RHCHRDP

LE^F]^D@ED

@e}x}xk Fihl ?

Ldk`rd Oxdk`d CG X^K Shphrdk Odgdrpd

Ahepu CG X^L

^habeabekj ?

@r+ D}rfce ]+ ]xrdmladk) ]~B^

@H^DRPHAHK BH@DL

R]^D@ JDPFP ]FHBRFPF @EPGH]D@

ODGDRPD

2>44
E+ ^hk`dlxixdk

^d`d dbd` ~hrpdad) dlie bh`dl `dre Uxkdke Lhief`frx} `dk Dkpeiex}) ~hrpdad!pdad
udkj ahidgxgdk ~hkdkjjxidkjdk
~hkdkjjxidkjdk xkpxg le~f}~d`ed+ @eidgxgdk da~xpd}e `dre bdjedk ~hke}
`e}pdi `dre ahdpx}+ ]hidkoxpkud mdrd eke `eegxpe fihl Jdihk `dk ^dxix} `dre Djhkped ~d`d
pdlxk 2>> `dk pdlxk 0>>+ @x~idu ahaxide hrd af`hrk ~d`d be`dkj eke ~d`d pdlxk 4<:0
`hkjdk aha~hrghkdigdk
aha~hrghkdigdk }hmdrd `hpdei rhgfk}prxg}e xrhprd+ ]hgdrdkj) ihbel `dre 2>> phgkeg 
phidl `ebxdp `dk }hbdjedk bh}dr ahrx~dgdk axipe!}pdjh rhmfk}prxmpefk7 udkj phr`ere `dre
 cer}p hahrjhkmu }pdjh xkpxg ahkjfrhg}e }phkfpem ahdpx} oegd `e~hrixgdk `dk }hmfk` }pdjh
xkpxg ahkjleidkjgdk mlfr`hh `dk rhmxrsdpxa) ghax`edk ~d`d pler` }pdjh udepx
xrhlprf~id}pu+ Bhbhrd~d ad}didl udkj bhrlxbxkjdk `hkjdk phgkeg  axipe!}pdjh udepx7
ahabxpxlgdk f~hrd}e udkj axipe~ih7 }hrekj phrod`e ahdpx} pe`dg ahkmd~de xoxkj jidk`}
~hke}7 }hrekj phrod`e }pregpxr dpdx ce}phi xrhprd7 `dk `dre }hje h}phpegd `edkjjd~ gxrdkj bdeg+
^d`d pdlxk 453>) Lek`hrhr aha~hrghkdigdk phgkeg  fkh!}pdjh rh~der  xkpxg ahkjxrdkje
gfa~iegd}e `dre phgkeg  axipe!}pdjh rh~der + Mdrd eke `edkjjd~ }hbdjde rhgfk}prxg}e xrhprd
udkj e`hdi `dre }hje dkdpfae `dk cxkj}efkdikud) `dre }hje h}phpeg `edkjjd~ ihbel bdeg)
=
gfa~iegd}e aekeadi) `dk ahkjxrdkje }fmedi mf}p +

EE+ @hceke}e

}hk`ere  bhrd}di `dre `xd gdpd udepx ’lu~f‑ udkj bhrdrpe ’`e bdzdl‑ `dk
Le~f}~d`ed }hk`ere bhrd}di
4
’}~d`fk’ udkj bhrdrpe ghrdpdk udkj ~dkodkj+ Le~f}~d`ed d`didl ghidekdk gfkjhkepdi
`eadkd axdrd xrhprd hg}phrkd ,AXH% phrihpdg `e shkprdi ~hke} `dk ihbel gh ~rf|eadi `dre
0
pha~dp kfradikud ,xoxkj jidk` ~hke}%+ Ghidekdk eke }hrekjgdie `e}hrpde d`dkud cebrf}e}
~d`d bdjedk `e}pdi AXH udkj ahkuhbdbgdk bhkjgfgkud ~hke} ,mlfr`dh%+

