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REVIEW
163 Harry Potter
uGefysLwm*sme,f
168 Fable: The Lost Chapter
2006 ckEpS ?f Zefe0g&v
D ? trSwf 143
171 Need for Spced: Mast Wanted

txl;aqmif;yg;
CELEBERITIES OF GAMING 115 2005 ckESpf rSwfwrf;0if vufa&G;pif ypönf;rsm;
174 Game Boy 121 Hot Picks & Best Picks in Yangon
125 2005 ckESpf jrefrmuGefysLwmavmutnTef;
129 Windows tESpf 20
150 Windows \ tem*wf
155 2005 ckESpfrSm vlawG&JUb0ukd
HARDWARE pkd;rkd;aom ypönf;rsm;
166 Driving Wheels
uGefysLwmtaxGaxG
SPECIAL REPORT
16 xkd;ESufcsufjyif;onfh rdkbdkif;vftdktufpf
156 Top 10 Game of 2005 28 GPS pepfqo
dk nfrmS
50 Google Map rSonf Google Earth qDokdY
60 tifwmeufvufokyfpkHeJY uRefawmf
65 tcsuftvuf wl;azmfjcif;udktokH;jyKNyD; aiGc0gcsrI
92 tem*wf&JU vif;vufrI
98 rkdufu½kdaqmhzf XBox 360 twGuf acgif;aqmif
102 um;ay:rSm tm½HkcHpm;apzkdY
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113 jrefrmuGefysLwmowif;ESifhrSwfpk
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C ONTRIBUTORS
OD;rsdK; (tdkifwDtef;wdwf)? armifarmifMuD;? pkdif;wifhxl;?
uGefysLwm oifcef;pm
atmifaomfEiS hf Modula-2 182 pmoifom;rsm;twGuf Learning Web Design
188 Windows XP twGuf tajccHvrf;nTefrsm;
uGeyf sLwm*sme,f 195 uGefysLwmtar;tajz
197 (c)? yxrxyf? 33 vrf;(txuf)? &efuek /f
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200 Java oifcef;pm

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16 uGeyf sLwm*sme,f Zefe0g&v

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Samsung i730
Windows $ 499 direct.palm Inc., www.palm.com
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18 uGeyf sLwm*sme,f Zefe0g&v

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D ? 2006 ckEpS f 19
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vkyaf qmifrnfo h rl sm;udk &nf&, G Nf yD;xkwf onfqakd p aemufq;kH wGif tiftm;t&m ypönf;rsm;wGif TivoToGo ESifh Win-
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r&&SdEdkifay/ zGifh&mwGif aumif;rGefygonf/ Pocket
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20 uGeyf sLwm*sme,f Zefe0g&v

D ? 2006 ckEpS f

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a&&Snfudk vSrf;arQmfxm;NyD; Palm OS
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Palm OS udktoHk;jyKonfh ypönf;rsm; PIM aqmhzf0Judk Windows Mobile third party aqmhzf0Jrsm;ESifhvnf; ydkrdk

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24 uGeyf sLwm*sme,f Zefe0g&v

D ? 2006 ckEpS f

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25

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 uGeyf sLwmtaxGaxG

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D ? 2006 ckEpS f 29

rsuf p d v nf vrf ; rS m ;um
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rdkif tuGmwGif &dSaeonfudk
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vdkuf&onf/ 'DwpfcgwGif twdtusajymay;onfh rdk; rsm;rS &&dSonfh tuGmta0;
oifhtwGuf tajzudk &Sif; ewfrif;\ wynfo h ;kH OD;onf tcsuftvufrsm;udk pkpnf;
vif;pGmjrifvu kd &f ygNyD/ tqdk vrf;nTeq f ufo,G af &; N*dK[f zrf;,lNyD; avmif*sDwG'fESifh
yg puf0dkif;oHk;ck\ qHkcsuf wko;kH vH;k om jzpfygonf/xdYk vwDåwG'frsOf;rsm;jzifh wGuf
onf oifa&mufaeonfh ae twl qHkcsuf 3 ck\ Oyrm csufazmfjyay;jcif; jzpfonf/
&myif r[kwfygvm;/ ajryHk onf GPS pepf\ tajccH tu,fíoif\ GPS zrf;
nTef;t& oifonf a&TNrdKU yifjzpfonf/ GPS pepfwGif pufuqufoG,fa&;N*dK[fwk
awmfeJY tawmfav; eD;uyf tqdkyg puf0dkif;rsKd; oHk;ck oH;k vH;k udo
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d nfh
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vQiyf if a&TNrdKUawmfoYkd a&muf oG,fa&;N*dK[fwk av;vHk;u ayvdrfhrnf/ ¤if;onf oif
aeygNyD/ oif\wnfae&mudk wdik ;f ay; &dSaeonfh ae&m\ yifv,f
wu,fwrf;wGif oifh aeMuonf/ oif\ GPS a&jyifrsufEmS jyifxuf tjrifh
ay ponfh tjcm;aom wdus
onfh tcsuftvufrsm;udk
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D ? 2006 ckEpS f

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zrf;pufrsm;odYk a&'D,t kd csuf
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hf quf
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geographical Information
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u jyefvmawmh GPS zrf;
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ygw,f/
31

tm;jzifh qufoG,fa&; N*dK[f
wkrsm;ESifh oif\ GPS zrf;
pufonf tvGejf refaomEIe;f
jzifh tcsuftvufrsm;udk
ydkYvTwfaeonf odkYr[kwf
zrf;,laeonf[k rSwfEdkif
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ing System ac: urÇmwpf
ckv;kH twdik ;f twmESihf tvkyf
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f ef;rsm;
a&aMumif;jy taxmuftul
jyK pepf
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pepfudk tar&duefppfbufrS
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rsm; jzpfygvdrrhf nf/ ,cifu
sextant ac: ud&d,mjzifh
aeudk Munfhí wnfae&m
32
uGeyf sLwmtaxGaxG
vkyfonfhpepf[k ac:Mujcif;
jzpfonf/ xdYk tjyif tcsdeEf iS hf
ywfoufí vrf;nTef quf
oG,fa&;N*dK[fwkESifh GPS
zrf;puftMum; wdusrI &dSae
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vnf; tcsdefnd§ay;Edkifonf/
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qufoG,fa&;N*dK[fwkrsm;rS
ay;ydkYonfh pepfonf pseu-
do-random code ac: 'pf
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onf/ odYk jzpfí oifEiS hf N*dK[f
twGuf avmif*sDwG'f? vwåD
wG'fudk wdkif;wmcJhMu&onf/
GPS zrf;pufrsm; wyfqif
vdu
k jf cif;jzifh rnfonfh wGuf
csufjcif;rsKd;udk rjyKvkyf&bJ
tqdyk gavmif*sw D 'G Ef iS hf vwåD
wG'frsOf;wdkYudk a&yHkum;csyf
ay:wGif rSwfom;í a&vrf;
c&D;udk wGufcsuf½Hkom jzpf
onf/ GPS pepfudk tDvuf
uGeyf sLwm*sme,f Zefe0g&v
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rnfh tajzonf wdusrI&dS
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tenf ; i,f vG J E d k i f o nf h
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rsm;onf tvif;\ tjrefEeI ;f
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rjzpf wyfqif&onfh ud&d
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wwfonf/ odkYtwGuf tEk
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onf wGufcsufjcif;rsm;udk
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a0;oGm; ,mOfrsm;omru
udk,fydkif ,mOfrsm;wGifvnf;
wyfqiftoH;k jyKvmMuonf/
zrf;puftwGif; oufqdkif&m
a'oajryHkudkyg xnfhoGif;
xm;EdkifaomaMumifh wnfae
&mESifh oGm;vdkonfh t&yf
a'otnTef;ESifh c&D;tuGm
ta0;udkyg jrifae&onf/
pifumylEdkifiH&dS c&D;onfwif
wuúpD,mOfrsm;wGif GPS
zrf;pufrsm; wyfqifxm;
aomaMumifh ,mOfarmif;rsm;
onf tcsdefwdktwGif; vdk&m
c&D;udk armif;ESiEf ikd Mf uonf/
vrf;rodaom c&D;onfrsm;
udv
k nf;tultnDay;Edik Mu f onf/
tjcm; vkyif ef;rsm;
,cktcg GPS zrf;puf
rsm;udk c&D;aqmifqJvfzkef;

