALS

WHMIS considers all the toxic effects of chemicals in this class. Because there are a variety
health hazards that need to be considered, WHMIS deals with the health hazards in 3
subdivisions:

Division 1 - Materials Causing Immediate and Serious Toxic Effects

Materials included in this subdivision are generally those highly toxic chemicals which cause
death within a short period following exposure. At high enough doses, almost any chemical can
have serious and even fatal consequences. But the massive doses of weakly toxic chemicals
that would be needed to produce death are unlikely in the workplace. But those chemicals, such
as many cyanides, which are sufficiently toxic to cause death following a workplace exposure are
placed in subdivision A. Other chemicals for which higher doses are needed to produce lethality,
are placed in subdivision B. All the chemicals that meet the criteria for inclusion in the Materials
Causing Immediate and Serious Toxic Effects, regardless of whether they fall into the Very Toxic
or Toxic subdivisions, carry the skull and crossbones symbol.

Division 2 - Materials Causing Immediate and Serious Toxic Effects

As well as short term poisoning, chemicals can cause other effects. Prolonged exposure to
chemicals at exposure levels that are below those which cause short term symptoms can also be
harmful to health. WHMIS places chemicals which irritate the skin and eyes and chemicals which
present a long term health risk, in a separate class.

Containers of these chemicals are marked with the WHMIS “T” symbol. Some people refer to the
symbol as “a T over a period” to reinforce the idea that many of the criteria that place chemicals in
this division, deal with long term hazards.

Contact with many chemicals, including some chemicals as familiar as vinegar, cause skin and
eye irritation. As a consequence, when they are sold for industrial or commercial use, these
chemicals carry the WHMIS T symbol. People working with these chemicals need to consult the
MSDS to find out whether a product is classed as causing “other toxic effects” because it causes
irritation or because it poses a long term health risk. Toxic effects included under “other toxic
effects” include skin and eye irritation and chronic toxic effects such as:

Mutagenicity causing genetic damage

Sensitization causing skin or respiratory allergies
Carcinogenicity causing cancer
Teratogenicity causing birth deformities
6 Embryotoxicity causing fetal death reproductive toxicity
 Division 3 - Biohazardous Infectious Materials
Few people outside a research or clinic laboratory of a hospital are likely to encounter a material
classed as a Biohazardous infectious agent. Materials which fall into this class include viruses
and bacteria which can cause infection in people. Also included are the toxins that some of these
viruses and bacteria produce.

Containers of biohazardous infectious materials carry the internationally recognized three broken
rings symbol.

CLASS E - CORROSIVE MATERIALS

WHMIS groups together chemicals which can corrode metal or destroy skin into a corrosive
materials class. Included in the class are many of the common acids such as sulfuric acid, (used
in automotive batteries) hydrochloric (muriatic) acid and others. Lye (also called caustic soda or
sodium hydroxide) is another corrosive chemical that is present in many commonly used products
such as household oven cleaner.

The symbol demonstrates the corrosivity of these chemicals in attacking metal and human skin.

CLASS F - DANGEROUSLY REACTIVE MATERIALS

The last WHMIS class brings together all those chemicals which present a hazard as a result of
their tendency to undergo violent reaction. The chemical reaction can sometimes lead to a fire or
an explosion. This class also includes a few chemicals such as sodium cyanide which can react
with water to produce a toxic gas.

Dangerously reactive chemicals are not common outside of the laboratory.

7
 WHMIS Labels
Labelling of controlled products is a requirement of the WHMIS system. A label identifies the product within and provides quick
information on the hazards and safe handling of the product.
Labelling requirements differ depending on whether the containers are supplier or workplace containers; whether the containers
contain laboratory products, laboratory samples for analysis or non-laboratory products; and the size of the containers. All
hazardous materials in the workplace must be properly labeled.

SUPPLIER LABEL

A supplier label is applied to the container of a controlled product by the manufacturer. Materials packaged in 100 mL or less
containers can have labels without risk phrases, precautionary measures and/or first aid measures

Containers of controlled product that are sold for use in Canadian workplaces must carry a supplier label that contains 9 required
elements.