EEE+ Hpfifje

^hkuhbdbkud
^hkuhbdbkud }hbhkdrkud }dkjdp axipecdgpfr
axipe cdgpfr `dk }da~de }hgdrdkj bhixa `eghpdlxe
~hkuhbdb
~hkuhbdb ~d}pe `dre le~f}~d`ed+ Kdaxk) d`d bhbhrd~d cdmpfr udkj fihl ~drd dlie `edkjjd~
=
~diekj bhr~hkjdrxl dkpdrd idek ?
4+ Jdkjjxdk `dk ghpe`dg}heabdkjdk lfrafk

Lfrafk udkj `eadg}x` `e }eke d`didl lfrafk dk`rfjhk udkj ahkjdpxr

frjdkfjhkh}e} ghidaek ,~red%+ Dpdx bed}d oxjd gdrhkd rh}h~pfr lfrafk dk`rfjhkkud
}hk`ere `e `dida pxbxl udkj gxrdkj dpdx pe`dg d`d+ ]hlekjjd zdidx~xk lfrafk
dk`rfjhk }hk`ere phidl phrbhkpxg mxgx~ dgdk phpd~e d~dbeid rh}h~pfrkud pe`dg d`d phpd~
}dod pe`dg dgdk ahabhregdk }xdpx hchg udkj }hah}pekud+ Dpdx hkea udkj bhr~hrdk
`dida }ekph}e} lfrafk dk`rfjhk pe`dg ahkmxgx~e ~xk dgdk bhr`da~dg }dad+

2+ Jhkhpegd

Phrod`e gdrhkd jdjdikud }ekph}e} dk`rfjhk+ Ldi eke bed}dkud phrod`e gdrhkd axpd}e ~d`d
jhk udkj ahkjgf`h }ekph}e} dk`rfjhk phr}hbxp }hlekjjd hg}~rh}e `dre jhk phr}hbxp
pe`dg phrod`e+

=+ Iekjgxkjdk

Bed}dkud cdgpfr iekjgxkjdk udkj ahkod`e ~hkuhbdb d`didl ~fixpdk `dk dp udkj
bhr}ecdp phrdpfjhkeg udkj `d~dp ahkjdgebdpgdk axpd}e

ES+ H~e`haefifje

Le~f}~d`ed ahrx~dgdk ghidekdk bdzddk udkj phrod`e ~d`d = `edkpdrd 4+>>> bdue
bdrx idler+ Bhrdpkud le~f}~d`ed bhrsdred}e) ghbdkudgdk ixbdkj xrhprd phrihpdg `e `hgdp
xoxkj ~hke}) udepx ~d`d jidk} ~hke}+ Bhkpxg le~f}~d`ed udkj ihbel bhrdp phrod`e oegd
ixbdkj xrhprd phr`d~dp `e phkjdl bdpdkj ~hke} dpdx ~d`d ~dkjgdi ~hke}) `dk gd`dkj ~d`d
}grfpxa ,gdkpxkj dgdr% dpdx `e bdzdl }grfpxa+ Ghidekdk eke }hrekjgdie bhrlxbxkjdk
`hkjdk mlfr`dh) udepx }xdpx odrekjdk cebrf}d udkj ghkmdkj) udkj ahkuhbdbgdk ~hke}
ahihkjgxkj gh bdzdl ~d`d }ddp hrhg}e+ Bdue udkj ahk`hrepd le~f}~d`ed }hbdegkud pe`dg 
`e}xkdp+ Gxiep `h~dk ~hke} `ebedrgdk xkpxg `ejxkdgdk ~d`d ~habhkpxgdk xrhprd+
Rdkjgdedk ~habh`dldk ldrx} `ex~dudgdk phidl }hih}de `eidgxgdk }hbhixa dkdg axide
}hgfidl+ ^d`d }ddp eke) ~hrbdegdk le~f}~d`ed `edkoxrgdk `eidgxgdk }hbhixa dkdg bhrxaxr
2
4< bxidk+