emEdkpuúefYESifh wGufonf/
emEdpk uúeYf onf wpfpuúeYf \
wpfbDvD,HyHkvQif wpfyHkom
jzpfonfh tvGeaf o;i,faom
twdkif;twmjzpfonf/
vuf&dStm;jzifh tqdkyg
atomic clock onf wefzdk;
BuD;jrifhaeao;onf/ a':
vm ig;aomif;ESihf wpfodef;
tMum;wGif &dSonf/ okdYjzpf
í oif\ a':vm 100 wef
GPS zrf;pufwGif yg&dSrnf
r[kwfyg/ odkYaomf quartz
rsm;? yD'Datac: c&D;aqmif
uGeyf sLwmi,frsm;wGif xnfh
oGif;xm;Muí o,faqmif&
vG , f u l a eonf / awmif
wuform;rsm;ESihf awmwGi;f
pl;prf;avhvmMuolrsm;twGuf
vnf; ta&;ygaom ud&, d m
wpfck jzpfaeygonf/ ¤if;wdYk
onf wnf a e&momru
uGefywfrsm;uJhodkY OD;wnf&m
udk jyEdkifjcif;? oGm;aeonfh
EIef;? c&D;qHk;a'o\ tuGm
ta0;? wnfae&mponf wdkY
udk jyay;Edkifonf/ xdkYtjyif
av,mOfuGif;? oabFmqdyf?
blwm½Hk? vkyfief;rsm;\ ae
uGeyf sLwmtaxGaxG
clock ac: tcsdefnd§ay;rnfh
'pf*spfw,fem&D yg0ifaeyg
onf/ odkYqdkvQif wefzdk;
tvGefBuD;rm;aom tqdkyg
atomic clock em&Dpepf ryg
&dSí oif\wnfae&monf
tvGef vGJacsmfaeygovm;/
BuD;rm;aomtuGmta0;txd
awmh rvGJEdkifyg/ tb,f
aMumifqh akd omf tcsujf yvdiI ;f
rsm; avxktwGi;f 0ifa&muf
pOf avsmhoGm;EkdifonfhEIef;
rsm;udk oif\ GPS &dS y½dk
&mrsm; ponfwdkYudkvnf;
xnfhoGif;xm;onfh y½dk*&rf
rsm;ay: rlwnfí od&dSEdkif
onf/
xdkYtjyif rsufrjrifrsm;
ESio
hf ufBuD;&G,tf rkd sm;twGuf
taxmuftuljyKay;Edik o f nfh
MoBIC (Mobility of
Blind and Elderly people
Inter-acting with Com-
puter) uJhodkY GPS pufrsm;
udkvnf; xkwfvkyfvmMuyg
onf/ GPS zrf;pufrsm;udk
toHk;jyKNyD; ppfa&;udpörsm;
wGifvnf; toHk;jyKvmMu
onf/
uGeyf sLwm*sme,f Zefe0g&v
D ? 2006 ckEpS f
*&rfwiG f xnfo h iG ;f wGucf suf
xm;ay;NyD;jzpfonf/
odkYqdkvQif 'Dxuf wd
us&rnfh vkyfief;rsm; &dSae
ygovm;/ &dSygonf/ oif
\ GPS zrf;pufonf vrf;
nTefN*dK[fwkrS ay;ydkYonfh
tcsuftvufrsm;udk wGuf
csufonfhwdkif tajctae
t&yf&yfaMumifh ay 30 rS ay
300 txd uGmEdkifygonf/
tqdkyg tuGmta0;onf
oifhtwGuf bmrQ xl;jcm;
Edik rf nfr[kw[ f k xifaumif;
xifrdygvdrhfrnf/ odkYaomf
yifv,ful;oabFmrsm;onf
tqd k y g tuG m ta0;wG i f
aomifwifomG ;Edik o f nf/ wl;
ajrmif;twGif; 0ifa&muf&m
wGif vrf;vGJoGm;Edkifonf/
aemuf q H k ; tjcm;oabF m
wpfpif;jzifh rsufESmcsif;qdkif
wdkufEdkifonf/ ppfa&;t&
'H;k usnv f ufeufrsm; ypfcwf
&mwGif tqdkyg tuGmta0;
onfyif tvGet f a&;ygonfh
taetxm;rsKd; jzpfaeonf/
odkYjzpfí tqifhjrifh vkyfief;
rsm;twGuf GPS zrf;puf
rsm;wGif rnfodkYrQ rvGJrSm;
Edkifatmif wdusonfhtcsdef
pepfrsm;udk wyfqifxm;&
jcif;vnf; jzpfonf/
GPS vrf;nTef
qufoG,fa&; N*dK[fwkrsm;
yxrqHk; GPS quf
oG,fa&;N*dK[fwkudk 1978
ckEpS ?f azazmf0g&DvwGif tar
&duefjynfaxmifpk ppfbuf
qdkif&mrS vTwfwifcJhonf/
armfawmf,mOfrsm;wGif
wyfqifEdkifonfh
trsKd;tpm;jzpfNyD; PDA
odkYr[kwf Palm
uGefysLwmi,frsm;ESifh
wGJcsdwftoHk;jyKEdkifyg
onf/ PalmOne
Tungsten E dispaly [k
trnfay;xm;onf/
jzKwf&? wyf&vG,fulí
vkyfaqmifEdkifcsuf rsm;pGm
yg0ifygonf/ wefzdk;
a':vm 500 jzpfonf/
xdkpOf tcsdefrsm;u NAV-
STAR GPS (Navigation
Signal Timing and Rang-
ing Global Positioning
System) [k ac:cJhMuonf/
N*dK[fwkrsm;udk Rock-well
ukrP Ü rD x
S wk v
f yk wf nfaqmuf
ay;NyD; ESppf Of N*dK[fwk ESpv
f ;kH
EIef; vTwfwifae&qJ jzpf
onf/ aemufq;kH vTww f ifchJ
onfh aeYpGJrSm 2005 ckESpf?
pufwifbmv 25 &uf jzpf
onf/
GPS vrf;nTef quf
oG,fa&;N*dK[fwkrsm; ay:
aygufvmonfh taMumif;rSm
qdkAD,ufEdkifiHonf 1957
ckESpf? atmufwdkbmvwGif
yxrqHk;aom N*dK[fwktjzpf
Sputnik-1 ud k tmumo
33