1) Hatched Border 6) MSDS Reference

2) Written in English and French 7) Risk Phrases

3) Product Identifier 8) Precautionary Measures

4) Supplier Identifier 9) First-Aid Measures

5) Hazard Symbol(s)

8
 Inner Containers
If the employer receives a controlled product in a multi-container shipment, and the inner containers have not been labelled by the
supplier, then the employer must put labels on all inner containers when the outer container is opened. The labels must meet all
the requirements of supplier labels. Inner containers also include a hatched border, English and French translation, product
identifiers, supplier identifier, hazard symbols, MSDS reference, risk phrases, precautionary measures and first-aid measures.
Imports
If the employer receives a controlled product that has been imported into Canada that has no supplier label and that has been
shipped directly to the employer’s workplace from the off-shore source, then the employer must label the controlled product with a
label that meets the requirements of a supplier label.
Bulk Shipments
A shipment of a controlled product that is contained without intermediate packaging in one of the following:
 A vessel with a capacity of more than 454 liters
 A freight container, road vehicle, railway vehicle, portable tank freight container (carried on a road vehicle, railway
vehicle, ship, or aircraft), or a portable tank (carried on a road vehicle, railway vehicle, ship, or aircraft)
 The hold of a ship
 A pipeline

If a controlled product is received at the workplace as a bulk shipment, then the employer must attach a label to the container of
the controlled product or to the controlled product. The employer can use either a supplier label or a workplace label depending
on the circumstances.

WORKPLACE LABEL

1) Product Identifier

2) Safe Handling Procedures

3) MSDS Statement

9
 If the supplier label is destroyed or chemicals are transferred from the supplier container to another, a workplace label is required.
Because it assumes that people in the workplace are familiar with the chemicals they are using, WHMIS sets less stringent
requirements for an acceptable workplace label.

Decanted Products
Decanted products are materials that have been taken from one container and put in another container for short term use. This
new container does not need a label if:
 the container is portable and has been filled from a container to which a supplier or workplace label has been
affixed; AND
 the material is under the control of and is used exclusively by the employee who filled the portable container; AND
 the container is used only during the shift in which the container was filled; AND
 the contents of the portable container are clearly identified; OR
 if all of the product is for immediate use

LABORATORY LABELS
Under WHMIS, the labeling requirements for some controlled products present in a laboratory differ from the labeling
requirements for controlled products present in non-laboratory workplaces. In addition, in some cases within the laboratory
environment, the WHMIS laws further distinguish between a controlled product this is used in the laboratory and a controlled
product that is being tested in a laboratory.

Supply House Container

1) Product Identifier

2) Reference to MSDS

3) Risk Phrases

4) Precautionary Measures

5) First-Aid Measures

10
 Laboratory Container
If a product is transferred from a lab supply house container into another container, this container only requires a product identifier if the product
is intended only for use, analysis or testing in the lab.

Product identifier: includes any means of identification (chemical name, brand name, generic name, code name, code no., etc.) and must be
combined with worker education to ensure workers can identify product and know where to obtain further info related to hazards or safe handling
if needed

Laboratory Samples for Analysis

In-House Analysis
Samples analyzed in-house require only the product identifier if: 1) produced in the lab solely for use, analysis or testing in
the lab and 2) remain under the control of the researcher producing the chemical

Independent Lab Analysis

Applies to lab samples sent to an independent lab for testing. If you submit a sample to an outside lab for analysis, you are in
effect the supplier

1) WHMIS Border 6) Supplier’s Name

2) Product Identifier 7) Supplier’s Emergency Phone Number

3) Hazardous Ingredients 8) Statement: “Hazardous lab sample;

for hazard information or in an
emergency call ____”

11
 Consumer Labels
Consumer products, which are available to the public in retail stores, are exempt from the labeling and MSDS requirements of
WHMIS. However, they can be purchased and brought into the workplace and, if they would otherwise meet the criteria of a
controlled product they are not exempt from the training requirements of WHMIS.
 
Consumer products have their own labeling system which is defined in the Consumer Chemicals and Containers Regulation
under the federal Hazardous Products Act. Since these products can be brought into and used in the workplace, it is important
to understand these labels.

The labels generally display a border or shape that indicates the degree of risk - caution (triangle), warning (diamond), or
danger (octagon) and a symbol or pictogram inside the border that indicates the type of hazard: toxic or poisonous products,
flammable products, corrosive products, and pressurized or explosive.