=
S+ ^dpfce}efifje `dk Adkech}pd}e Gieke}

4+ Le~f}~d`ed phrod`e gdrhkd pe`dg ihkjgd~ku

i hkjgd~kudd ~hrghabdkjdk xrhprd `dida xphrf+
2+ Le~f}~d`ed `eadkd ixbdkj xrhprd phrihpdg ~d`d ~hrbdpd}dk ~hke} `dk }grfpxa+
=+ Le~f}~d`ed d`didl ixbdkj xrhprd bhraxdrd ~d`d ixbdkj crhkxa) }h`dkj ixbdkj
crhkxakud pe`dg phrbhkpxg) pha~dp kfradikud ahdpx} xrekdrex} `epdk`de ~d`d jidk}
~hke} }hbdjde mhidl bxkpx+

2
Jdabdr 4+ Bhkpxg le~f}~d`ed dgebdp ghidekdk jhkhpeg 

2
Jhodid Gieke}

4+ Ixbdkj ~hke} pe`dg phr`d~dp `e xoxkj ~hke}) phpd~e bhrd`d ihbel gh ~rf|eadi `dk bhrd`d
`e shkprdi+
2+ ^hke} ahihkjgxkj gh bdzdl+
=+ ^hke} pda~dg }h~hrpe bhrghrx`xkj gdrhkd ~rh~xpexa `ebdjedk shkprdi pe`dg d`d)
bhrgxa~xi `ebdjedk `fr}di+
0+ Oegd bhrghael) dkdg ldrx} `x`xg+

SE+ @edjkf}e}

@edjkf}e} le~f}~d`ed bed}dkud ohid} ~d`d ~hahreg}ddk ek}~hg}e+ Gd`dkj!gd`dkj

le~f}~d`ed `d~dp `e`edjkf}e} ~d`d ~hahreg}ddk xiprd}fxk` ~rhkdpdi+ Oegd pe`dg 
phre`hkpecegd}e }hbhixa ghidlerdk) adgd bed}dkud `d~dp phre`hkpecegd}e ~d`d ~hahreg}ddk
=
}hphidl bdue idler+ ^d`d frdkj `hzd}d udkj ahk`hrepd le~f}~d`ed `d~dp ahkjhixlgdk
gh}xiepdk xkpxg ahkjdrdlgdk ~dkmdrdk xrekh+ Mlfr`dh `d~dp ahkuhbdbgdk bdpdkj ~hke}
ahihkjgxkj gh shkprdi udkj `d~dp ahkjjdkjjx lxbxkjdk }hg}xdi+ Le~f}~d`ed pe~h
~hrekhdi `dk ~hkf}mrfpdi ahkuhbdbgdk ~hk`hrepd ldrx} aeg}e `dida ~f}e}e `x`xg) `dk
le~f}~d`ed ohke} eke `d~dp ahkuhbdbgdk ekchrpeiepd}+ Bhbhrd~d ~hahreg}ddk ~hkxkodkj
udkj `d~dp `eidgxgdk udepx xrhplprf}mf~u `dk mu}pf}mf~u xkpxg ahad}pegdk frjdk!frjdk
}hg} ekphrkdi phrbhkpxg }hmdrd kfradi+  H|mrhpfru xrfjrd~lu `eidgxgdk xkpxg ahk`hphg}e
d`d pe`dgkud dbkfradiepd} gfkjhkepdi ~d`d jekodi `dk xrhphr+