twGi;f odYk atmifjrifpmG vTwf
wifEdkifcJhonf/
xdkpOftcsdefrsm;u tm
umoudk pdk;rdk;xm;Edkifa&;
tpDtpOfrsm;t&]]olYxufig
OD;atmif}} BudK;pm;aeMuonfh
tcsdefvnf; jzpf&m tar&d
uef jynfaxmifpkuvnf;
tmumoodkY N*dK[fwkrsm;
vT w f w if E d k i f a &;twG u f
tpGrf;ukef BudK;pm;cJhonf/
txl;ojzifh Dr. Richard B.
Kershner OD ; aqmif a om
odyÜHynm&Sifrsm;onf pyGwf
epfN*dK[fw\ k a&'D,v kd iId ;f jzifh
toHviT phf epfukd avhvmcJMh u
onf / tar&d u ef jynf
axmifpak &wyfrS Transit 1B
[k trnfay;xm;onfh yxr
qH;k aom qufo, G af &; N*dK[f
wkudk 1960 jynfhESpfwGif
vTww f ifco hJ nf/ tar&duef
avwyfrv S nf; NAVSTAR
GPS [k trnfay;xm;onfh
vrf;nTef qufoG,fa&;pepf
tjzpf N*dK[fwk 24 vHk;udk
vTwfwifcJhjcif;jzpfonf/
odkYjzifh urÇmh N*dK[fywf
vrf;aMumif;twGi;f N*dK[fwk
34
uGeyf sLwmtaxGaxG
ay: toHk;jyK&ef t&Htjzpf jyK&mwGif GPS zrf;pufudk
&dSaeMuonf/ vdktyfvQif 0,f,&l onfrt S y tcaMu;
xyfrH vTwfwifEdkif&ef t&H aiGay;&ef rvdkay/ urÇm
N*dK[fwkrsm;vnf; &dSaeNyD; ajrjyif {&d , mtm;vH k ; ud k
jzpfonf/ ¤if;N*dK[fwkrsm;rS ae&mrvGwfapbJ tcsufjy
a&'D,dktcsufjyvdIif;rsm;udk vdiI ;f rsm; xkwv
f iT u
hf m wnf
xkwfvTifhaeMu&mwGif urÇm ae&mudk azmfjyay;Edkifaom
ajray:&dS rnfonfh t&yf aMumifh Global Positioning
a'oudrk qdk tenf;qH;k N*dK[f System (GPS) [k ac:Mu
wk 3 vHk;u ae&mrvGwf jcif;jzpfonf/
Edkifatmif ydkYEdkifMuonf/ xdktawmtwGif; enf;
GPS quf o G , f a &; ynmopfrsm;jzifh ajymif;vJ
rsm; tNrJwrf;&dSaecJhygonf/ N*dK[fwkrsm;ESifh tqdkyg pepf xm;aom Block II [k
]]tifwmeuf}} qufo, G af &; onf rlvu tar&duefjynf trnf&onfh qufoG,fa&;
uGe&f ufpepf ay:aygufvm& axmifpk\ ppfa&;udpörsm; N*dK[fwkudk 1989 ckESpfwGif
jcif;onfvnf; tqdyk gtaMumif; wGif toHk;jyK&ef vTwfwifcJh vTwfwifcJhNyD; 1995 ckESpf
rsm;aMumifhjzpfonf/ jcif;jzpfaomfvnf; 1980 wGif GPS pepfukd tjynfh
GPS vrf;nTef quf jynfhESpfwGif trsm;oHk;pepf t0 toHk;csEdkifNyDjzpfaMumif;
oG,fa&; N*dK[fwkrsm;onf tjzpf ajymif;vJcGifhjyKay;cJh udk tar&duefjynfaxmifpk
vuf&dStm;jzifh tar&duef onf/ ¤if;pepfudk toHk; umuG,fa&;XmerS aMunm
ppfbuf (avwyf) \ ydkif
qdkifrIrsm;[k qdkEdkifygonf/
tqdkyg GPS vrf;nTefN*dK[f
wkrsm;\ oufwrf;onf 10
ESp0f ef;usirf Q &dMS uNyD; tav;
csdeftm;jzifh 1ç735 aygif
(787 uDv*kd &rf) &dMS uonf/
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pGrf;tifudk xkwfvkyfokH;pGJMu
NyD; urÇmajrjyifrS 20ç200
uDvdkrDwm (12ç600 rdkif)
tuGmta0;&dS N*dK[fywfvrf;
aMumif;rsm;twGif; urÇmudk
12 em&DvQif wpfBudrEf eI ;f jzifh
vSnyhf wf yso H ef;aeMuonf/
tqdkyg qufoG,fa&; N*dK[f
wkrsKd; 27 vHk;onf N*dK[f
ywfvrf;aMumif;twGi;f &daS e
MuNyD; N*dK[fwk 24 vHk;onf
24 em&Dtjynfh tvkyv f yk af e
Muí usef 3 vHk;onf ta&;
uGeyf sLwm*sme,f Zefe0g&v
D ? 2006 ckEpS f

cJhonf/ wpfenf;tm;jzifh
GPS N*dK[fwkrsm;udk vJvS,f
tpm;xdk;&mwGif enf;ynm
topfrsm; ajymif;vJvmcJh
onf / xd k Y t jyif ,cif u
GPS zrf;puf toH;k jyKolrsm;
odkY y½dk*&rfwGif csKyfudkifxm;
jcif; tm;vHk;udkvnf; 2000
jynfhESpf arvwGif tNyD;zsuf
od r f ; ay;cJ h o nf / or® w
bDvu f vifwefonf vuf&Sd
GPS pepf\ vkyfaqmifEdkif
csuf tm;vHk;eD;yg;udk 2006
ckEpS w
f iG f zGiahf y;rnf[k 2000
jynfhESpf? arv 1 &ufu
aMunmcJyh gonf/ odYk qv kd Qif
]]GPS pepfudk trsm;oHk;Edkif
&ef cG i f h j yKNyD ; onf h w d k i f
tb,fodkYaom uefYowf
csufrsm; &dSaeygovJ}} [lí
tcsKdUu ar;Muygvdrfhrnf/
uefo
Y wfrrI sm;
GPS pepfudk trsm;oHk;
tjzpf ajymif;vJvu kd o
f nfqkd
aomfvnf; vkyfaqmifcGifh
tm;vHk;udkawmh r&Edkifao;
yg/ wpfenf;tm;jzifh vTifh
xkwfay;onfh a&'D,kdvdIif;
tm;vH;k udk r&Edik yf g/ tqdyk g
GPS pepfudk pí zGifhay;pOf
36
uGeyf sLwmtaxGaxG
u yifv,ful; oabFmrsm;
wGiw f yfqiftoH;k jyKMuonf
udk awGU&ygonf/ xdkpOfu
GPS pepfqdkif&m vufpGJpm
tkyfrsm;wGif ]]þpepfonf
tar&duefjynfaxmifpk ppf
bufrS ydkifqdkifygonf/ vdk
tyfvQif tcsdefra&G; jyef
vnf ydwfyifEdkifonf/}} [l
aom t"dyÜm,faqmifonfh
pmom;udk awGU&zl;onf/
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N*Kd [w f t
k m;vH;k \vrf;aMumif;
ESifh vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;udk
tar&duefjynfaxmifpk? udk
vd&k m'dk tajcpdu k f z,fvuGef
avwyfrS xdef;csKyfay;ae
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d f
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tajcpd k u f avwyf p cef ; ?
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*gqD,m uRef;pkESifh awmif
ypdzw d o f rk'&´ mtwGi;f &dS uGm
*svdef;uRef;rsm;wGif tajc
pdu
k af om avwyfpcef;rsm;rS
xdef;csKyfaeMuygonf/ xdkY
tjyifUnited States Coast
Guard (USCG) rS v nf ;
GPS zrf;puftoHk;jyKolrsm;
twGuf Mum;cHaqmif&Guf
ay;rIrsm;udk jyKvkyfay;onf/
uGeyf sLwm*sme,f Zefe0g&v
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h m;xu
J
vrf;jytazmfreG fwpfO;D
um;jzifh c&D;oGm;pOf vdk
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&awmhrvdkvdk? wnfhwnfh
qufarmif;&if aumif;rvdv k kd
eJY tydktcsdefawG ukefcJhzl;
onf/ pdwyf supf &mrsm;vnf;
rMumcP BuHKzl;cJo h nf/ ,ck
awmh 'pf*spfw,fenf;ynm
qdkvm;? qufoG,fa&;enf;
ynmqdkvm; tJ'DacwfxJ
uRefawmfyg a&mufaeNyDjzpf
onf/ uRefawmf um;armif;
aewm MumcJhygNyD/ wpfcgrQ
'Dvdk vrf;jypufrsKd;av;udk
roHk;cJhzl;yg/ um;armif;wm
yJ vrf;&daS e&if a&mufrmS yJvYkd
xifxm;cJhonf/
rdwfaqGwpfOD; um;rSm
wyf x m;wmawG U í uRef
awmfvnf; bmrSe;f rodonfh
wdik f pwdik of abmrsK;d jzifh 0,f
wyfvu kd of nf/ pufarmf',f
u Garmin GPS 18 USB
[k a&;xm;onf/ pufwpfck
ckjzpf&if www.garmin.com
odkY qufoG,fygvdkYvnf;
a&;xm;ao;onf/ a':vm
130 ay;vdkuf&onf/ puf
u tawmfao;í uRefawmfh
rsufpu d rIecf sifaeNyD/ odYk jzifh
us,fus,f0ef;0ef; jrifEdkifzdkY
&m tdru f c&D;aqmif uGeyf sL
wmta[mif;udk wifvm tJ'D
GPS zrf;pufav;ESifh csdwf
xm;vdkufonf/
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uRefawmf oGm;vdkonfh
ajryHyk gonfah qmhz0f u J kd xnfh
xm;vdkufonf/ uJ b,fudk
armif;csio f vJ/ vrf;aMumif;
trSwf 295 vm;? ¤if;ouf
qdkifonfh vrf;aMumif;tkyfpk
trSwu f kd uGeyf sLwmwGif ½du k f
xnfv h ukd ½f jkH zifh ajryHk ay:vm
onf/ aemufawmh b,fauGU
&rSmvm;/ nmbuf auGU&rSm
vm;/ uGefysLwmudk rsufpd
jzifh vdkufMunfhae&ef rvdk/
toHESifh owday;aeí jzpf
onf/ vrf;aMumif;rSm;oGm;
vnf;udprö &dyS g/vrf;aMumif;
topfudk jyefwGufay;onf/
armif;aepOf "mwfqDu ukef
cgeD;NyD/ teD;qH;k "mwfqq D ikd f
b,frSmvJ/ pufuav;u
uRefawmfhudk a&SUwpfvrf;udk
ausmfvdkuf&if "mwfqDqdkif
awGUvdrfhrnf[k jyaeonf/
wpfcgwavawmh
vnf; oljywJhvrf;twdkif;
armif;&onfrmS tqifrajy/
uRefawmfha,mu©rtdrfodkY
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udk oljyovdkarmif;vQif ydkí
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onfawmhr[kwfyg/ pufqdk
onfrmS vlom;vdak wmh jzwf
xd;k ÓPfb,f&rSd mS vnf;aemf/
uRefawmfu oGm;aeusqdk
awmh jzwfvrf;awGudk odae
wmudk;/