12
 Material Safety Data Sheets

The Material Safety Data Sheet, or MSDS for short, is an important source of information for the worker at the worksite.
The purpose of the MSDS is to provide detailed information on the ingredients, hazards and properties of a hazardous material
(controlled product) in order that it may be used safely. Since the MSDS contains detailed health and safety information specific
to each controlled product, it should be used as a key source of information for developing training programs and safe work
procedures. In Canada, every material that is controlled by WHMIS must have an accompanying MSDS that is specific to
each individual product or material. That is, both the product name and supplier on the MSDS must match the material in use.
Suppliers and employers have a number of responsibilities for MSDSs. Suppliers must provide their customers with a current
MSDS, but are also responsible for reviewing and updating the information contained in their MSDS every three years. If new,
significant information becomes available before the three years has elapsed, the supplier is required to update the product
label and the MSDS.

Employers must make sure that all controlled products have an up-to-date (less than three years old) MSDS when it enters the
workplace. The MSDS must be readily available to the workers who are exposed to the controlled product during work hours.
In the case of controlled products being made in the workplace, the employer has a duty to prepare an MSDS for any of these
products. Finally, employers must ensure that all expired MSDSs are updated.

Employers may establish an MSDS database on a computer as long as all employees have access to and are trained on how
to use the computer, the computers are kept in working order, and that the employer makes a hard copy of the MSDS available
to the employee or safety and health committee/representative upon request.

Employees should ensure that they obtain adequate information on a controlled product before using it. Read the MSDS and
question your immediate supervisor if you feel you need more information.

INTERPRETING THE MSDS

Chemical manufacturers are required by law to supply Material Safety Data Sheets upon request by their customers. The
information provided is required to be complete and must include what can be expected to be known about the material and
the hazards it may present. MSDS’s from different companies may not look the same but they should contain the same basic
information. The WHMIS regulations specify requirements for a 9 section MSDS. (However, several agencies have made
recommendations for the format and content of 16-section MSDSs).

13
 Section 1: Product and Company Information

The first category is Product Information. This includes the product identifier (name), manufacturer and suppliers names,
addresses, and emergency phone numbers.

Section 2: Hazardous Ingredients

All potentially hazardous ingredients of the material and the approximate percent of each ingredient of the material must be listed
in this section. When a material contains ingredients that are registered as a trade secret, a registration number assigned by the
Hazardous Materials Information Review Commission will appear in place of the ingredients. In the event of a medical emergency
the company must disclose the identity of the ingredients to a medical professional.

Section 3: Physical Data

The physical state, appearance and odour of acetone may aid in its identification.

14
 Section 4: Fire and Explosion Data

Describes how to fight a fire that involves the material, and fire properties of the material, such as flash point, and explosive limits.

Section 5: Reactivity Data

Describes information on the chemical instability of a product and the substances it may react with.

15
 Section 6: Toxicological Properties

Describes information on the health effects and exposure limits of the material

Section 7: Preventive Measures

Describes methods and steps to be taken to avoid exposure and safely work with the material.

16
 Section 8: First Aid Measures

Highlights the specific first aid measure to follow if an individual was exposed to the material.

Section 9: Preparation Date

Presents the individual(s) responsible for preparation and date of preparation of MSDS. For more detail on what information must
be present you can refer to the Controlled Products Regulations.

With many supplies of controlled products serving users in North America, a 16-category MSDS is commonly distributed. The 16-
heading format is acceptable in Canada provided that the information provided is compliant with the Controlled Product
Regulations.

17
 USAGE OF MSDS

Traditionally the intended readers of MSDSs were occupational hygienists and safety professionals. Now the audience also includes
employers, workers, supervisors, researchers, and emergency responders. For most people who work with controlled products, there
are some sections that are more important than others. Always be familiar with the hazards of a product before you start using it. You
should review the MSDS, match the name of the chemical on your container to the one on the MSDS, know the hazards, understand
safe handling and storage instructions, as well as understand what to do in an emergency.

The information provided is expected to be comprehensive and must include what can reasonably be expected to be known about the
material and the hazards it may present. At times the hazards in a MSDS may seem to be overstated, but the same MSDS is used to
convey the hazards of the chemical in micro scale quantities in research laboratories to large volumes used in industrial processes.

MSDSs look different because only certain content of the MSDS is specified by law. MSDS’s from different companies may not look
the same but they should contain the same basic information. Some suppliers put more details in than what is required. However, the
information for the nine basic categories must always be in a Canadian MSDS for a controlled product. Keep in mind that a lot of health
hazard information, for example, is written in general terms. The staff of the Environmental Health and Safety Office will be able to help
you find more information if needed.

SOURCES OF MSDS

You can obtain MSDSs from various sources. They are as follows:

• Supplier
When ordering new chemicals. Please note that MSDS’s expire three years from preparation date, so make sure
you have a current one.