@edjkf}e} be}d oxjd `ephjdggdk bhr`d}drgdk ~hahreg}ddk ce}eg+ Oegd le~f}~d`ed

phr`d~dp `e ~dkjgdi ~hke}) axkjgek ~hrix `eidgxgdk ~hahreg}ddk rd`efifje} xkpxg 
ahahreg}d ghidekdk bdzddk idekkud+Bdue udkj ahk`hrepd le~f}~d`ed }hbdegkud pe`dg 
`e}xkdp+ Gxiep `h~dk ~hke} `ebedrgdk xkpxg `ejxkdgdk ~d`d ~habh`dldk+ Rdkjgdedk
~habh`dldk `ex~dudgdk phidl }hih}de `eidgxgdk }hbhixa dkdg axide }hgfidl+ ^d`d }ddp
eke) `ex~dudgdk `eidgxgdk }hbhixa dkdg bhrxaxr 4< bxidk+ Oegd pe`dg `efbdpe) axkjgek
dgdk phrod`e gh}xiepdk `dida ~hidpeldk bxdkj der ~d`d dkdg `dk ~d`d }ddp `hzd}d kdkpe)
0
axkjgek dgdk phrod`e jdkjjxdk `dida ahidgxgdk lxbxkjdk }hg}xdi+

0
SEE+ Ghidekdk ^hkuhrpd
4+ Aegrf~hke}
2+ Xk`h}mhk`x}
Xk`h}mhk`x} ph}pe}
=+ Ghidekdk jekodi
0+ Ghidekdk xrhphr & xrhprd
8+ Ghidekdk bxie!bxie
3+ Jhk`hr
:+ ]mrfpxa bece`d

SEEE+ Gid}ecegd}e
4+ ]xbjidk`xihr
2+ ^hkeih }ldcp
=+ ^hkf}mrfpdi
0+ ]mrfpdi
8+ ^hrekhdi
 0
Jdabdr :+ Gid}ecegd}e Le~f}~d`ed

E\+ ^hkdpdidg}dkddk

^hkdkjdkdk le~f}~d`ed d`didl `hkjdk mdrd f~hrd}e+ F~hrd}e eke bhrpxoxdk xkpxg 
ahrhgfk}prxg}e ~hke} djdr ixrx} `hkjdk frece}exa xrhprd ~d`d pha~dp udkj kfradi dpdx
`ex}dldgdk
`ex}dldgdk xkpxg }hkfradi axkjgek+ F~hrd}e }hbdegkud `eidg}dkdgdk ~d`d }ddp x}ed dkdg 
udepx hkda bxidk }da~de x}ed ~rd}hgfidl+ Ldi eke `eadg}x`gdk bdlzd ~d`d x}ed eke dkdg 
`eldrd~gdk bhixa }d`dr bdlzd ed bhjepx ’}~h}edi‑) `dk bhrbh`d `hkjdk phadk !phadkkud
udkj idek udepx `eadkd dkdg udkj idek bed}dkud aeg}e ,bxdkj der }hke% `hkjdk bhr`ere
}hk`er e ldrx} ahidgxgdkkud `hkjdk ofkjgfg djd xrek pe`dg ’abihbhr‑ gh
}h`dkjgdk ed }hk`ere
adkd!adkd+ Dkdg udkj ahk`hrepd le~f}~d`ed lhk`dgkud odkjdk `xix `eglepdk) ldi eke
bhrgdepdk `hkjdk pek`dgdk f~hrd}e rhgfk}prxg}e udkj dgdk ahkjdabei gxiep ~rh~xpexa
~hke} xkpxg ahkxpx~ ixbdkj `dre }ximx} xrhprd udkj pe`dg ahkudpx ~d`d ~hk`hrepd
8
le~f}~d`ed+
 3
Pdld~dk f~hrd}e rhgfk}prxg}e dkpdrd idek ?