Garmin GPSMAP 376C
vrf;aMumif;jyay;jcif;rsm;omru rdk;av0oqdkif&m
tcsuftvufrsm;udkvnf; zrf;,l&&dSEdkifonfh trsKd;tpm;
jzpfonf/ rnfonfh t&yfwGif rdk;BudK;rkefwdkif;
qifaeonfudkyif odEdkifonf/ armfawmf,mOfrsm;wGifvnf;
wyfqifEdkifí wefzdk; a':vm 1000 jzpfonf/ vdyfpmrSm
www.garmin.com jzpfygonf/
rnfodkYyifjzpfap GPS
pepfonf jynfot l rsm;twGuf
yg toHk;0ifaeNyDjzpfonf/
omrefc&D;oGm;vkyfief;rsm;
twGufomru odyÜHESifh ok
awoevkyfief;rsm;twGuf
yg aumif;pGm toHk;0ifae
onf/ Oyrmtm;jzifh urÇmh
tjrifhqHk;[k owfrSwfxm;
onfh {0&ufawmif\ tjrifh
udk wduspGm wdkif;wmEdkifMu
onf/ {0&ufawmifxyd w f iG f
GPS pepfpufudk wyfqif
xm;cJhMuonf/
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vuf&dS taetxm;
vuf&dStm;jzifh tar&d
uefjynfaxmifpk\ GPS
vrf;nTeqf ufo,G af &; N*dK[f
38
uGeyf sLwmtaxGaxG
wkpepfukd urÇmwpf0ef; oH;k
aeMuonf / ¤if ; twG u f
N*dK[fywfvrf;aMumif;twGi;f
&dS GPS N*dK[fwkrsm;\ wnf
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tpm;xdk;vJvS,fjcif; vkyf
ief;rsm;twGuf tar&duef
jynfaxmifpo k nf ESppf Of a':
vm oef; 400 rQ ukefusae
onf[kqdkygonf/
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GPS pepfonf t"du
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wk r sm;\ taxmuf t ul
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jzpfonf/ N*dK[fwk 24 vHk;
onf uGef&ufwpfckozG,f
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topf ESpfvHk; vTwfwifae&
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tenf ; i,f t wG i f ; ouf
wrf; jynfhNyD;onfh N*dK[fwk
rsm;udk topfvJ&rnfh vkyf
ief;onf rvG,v f yS g/ xdok Ykd
tvsifrrDcJhvQif qufoG,f
a&;pepf tjynfht0 &&dS&ef
vnf; tcuftcJrsm; ay:
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odkYtwGuf tar&duef
avwyfrS tqdyk gN*dK[fwrk sm;
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xdkYtjyif N*dK[fwktopfrsm;
vTwfwif&efvnf; toifh&dS
aeonf[k qdkygonf/
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GPS pepfwGif vkyfief;
pOf tkyfpk oHk;rsKd;&dSonf/ tm
umowGif; vkyfief;rsm;? ajr
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tydkif; jzpfonf/ tmumo
D ? 2006 ckEpS f
wGif; vkyfief;pOfrsm;wGif
urÇmhN*dK[fywfvrf;aMumif;
twGif; vSnfhvnfaeaom
GPS satellites ac: vrf;
nTeq f ufo, G af &;N*dK[w f rk sm;
yg0ifonf/ ajrjyifxdef;csKyf
rI tydkif;wGif urÇmhajrjyif
a'o tcsKUd wGif wnfaqmuf
xm;aom pcef;rsm;jzpfMuí
¤if;wdkYrS N*dK[fwkrsm; ysHoef;
aeonfv h rf;aMumif;udk xde;f
ausmif;apmifMh unhjf cif;? N*dK[f
wkrsm;wGif wyfqifxm;aom
atomic clocks em&Dpepfudk
ppfaq;jcif;ESifh vdktyfvQif
y½dk*&rfrsm;udk tqifhjr§ifhay;
jcif;? tcsut f vufrsm; jznfh
ay;jcif; ponfh vkyfief;rsm;
udk aqmif&Gufay;aeonf/
toHk;jyKolrsm;tykdif;wGif ppf
bufEiS hf t&yfbufwYkd yg0if
MuNyD; ¤if;wdkYonf oufqdkif
&m GPS zrf;pufu&d , d mjzifh
toHk;jyK&efom jzpfonf/
GPS zrf;pufrsm;onf N*dK[f
wkrsm;rS vTix hf wk af y;aeaom
a&'D,dktcsufjy vdIif;rsm;udk
zrf;,lí rdrdwdkY\wnfae&m
udk oH;k yGiq
hf ikd wf uG f csufcsif;
enf;jzifh azmfxkwfay;onf/
oHk;yGifhqdkif[k qdkaomfvnf;
wu,fwrf;wGif N*dK[fwk
av;vHk;rS ay;ydkYonfh tuGm
ta0; tcsuftvufrsm;udk
wGufcsufay;jcif;jzpfonf/
toH;k jyKaoma&'D,v kd iId ;f rsm;
zrf;pufrsm;wGif N*dK[fwk
rsm;rS ay;ydkYaom vdIif;rsm;udk
zrf;,lonft h csed w
f n l aD tmif
wGufcsufMu&onf/ vTifh
 uGeyf sLwmtaxGaxG
xkwfonfh tvsifEIef;onf L2 (1227.60 MHz)
tvif;\ oGm;EIef;twdkif; L3 (1381.05 MHz)
L4 (1841.40 MHz)
wlnMD uonf[q k akd omfvnf; L5 (1176.45 MHz)
avxktwGi;f taESmiht f ,Suf wdYk jzpfMuonf/ tqdyk g vTihf
t[ef Y twm;rsm;aMumif h xkwv f iId ;f rsm;wGif trsm;oH;k ?
tenf;i,f uGmjcm;csufrsm; t&yfbufoHk;? ppfbufoHk;?
jzpfay:Muygonf/ odkYjzpfí 'H;k usnfrsm;ypfvw T jf cif;?prf;
N*d K [f w k r sm;wG i f atomic oyfoak woeaqmif&u G jf cif;?
clocks pepf xnfhoGif;xm; blrdaA'qdkif&m wdkif;wmrI
ouJhodkY wefzdk;BuD;jrifhaom vkyfief;rsm;? c&D;oGm;vkyf
GPS zrf;pufrsm;wGifvnf; ief;rsm;? &SmazGa&;ESifh u,f
tcsdeftwGuf tao;pdwf q,fa&; vkyif ef;rsm; ponfh
wduspGm wGufcsufEdkifonfh cG J j cm;xm;rI r sm; &d S o nf / cy receivers trsKd;tpm; tpm;rsm;udk trsm;oH;k pufrsm;
em&Dpepfrsm; xnfhoGif;xm; omref GPS zrf;pufrsm; rsm;jzpfMuí wnfae&mwGuf wGif &EdkifOD;rnf r[kwfyg/
Muonf/ twGuf vdIif;wpfrsKd;udkom csufjcif;wGif ydkí wdusEdkif wefzdk;vnf; tvGefrsm;jym;
N*dK[fwkrsm;rS vTifhxkwf zrf;,lEikd Mf uí tqifjh rifzh rf; Muonf/ acwfrD GPS zrf; ygvdrfhrnf/
ay;aeMuonfh frequency pufrsm;wGif L1 ESihf L2 vdiI ;f puf o nf wpf p if w D r D w m
ac: vdIif;vrf;aMumif; trsKd; ESpfrsKd;udk zrf;,lEdkifMuonf/ txd wdusatmif azmfjyay; GPS pepftwGuf
rsKd; &dSMuygonf/ ¤if;wdkYrSm ¤if;wdkYonf dual frequen- Edkifonf/ odkYaomf ¤if;trsKd; tjcm;tzGt UJ pnf;rsm;
L1 (1575.42 MHz)
½k&SEdkifiHrSvnf; tar&d
uefwYkd \ GPS pepfEiS hf xyf
wl x yf r Qwl o nf h GLO-
zrf;puf - GPS zrf;puf yHpk t H rsK;d rsK;d xkwv
f yk Mf u NASS (Global Orbiting
onf/ ,mOftwGif;? qJvfzkef;? em&Drsm;twGif;wGif Navigation Satellite Sys-
xnfhoGif; wyfqifxm;Muonf/ ¤if;onf tcsuf tem) ac: pepfukd toH;k jyKae
tvuf vdIif;rsm;udk zrf;,ljcif;omjzpfí vTifhxkwf onf/ ¤if;wGif N*dK[fwk 24
rIukd rjyKvyk Ef ikd Mf uyg/ vHk; yg0ifaomfvnf; 2004
jrifuGif;rsufESmjyif - GPS zrf;puf\ rSwÓ f PfwGif ckESpfwdkif N*dK[fwk 12 vHk;udk
tDvufx&GefepfajryHkrsm;udk xnfhoGif; odrf;xm; om oHk;Edkifao;onf/ tqdk
Edkifonf/ ¤if;wdkYonf wnfae&mudk avmif*sDwG'f? yg pepfonf vGwfvyfpGm
vwåDwG'fwdkYjzifh azmfjyjcif;jzpfí rSwfÓPfrS toHk;jyKEdkifonfh pepf jzpf
ajryHkudkvnf; csdwfqufay;Edkifonf/ wnfae&m? onfhwdkif tar&duef jynf
tuGmta0;? a&GUvsm;aeaomEIef;? ysrf;rQ axmifpk\ N*dK[fwkpepfuJh
a&GUvsm; EIef;? oGm;aeonfhc&D;odkY tuGmta0;? odkY rxif&Sm;yg/
ae0ifaexGufcsdef ponf tcsuftvufrsm; Oa&myqdik &f m aumfr&Sif
udkvnf; azmfjywGufcsufay;Edkifonf/ (EC) ESifh Oa&myqdkif&m tm
umoat*sipf D (ESA) wdYku
cvkwrf sm; - jrifuGi;f udk csEJU ikd ?f csKEUH ikd o
f nf/ vnf; Galileo [k trnfay;
ajryHktrSwfom;rsm;udk &SmazGEdkifí av,mOfuGif;
xm;onfh NrdKUjyqufo, G af &;
ajy;vrf;rsm;udkyif MunfhEdkifonf/
N*dK[fwkpepfudk 2005 ckESpf
ESihf 2008 ckESpfrsm;tMum;