• Workplace Location
See your supervisor for more details.

• Databases
A USB stick, for example.

• Internet
Websites such as Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety, Fisher Scientific, and Sigma-Aldrich.

• Other
Download MSDS apps for your smartphone

18
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whi
chal
i
qui
dbe
come
sas
oli
dat
nor
mal
atmo
sph
eri
cpr
ess
ure
.

Ha
zar
d–t
hep
ote
nti
alf
orh
armf
ule
ff
ect
s
Haz
ardousPolymer
iz
ati
on–pol
ymeri
zat
i
onisapr
oce
ssoffor
mingapol
ymerb
yc omb
ini
ngl
arg
enumb
ersofch
emic
alun
it
sormon
omersi
nt
olon
gc h
ains
(
pol
yet
hyl
enefr
omethyl
ene
,or
pol
yst
yr
enefro
ms t
yr
ene)
.Uncont
ro
ll
edp
olyme
ri
zati
oncanbee
xtr
eme
lyhaz
ard
ousassomepol
yme
ri
zat
i
onproc
essescan
r
el
easecons
ider
abl
eheato
rca
nbesorapi
da st
obeex
plos
ive
.

I
nge
sti
on–t
aki
ngama
ter
i
ali
nt
oth
ebo
dyb
ymo
uth(
swa
ll
owi
ng)
.

I
nha
lat
i
on–t
aki
ngama
ter
i
ali
nt
oth
ebo
dyb
ybr
eat
hi
ngi
ti
n.

I
rr
it
ant
–ama
ter
i
alt
hat
cau
sesi
r
ri
ta
ti
on,
inf
l
amma
ti
ono
rag
gra
vat
i
ono
fwh
ate
ver
ti
ssu
ewi
t
hwh
icht
hema
ter
i
alc
ome
sin
toc
ont
act
.

LC5
0–t
hec
onc
ent
r
ati
ono
fama
ter
i
alwh
ichc
aus
esd
eat
hin5
0%o
fag
rou
pof
tes
tan
ima
ls.
LCs
tan
dsf
orl
et
hal
con
cen
tr
at
io
n.I
ti
sus
ual
l
yde
fi
nedi
nte
rmso
fai
rco
nce
ntr
at
io
n.

LD5
0- t
hewei
ghto
fma t
er
ia
lwh
ichc
aus
edt
hed
eat
hof
50%o
fag
rou
pof
tes
tan
ima
ls.
Iti
sus
ual
l
yex
pre
sse
dast
hewe
igh
tof
mat
er
ia
lpe
rwe
igh
tof
tes
tan
ima
l.
LDst
andsf
orl
et
haldo
se.

Ox
idi
zi
ngMa
ter
ial
–ama
ter
i
alt
hat
giv
esu
pox
yge
nea
sil
yor
canr
ead
il
yox
idi
zeo
the
rma
ter
i
al.

Pol
yme
riz
ati
on–t
hep
roc
esso
ffo
rmi
ngap
oly
mer
byc
omb
ini
ngl
ar
geu
nit
sof
che
mic
alu
nit
sor
mon
ome
rsi
nt
olo
ngc
hai
ns.

ProductI
denti
f
ica
ti
onNumber(
PIN):
-anumb
er,s
peci
fi
edi
nth
eTrans
port
at
io
nofDange
rousGood
sRe g
ula
ti
ont
hat
ide
nti
f
iest
hec
hemi
cal
.Th
isn
umb
eri
sus
ed
byfi
ref
i
ghter
sandoth
ere
mer
gencyre
spon
seper
sonne
lfo
rid
ent
i
fi
cat
i
onofmate
ri
ald
uri
ngt
ran
spor
t
ati
on.

Te
rat
oge
n–a
gen
tso
rco
mpo
und
sth
atc
anc
aus
ede
fec
tsi
naf
oet
us.

Tox
ici
t
y–t
hea
bil
i
tyo
fas
ubs
tan
cet
oca
useh
armf
ule
ff
ect
s.

Tr
adeNa
me–t
hen
ameu
nde
rwh
ichap
rod
uct
isc
omme
rci
al
l
ykn
own
.

Va
pour–ag
ase
ousf
or
mof
ama
ter
i
alwh
ichi
sno
rma
ll
yso
li
dor
li
qui
dat
roo
mte
mpe
rat
ur
ean
dpr
ess
ure
.