4+ Rhihd}h Mlfr`dh `dk Pxkkhiekj

Ahixrx}gdk ~hke} udepx frece}exa `dk mdkdie} xrhprd }hkfradi axkjgek+ Ldi eke
`egdrhkdgdk ~d`d ~hk`hrepd le~f}~d`ed bed}dkud phr`d~dp }xdpx mlfr`d udkj
ahrx~dgdk odrekjdk cebrf}d udkj ahkjdgebdpgdk ~hke} bhkjgfg+ Idkjgdl }hidkoxpkud
d`didl afbeie}d}e ,ahafpfkj `dk ahaek`dlgdk% gxiep ~rh~xpexa ~hke} xkpxg 
ahkxpx~ }ximx} xrhprd `dk `ebxdp ixbdkj `e jidk` ~hke} }hlekjjd AXH bhrd`d `e
xoxkj ~hke}+

2+ Xrhprf~id}pu

Pdld~ gh`xd eke `eidg}dkdgdk d~dbeid pe`dg phrbhkpxg cf}}d kdcemxidre} ~d`d jidk}
~hke}+ Xrhprf~id}pu udepx ahabxdp cd}}d kdcemxidre} bdrx ~d`d jidk} ~hke} udkj
kdkpekud dgdk `elxbxkjgdk `hkjdk mdkdie} xrhprd udkj phidl phrbhkpxg }hbhixakud
ahidixe pdld~ ~hrpdad+

2
Jdabdr <+ ^hrbdk`ekjdk }hbhixa `dk }h}x`dl f~hrd}e

3
\+ Gfa~iegd}e ^d}md F~hrd}e

4+ Ce}pxid xrhprfgxpdk) ahrx~dgdk gfa~iegd}e udkj phr}hrekj `dk eke `ejxkdgdk }hbdjde
~drdahphr xkpxg ahkeide ghbhrld}eidk f~hrd}e+ ^d`d ~rf}h`xr f~hrd}e }dpx pdld~ }ddp
eke dkjgd ghod`edk udkj `d~dp `ephread d`didl 8!4>( +
2+ H`had&~habhkjgdgdk udkj phrod`e dgebdp rhdg}e odrekjdk bh}drkud `d~dp bhrsdred}e)
 oxjd phrbhkpxgkud lhadpfa& gxa~xidk `drdl `ebdzdl gxiep) udkj bed}dkud `emhjdl
`hkjdk bdixp phgdk }hidad 2 }da~de = ldre ~d}gd f~hrd}e+
=+ ]pregpxr) ~d`d ~rfg}eadi dkd}pfaf}e} udkj ghaxkjgekdk `e}hbdbgdk fihl dkjxid}e
`dre dkd}pfaf}e}+
0+ @eshrpegxixa) phrod`e ~d`d ~habhkpxgdk khfxrhprd udkj phridix ihbdr) dpdx d`dkud
}phkf}e} ahdpdi udkj ahkjdgebdpgdk `eidpd}e udkj idkoxp+
i dkoxp+
8+ Rh}e`xdi mlfr`hh&rhgxrhk mlfr`hh) dgebdp `dre reie} gfr`h udkj pe`dg }ha~xrkd)
`eadkd pe`dg ahidgxgdk hrhg}e drpece}edi }ddp f~hrd}e dpdx ~habhkpxgdk }gdr udkj
bhrihbeldk `e shkprdi ~hke} zdidx~xk }dkjdp odrdkj+
3+ Rdabxp `dida xrhprd) udkj `d~dp ahkjdgebdpgdk ekchg}e }dixrdk ghkmekj bhrxidkj
dpdx ~habhkpxgdk bdpx }ddp ~xbhrpd}+

\E+ ^HKXPX^

Le~f}~d`ed d`didl ghidekdk gfkjhkepdi `eadkd AXH phrihpdg `e shkprdi ~hke} `dk
ihbel gh ~rf|eadi `dre pha~dp kfradikud ,xoxkj jidk` ~hke}%+ Le~f}~d`ed ahrx~dgdk
ghidekdk bdzddk udkj phrod`e ~d`d = `edkpdrd 4+>>> bdue bdrx idler+ Ghbdkudgdk ixbdkj
xrhprd phrihpdg `e `hgdp xoxkj ~hke}) udepx ~d`d jidk} ~hke}+ Bhkpxg le~f}~d`ed udkj
phrod`e oegd ixbdkj xrhprd phr`d~dp `e phkjdl bdpdkj ~hke} dpdx ~d`d ~dkjgdi ~hke}) `dk
gd`dkj ~d`d }grfpxa ,gdkpxkj dgdr% dpdx `e bdzdl }grfpxa+ Ghidekdk eke }hrekjgdie
bhrlxbxkjdk `hkjdk gfr`e) udepx }xdpx odrekjdk cebrf}d udkj ghkmdkj) udkj
ahkuhbdbgdk ~hke} ahihkjgxkj gh bdzdl ~d`d }ddp hrhg}e+ Jhodidkud d`didl ?