uGeyf sLwm*sme,f Zefe0g&v

D ? 2006 ckEpS f 39

wGif wifvTwf toHk;jyK&ef
tpD t pOf r sm; &d S a eonf /
tqdyk g tpDtpOfonf tar
&duefjynfaxmifpkESifh ½k&Sm;
wdYk \ qufo, G af &;pepfrsm;
ESifh tvm;wlNyD; urÇmwpf
0ef; rnfolrqdk toHk;jyKEdkif
Murnf[k od&onf/
GPS pepf\ vHNk cKH rI
GPS pepfonf wnfae
&mudk t"duxm;í tcsuf
tvufrsm;ydYvk w T o
f nfqakd omf
vnf; ¤if;wdkYrS xkwfvTifh
onfh tcsufrsm; odkYr[kwf
a&'D,dkvdIif;rsm;udk taESmihf
t,Sufay;Edkifonf/ Oyrm
tm;jzifh tar&duefwdkY\
prwfA;kH ac: 'H;k usnfypfvw T f
onfh pepfudk GPS pepfjzifh
uRefawmf &GufvTifhorm;
vGefcJhaom ESpfrsm;pGmu
yifv,fjyifudk jzwfoef;vdkY
uRefawmf &Guv f iT chf yhJ gw,f/
xdt
k csed u
f mvrsm;rSmuReaf wmhf
&GufavSonf tawmfacwfrD
onf[q k Ekd ikd yf gonf/ a&'g?
Loran ac: wnfae&m &Sm
onfhpuf? yifv,fjyif a&
42
uGeyf sLwmtaxGaxG
xdef;ausmif;xm;Muonf/
tqdyk g ypfvw T rf u
I kd Edik if BH uD;
wpfEdkifiHrS vJGacsmfatmif jyK
vkyfonfh pufrsm;&dSaeonf
[k tar&duefwYkd u ,HMk unf
xm;Muonf/ tcsKdUu tqdk
yg aESmihf,SufEdkifonfh ud&d
,mrsKd;onf ,cktcg rxd
a&mufawmhyg[kqMkd uonf/
rnfoYkd yifjzpfap a&'D,kd
vdIif;rsm;udk tvG,fwul
aESmih,f u S Ef ikd o f nfeh nf;vrf;
rsm;u &dSaeonf/ rdrd\ 50 twGif; vdIif;wpfckckjzifh GPS pepftwGuq
f ck s;D jri§ jhf cif;
wDA?DG a&'D,w kd Ykdukd zGix
hf m;pOf taESmiht f ,Sujf yKEdik Mf uonf 1993 ckESpf? azazmf0g&D
teD;0ef;usirf S tDvufx&Ge;f [k qdkygonf/ odkYtwGuf v 10 &ufwGif trsKd;om;
epf vdiI ;f wpfcck k 0ifa&mufyg oufqdkif&m ynm&Sifrsm;u tmumoynm&yf q d k i f & m
u ½kyfyHkESifh toHrsm; cPrQ tqdkyg taESmihft,Sufrsm; toif;BuD;u 1992 ckESpf
ysufukefonfudk BuHKzl;Muyg twGuf wefjyefaqmif&Guf ]atmifjrifrI} qktjzpf Glo-
vdrfhrnf/ ,ckvnf; GPS Edkif&ef enf;ynmrsm;udk ok bal Positioning System
zrf;pufrsm;udk uDvdkrDwm awoejyKvkyaf eMuygonf/ Team tzGJUudk a&G;cs,fcJhyg
teuf wd k i f ; wmonf h p uf trnfu Ray-marine E-
ponf tDvufx&Gefepfpuf Series LCD jzpfygw,f/
ypön;f rsm;udk wyfqifxm;yg LCD qdkwJh pum;twdkif;
w,f/ tJ'Dpufrsm;[m urf; uRefawmf &GufavSi,f&JU
ajceJY tawmfa0;a0; a&muf wnfae&mudk jrifuiG ;f rSm jrif
oGm;w,fqdk&ifyJ rxda&muf ae&wmud;k / pufuav;om
awmh y g/ aemuf q H k ; awmh qdk&w,f a&'gvdk Munfh
a&'D,kduav;wpfvHk;udkom rvm;/ a&yHak wGMunfrh vm;/ ygçygao;w,f / 'gayrJ h
uRefawmf tazmfjyK&pNrJyg/ oGm;aewJh c&D;tuGmta0;? uRefawmfhqDudkawmh b,f
tckawmh tajctaeawG a&mufEdkifwJh cefYrSef;tcsdef? qdkifurS vmrydkYEdkifbl;vdkY
u tawmfhudk ajymif;vJcJhyg oGm; aewJhEIef;? ukef;ay:u jiif;Muygw,f/ [kwfwm
NyD/ enf;ynmrsm; tHhrcef; xif&mS ;wJah 'owpfcck ek YJ tuGm aygh/ uRefawmfu yifv,f
wd;k wufvmjcif;&JUtusK;d quf ta0; ponfjzifh tawmfhudk jyif x J a&muf a ewmud k ; /
tjzpf GPS vdkY ac:MuwJh pHkvifvSygw,f/ 'gwifru aemuf AD'D,dkuifr&meJY tif
N*dK[fwkrS vrf;jyay;wJh puf yg/ tcsKdUajryHkawGrSm NrdKUawG *sifpufcef;xJudk vSrf;Munfh
i,fav;udk uRefawmf toHk; rSm&dw
S hJ pm;aomufqikd af wG&UJ vdYk vnf;&ygw,f/ jrifuiG ;f
jyKaeygNyD / puf u av;&J U w,fvDzkef;eHygwfawGvnf; u 12 vufr t&G,fjzpfvdkY
uGeyf sLwm*sme,f Zefe0g&v
D ? 2006 ckEpS f

onf/ tqdkygtzGJUwGif a&
wyf okawoeprf;oyfXmerS
okawoeynm&Sifrsm;? tm
umo avaMumif;aumfyakd &;
&Si;f ? tar&duefjynfaxmifpk
avwyf? a&mhcf0Jaumfydka&;
&Sif;ESifh tdkifbDtrfukrÜPDwdkY
yg0ifMuonf/
GPS pepf enf;ynmESihf
ywfoufí wDxGifol ESpfOD;
jzpfol Ivan Getting ESifh
BradFord Parkinson wdkY
tm; 2003 ck E S p f t wG u f
National Academy of En-
gineering Charles Stark
Draper qkudk csD;jr§ifhcJhonf/
Ivan Getting onf
Massachusetts Insti-
tute of Technology rS
tif * sif e D , mwpf O D ; jzpf N yD ;
Aerospace Corporation
Munfh&wm taeawmfygyJ/
aps;uawmh rao;bl; AsKdU/
wyfqifc bmnmeJY tm;
vHk;aygif; a':vm 4800 us
oifhygw,f/ aemuf digital
sounder ac:wJ h a&euf
wdik ;f ud&,
d mu a':vm780?
Sea-CAS SafePassage
(trans-ponder) vdkYac:wJh
ta&;ay: tcsufjyvTifhpuf
u a':vm 1250 ponf
acwfr'D pf*spw
f ,fpufu&d , d m
awG wyfqifvdkufwm enf;
enf;awmh xdoGm;ygw,f/
tck a wmh uRef a wmf
pdwfcsvufcs &GufvTifhEdkifNyD
av/ &GufavSOD;rSmxdkifvdkY?
oDcsi;f av;awmif qdak evdu k f
ygao;w,f/ ]]ig[m &Guf
vTifh ... ig[m &GufvGifh}}/
uGeyf sLwmtaxGaxG
wyfqifoHk;pGJ&ef tqifhrsm;
1/ Garmin GPS zrf;pufudk um;twGif; rwyfqifrD aqmhzf0Jwifonfhvkyfief;rsm;udk rdrd
tdrw f iG ;f rSmyif jyKvyk Ef ikd o
f nf/
2/ Garmin GPS zrf;pufukd yvyfx;kd wyfvu kd yf g/ uGeyf sLwmrSwpfqifh oufqikd &f m{&d,majryHk
ygaom aqmhz0f u J kd xnfíh wifyg/
3/ xdaYk emuf vrf;aMumif;jy nRoute aqmhz0f u J kd wifvu kd yf g/ ¤if;rSwpfqifh vrf;nTeNf *Kd [w
f k rsm;udk
csw
d q f ufygvrd rfh nf/
4/ GPS zrf;pufukd um;twGi;f wyfqifyg/ ¤if;onf ajrjyifEiS rhf sO;f NyKd it f aetxm;wGif jzpf&ygrnf/
um;rSeo f w k w
f EH iS v
hf nf; rxdcu kd Ef ikd o
f nfah e&mwGif jzpfonf/ ¤if;onftoHzrf;oabmrsK;d jzpfí
um;abmf'jD yifywGif wyfqifjcif;jzifh vdiI ;f zrf;pGr;f tm; ydrk kd aumif;rGeyf gonf/
5/ aqmhzf0Judk tavhtusifh&atmif prf;oyfoHk;Munhfyg/ ta&;ay: uD;cvkwfrsm;udk rSwfom;
avhusix hf m;yg/
6/ oif armif;vdo k nfh c&D;odYk armif;ESiEf ikd yf gNy/D
rS *kPfxl;aqmifOuú| wpf tronics, Magellan, Mo- ud&d,mrsm; jzpfMuygonf/
OD;vnf; jzpfonf/ olonf bile Crossing, Pioneer odkYtwGuf vkyfief;tay: rl
Electronics, TomTom,
GPS pepftwGuf tajccH wnfí ¤if;wdkYESifh oufqdkif
Topcon, Trimble VDO
enf ; ynmud k wD x G i f c J h o l onfh aqmhz0f rJ sm; &dyS gonf/
Dayton ponf ukrÜPDrsm;
jzpfí 'kwd,urÇmppf umv ¤if;wdkYrSm Dale Priest’s
onf GPS zrf;puf tyg
rsm;wGif LORAN(Long- guide to navigation with
t0if qufoG,fa&;qdkif&m
range Radio Aid to Navi- GPS and Palm PDAs,
ypönf;ud&d,mrsm;udk xkwf
gation) ac: a&'D,dkvdIif; GPS3d, a 3D gps visual-
vkyf a&mif;csaeMuygonf/
taxmuftuljzifh vrf;nTef ization tool, GPSd, a GPS
xdYktjyif MoBIC (rsuf
pepfudk wDxGifcJholvnf; daemon program, Gps-
rjrifESifh oufBuD;&G,ftdkrsm;
jzpfonf/ drive-GNU Map-based
twGuf)ESifh Brunel Navi-
BradFord Parkinson navigation system., GPS
gation System for the
onf pwef;zdkY'fwuúodkvf Tk: A free Open Source
Blind, Braille Note GPS
wGif tmumoqdkif&m enf; GPS Toolkit, GPS Visual-
(Sendero Group, LLC
ynmrsm;udk oifMum;ydkYcsae izer, Magnificient Logs,
and Pulse Data Interna-
olwpfOD; jzpfonf/ olonf Opanda IExif, Opanda
tional), Drishti, NOPPA,
GPS pepf wDxGifrIrsm;wGif PowerExif Editor wdkY jzpf
Trekker ponf trsKd;tpm;
yg0ifcJhol jzpfonf/ Muonf/
rsm;udv
k nf; okawoejyKvyk f
armfawmf,mOfrsm;wGif
í xkwfvkyfaeMuygonf/
qufoG,af &;qdik &f m ypön;f wyfqifMuonfh GPS zrf;
ud&,
d mrsm;udx k w
k v
f yk af eonfh pufrsm;twGuf aqmhzf0Jrsm;
GPS zrf;pufrsm;twGuf
ukrPÜ rD sm; rSm CoPilot, NaviBT GPS
oufqikd o
f nfh aqmhz0f rJ sm;
vuf&t Sd m;jzifh Alpine, Scytex, Pocket GPS
GPS zrf;pufrsm;onf
Clarion, Cobra, DeLOR- ProMoscow, TomTom ESihf
ME, Eagle, Fujitsu, uGefysLwmrsm;ESifh tvm;wl ViaMichelin Navigation
Garmin, Lowrance Elec- wnf a qmuf x m;Muonf h wdkY jzpfMuonf/
uGeyf sLwm*sme,f Zefe0g&v
D ? 2006 ckEpS f 43
 uGeyf sLwmtaxGaxG