4+ Ixbdkj ~hke} pe`dg phr`d~dp `e xoxkj ~hke}) phpd~e bhrd`d ihbel gh ~rf|eadi+
2+ ^hke} ahihkjgxkj gh bdzdl+
=+ ^hke} pda~dg }h~hrpe bhrghrx`xkj gdrhkd ~rh~xpexa `ebdjedk shkprdi pe`dg d`d)
bhrgxa~xi `ebdjedk `fr}fi+
0+ Oegd bhrghael) dkdg ldrx} `x`xg+

@edjkf}e} be}d oxjd `ephjdggdk bhr`d}drgdk ~hahreg}ddk ce}eg+ Oegd le~f}~d`ed

phr`d~dp `e ~dkjgdi ~hke}) axkjgek ~hrix `eidgxgdk ~hahreg}ddk rd`efifje} xkpxg 
ahahreg}d ghidekdk bdzddk idekkud+Bdue udkj ahk`hrepd le~f}~d`ed }hbdegkud pe`dg 
`e}xkdp+ Gxiep `h~dk ~hke} `ebedrgdk xkpxg `ejxkdgdk ~d`d ~habh`dldk+ Rdkjgdedk
~habh`dldk `ex~dudgdk phidl }hih}de `eidgxgdk }hbhixa dkdg axide }hgfidl+ ^d`d }ddp
eke) `ex~dudgdk `eidgxgdk }hbhixa dkdg bhrxaxr 4< bxidk+ Oegd pe`dg `efbdpe) axkjgek
dgdk phrod`e gh}xiepdk `dida ~hidpeldk bxdkj der ~d`d dkdg `dk ~d`d }ddp `hzd}d kdkpe)
axkjgek dgdk phrod`e jdkjjxdk `dida ahidgxgdk lxbxkjdk }hg}xdi+
 Rhchrhk}e

4+ ]d}prd}x~hkd
]d}prd}x~hkd L+) Le~f}~d`ed) @dida Gxa~xidk Gxiedl Eiax Bh`dl) Bekdrx~d Dg}drd)
Odgdrpd) 4558? 02<!0=8
2+ lpp~?&&ah`emd}pfrh+mf
lpp~?&&ah`emd}pfrh+mfa&
a& xkemhccmfr~frdpefk+lpai
xkemhccmfr~frdpefk+lpai++ @egxpe~ pdkjjdi 4> Adrhp 2>4>
=+ ^xrkfaf B+B+) Xrhprd `dk Le~f}~d`ed) @dida @d}dr!`d}dr Xrfifje) Adidkj) 2>>> ?
3)4=:!4=<
0+ Gxiedl Le~f}~d`ed) ]xb ]AC Bh`dl ^id}peg  @h~drphahk Bh`dl R]^D@ JDPFP
]FHBRFPF) 2>44+
8+ ]xred`e + Repd) Uxiedke + 2>>4 + D}xldk Gh~hrdzdpdk ^d`d Dkdg + Odgdrpd ? MS+
]djxkj ]hpf
3+ lpp~?&&idg}laekdzd}d
lpp~?&&idg}laekdzd}d}e+bifj}~fp+m
}e+bifj}~fp+mfa&2>>8&42&le~f}~d
fa&2>>8&42&le~f}~d`ed+lpai
`ed+lpai++ @egxpe~ pdkjjdi 4>
Adrhp 2>4>