GPS
tar;tajzu@
vuf&dS xkwfvkyfwJh um;opf wpfrsKd;eJYwpfrsKd; rwlEdkifMu pmrsufESm 50 avmuf&dSwJh avmif*sw D 'G rf sO;f rsm;onf
rsm;rSm GPS zrf;pufrsm; wyf yg/ tcsKdUpepfrsm;rSm ouf vufpGJpmtkyfudk zwfzdkYawmh urÇmt h a&SUESihf taemufbuf
qifjcif;jzifh vrf;aMumif;jypepf qdik &f m{&d,m&JUtcsut f vuf enf;enf; tcuftcJ&dSaeyg jcrf;rsm;udjk yygw,f/ Green
rsm;onf tb,fuo hJ Ykd aumif; rsm;udk BudKwifxnfhay;xm; OD;r,f/ bmyJjzpfap armfeD urÇmhta&SUbufjcrf;odkY 180
rGevf mEdik yf govJ/ NyD; ¤if;{&d,mrS ausmfvGef wmjrifuGif;u oifhudk &Sif; 'D*&DeJY taemufbufjcrf;odkY
,ck xkwfvkyfaeonfh wmeJ Y y½d k * &rf u d k jyef N yD ; vif;vG,fulaprSmyg/ xdef; 180 'D*&D owfrSwfygw,f/
yHkpHopfum;rsm;rSm GPS zrf; ajymif;vJ&ygw,f/ tcsKdU csKyf&wJh cvkwfrsm;uvnf; pkpkaygif; avmif*sDwG'f 360
pufrsm;udk wyfqifvmMuyg pepfrsm;rSm pD'Dtcsyfrsm;udk vG,fulygw,f/ oifvnf; 'D*&D &dyS gw,f/ tqdyk g 360
w,f/ ¤if;wGif qufoG,f xnf h a y;&ygw,f / Ed k i f i H wyfqifr,fqdk&if udk,fvdk 'D*&Dudk 24 em&D (wpf &uf)
a&; N*dK[fwkrsm;rS 0ifa&muf wpfEikd if v H ;kH twdik ;f twmeJYc&D; tyfwt hJ csuaf wGeYJ udu
k n
f rD I owf rSwf aom aMumifh
vmrnfh tcsuftvufrsm; oGm;zdkYtwGuf pD'D 10 csyf &d?S r&du
S akd vhvmoifyh gw,f/ wpfem&Donf 15 'D*&D jzpfyg
tay: rlwnfí rdrdum;\ ausmfavmuf vdkygvdrfhr,f/ w,f/
vuf&dS wnfae&mudk odae 'DA'D cD syrf sm;vnf; &daS evdYk pD'D avmif*sDwG'feJY vwåDwG'frsm; vwå D w G ' f r sOf ; onf
jcif;? oGm;a&mufvo kd nfh c&D; tcsyf ta&twGuf enf; [m wnfae&mudk rnfrQtxd urÇmBuD;\ tv,fA[dk[k
udk a&G;cs,fEdkifjcif;? c&D; enf;yJ o,f&rSmyg/ trsm; wdusatmif wdik ;f Edik yf g ovJ/ owfrSwf a&;qGJxm;onfh
vrf;aMumif;a&G;cs,fjcif;? tm;jzifah wmh vdt k yfw{hJ &d,m yx0D y nmt& urÇ m tDauGwmrsOf;eJY teD;qHk;ae
c&D;tuGmta0;udk od&dSEdkif odkYr[kwf ajryHknTef;udk tif BuD;wpfcv k ;kH ud(k axmifvu kd )f &muae pNyD; ajrmufbufeJY
jcif;? owday;csufrsm;udk & wmeuf? 0ufbfqdkufrsm;rS avmif*sDwG'frsOf;? (tvsm; awmifbufrsm;odkY a&;qGJ
&dSEdkifjcif; ponftcsufrsm; wpf q if h &,l E d k i f a eygNyD / vdu
k )f vwåw D 'G rf sO;f rsm;eJY zH;k xm;wJh owfrSwfrsOf;rsm;
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h &m jzpfygw,f/ 'gayrJh K-meleon uawmh cookies awGukd z,fxw k af y;w,f/
Asm? wpfa,mufu axmufjyvmygw,f/ Explorer Plus u tJ'gvnf;aumif;wmygyJ/ wpfckawmhtBuHay;vkdufr,f/
ydak umif;ygw,fw/hJ Windows Explorer xuf omawGcsn;f b,fwpfckrQawmh opöm&SdpGm roHk;ygeJY/
ygyJ/ Power Desk udk pwif zefw;D wJo h al wGuyJ vkyx
f m;wm raumif;wmawGvnf; &Sdwwfygw,f/ aumif;wmawG
yg/ 1990 jynfhESpf tv,fydkif;avmufuyJ vloHk;rsm;aeygNyD/ vnf; &Sdwwfygw,f/ vkdtyfwmyJ oHk;ayghaemfAsm/ tJ'D
'gayrJh pwifzefw;D wJoh jl zpfwhJ Mike Kronenberg udk oH;k pGo J l tBuHu taumif;qH;k ygyJ/
awGu 'Dypönf;udk jyefvnf½kyfodrf;NyD; ydkaumif;atmif vkyfzdkY udik ;f 'gygyJ/ 'Dwpfywfawmh 'DrQom/
tBuHay;Muygw,f/ 'gayrJh tJ'DukrÜPD&JU refae*smtqdkt& OD;rsKd;(tdkifwD-tef;wdwf)
olwdkYu vkdifpifvkyfxm;NyD;ygNyDwJh? olvkyfcsif&ifawmh tNydKif
tqkdiftopfwpfckvkyfEdkifygw,fwJhAsm/ olwdkYorkdif;aMumif;
av;u tJvdkav;ygyJ/ Explorer Plus u ydkNyD;wnfNidrfyg
w,f/ Professional qefw,fvdkYyJ ajymyg&apawmhAsm/
tifwmeufu download vkyfvkdY &ygw,f/ tJ wpfckawmh
&Sdw,f/ a':vm 40 ay;&r,faemf/
Software awGtaMumif;ajymawmh browser awG&UJ ppfyJG
[m NidrfoGm;ygNyD/ qdkvdkwmuAsm tNydKiftqkdif olxufig
ydkaumif;wmawG xkwfvkyf aps;uGufwif a&mif;cswmawGudk
ajymwm/ b,foal wG NydKifMuw,fqw dk mawmh b,forl Q odykH
ray:ygbl;/ urÇmay:&Sd vltawmfawmfrsm;rsm;uawmh In-
ternet Explorer udk oHk;Muygw,f/ cifAsm;wkdYawmh oHk;zdkY
rvkyd gbl;/ Opera &Swd ,fav/ uReaf wmfvnf;BudKufygw,f/
'gayrJh tjcm;[mawGvnf; trsm;BuD; &Sad eygao;w,f/ Mo-
zilla Foundation u xkwfvkyfwJh Gecko Layout Engine
qdw k m &Sad o;w,f/ tJ'rD mS Mozilla browser Firefox eJY K-
Meleon wdkY yg0ifygw,f/
wcsKdUu Netscape eJY wlaewm awGUygvdrhfr,f/ wlqdk
Netscape ESifh ¤if;&JUydkif&SifjzpfwJh AOL wdkYu xyfrvkyfbJ
csefxm;wmawGudk foundation u quf vkyfwmaMumifhyJ
jzpfygw,f/ Akshay Anand qdkolu tJ'g software udk
odyfBudKufESpfoufwJhvl jzpfygw,f/ olYtqdkt& Internet
Explorer xuf ydkjrefw,f/ Advertising banner awG
rygbl;/ Pop-up blocker xnfhxm;w,f/ Opera avmuf
pdwfnpfp&mawGvnf; rygbl;/
vGwfuif;w,f ajymygw,f/ trSefawmh cifAsm;wdkY
uGefysLwmrSm 'gawG rsm;rsm; xnfhxm;av aumif;avygyJ/

uGeyf sLwm*sme,f Zefe0g&v

D ? 2006 ckEpS f 61

tcsutf vufw;l azmfjcif;udk toH;k jyKNy;D aiGc0gcsrEI iS hf
tMurf;zuform;rsm;tm; aiGaMu;axmufyrhH rI sm;udk pHpk rf;jcif;
oGi;f ukex f w k u f ek o
f wif;tcsut f vufukd
toH;k jyKNy;D aiGaMu;qufo, G v
f yk u
f ik d &f mvHNk cKHrI
(Financial transaction security) udk
ydrk adk umif;rGevf mapjcif;
2001 ckESpf? pufwifbmv 11
&ufaeY tMurf;zuform;wku d cf u kd rf rI sm;
onf yif&if;yGihf axmufvrS ;f a&; (open
source intelligence) \ ta&;BuD;yHk
uk d aocsmapygonf / tar&d u ef
jynfaxmifpk rsKd;cspfOya' (USA Pa-
triot Act) ESifh tar&duef tdrfajrvHkNcHK
a&;Xme (Department of Homeland
Security) zefw;D jcif;wkYdonf aiGc0gcsrI
ESifh tMurf;zuform;tm; aiGaMu;
axmufyHhrIrsm;udk pkHprf;jcif;twGuf
owif ; tcsuf t vuf e nf ; ynmES i f h
tcsuftvufwl;azmfjcif;enf;pepfrsm;
(data mining techniques) u toH;k cs
uGeyf sLwm*sme,f Zefe0g&v
uGeyf sLwmtaxGaxG
jcif;acwfopfukd tcsufjyvku d yf gonf/
orm;½dk;ustm;jzifh w&m;Oya' xdef;
odrf;a&;Xmersm; (law enforcement
agencies) onf aiGc0gcs vIyf&Sm;rI
rsm;udk aiGaMu; 0efaqmifrt I pdwt f ydik ;f
(financial service sectors) rsm;\
vkyfaqmifrIay:wGifom tm½HkjyKcJhMuyg
onf/ ordkif;t& bPfwkdufrsm;ESifh
tjcm;aiGaMu;tzGJYtpnf;rsm; (finan-
cial institutions) onf w&m;Oya'
xde;f odr;f a&;\ t"du tm½Hjk yK&m jzpfchJ
ygonf/
axmuf v S r f ; a&;Xmersm;onf
tdrfa&SUwHcg;jzpfonfh aiGaMu;tzGJY
tpnf;rS aiGc0gcsrIudk [efYwm;&mwGif
vHak vmufpmG vkyaf qmifEidk cf ahJ omfvnf;
yHkrSefr[kwfaom tjynfjynfqkdif&m
ukefoG,fa&; aps;owfrSwfrI (interna-
D ? 2006 ckEpS f
tional trade pricing) \ aemufaz;
wHcg;udk vpfvsL½Ixm;cJhygonf/
tjynfjynfqidk &f m ukeo f , G af &;udk
oHk;NyD; wpfEkdifiHrSwpfEkdifiHodkY &SmrawGY
Edkifaom aiGa&GUvsm;rIonf tpdk;&rsm;
Munfh½I ppfaq;jcif;rS a&Smifwdrf;&ef
a&S;tusq;kH enf;pepfwpfcjk zpfygonf/
oGif;ukefrsm; (imports) udk aps;wif
owfrw S jf cif; (overvaluing) ESihf ydYk uek f
rsm; (imports) udk aps;avQmhowfrSwf
jcif; (undervaluing) onf þuJhodkY
a&TUajymif;rIudk vkyfaqmifEkdifygonf/
oGif;ukef (imported product) udk aps;
wifowfrSwfxm; (overvalue) ygu
jynfyrSukefydkYol (foreign exporter)
onf ,if;\ ukeftwGuf azmif;yGae
onfh wefzkd; (inflated value) udk&&Sdyg
onf/ csrf;om<u,f0rIudk jynfwGif;rS
65
 uGeyf sLwmtaxGaxG
ukeo f iG ;f ol (domestic importer) xHrS qufoG,fvkyfudkifrI Oyrmudk tao; ukd tpdk;&tzGJYtpnf;rsm;u vkdufvH
jynfyrS ukeyf Ykdox l o H Ykd ajymif;a&TUvdu k yf g pdwfazmfjyxm;ygonf/ Munf½h EI idk af om aiGaMu;tzGYJ tpnf; (fi-
onf/ yHrk eS t f m;jzifh ,if;onf jynfwiG ;f wkdif;jynfwpfckrS tjcm;EkdifiHjcm; nancial institutions) toHk;jyKjcif;udk
rS ukefoGif;oltwGuf aiGaMu;tjrwf wkdif;jynfwpfckodkY aiGc0gcs xkwf,l a&Smif&Sm;Ekdifygonf/ aiGc0gcsolonf
tpGef;wGufonfh vkyfudkifrIr[kwfyg/ tjcm;a&G;cs,fp&m enf;pepfwpfckrSm ypön;f udak iGom;ay;NyD; aps;uGuaf ps;EIe;f
odYk aomfvnf; jynfwiG ;f rSuek o f iG ;f olEiS hf jynfwGif;xGuf wifydkYukef (domestic jzifh 0,f,lum ,if;\w&m;r0ifaiGudk
jynfyrSukefydkYolwkdYonf ukefqufoG,f exports) udk aps;avQmh owfrw S jf cif;yif ukeyf pön;f rsm;tjzpfoYkd ajymif;vJvu dk yf g
vkyfudkifrIwGif nd§EdIif;xm;aom ygwem jzpfygonf/ okawoet& tar&duef onf/ xkdypönf;rsm;udk tBuHwlyg0ifae
rsm;jzpfaeygu ,if;wkdYonf EkdifiHjcm; jynfaxmifpkrS aiGc0gcs xkwf,ljcif; aom jynfyrSuek o f iG ;f ol (foreign im-
odYk aiGajymif;vT&J mwGif a0iSMurnfjzpfyg trsm;pkrSm aps;avQmhowfrSwfxm;aom porter ) xHodkY aps;uGufaps;EIef;xuf
onf/ aps;wif owfrSwfxm;aom jynfy wifydkYukef (undervalue ex- atmufa&mufaom aps;EIef;jzifh wifydkY
oGi;f ukef (overvalued imports) onf ports) jzpfygonf/ ,if;udk taMumif; ygonf/ jynfyrS ukefoGif;olonf aps;
&mZ0wfrI 3 ckudk usL;vGefzG,f&m&Sdyg ESpfckaMumifh tMurf;zuform;rsm;ESifh avQmhowfrSwfxm;aom ydkYukefrsm;udk
onf/ taumufceG v f rd v f nfvn S jhf zm;rI aiGc0gcsolrsm;u ydkESpfoufygonf/ &&SdNyD; aps;uGufwGif ,if;wdkY\ trSef
(custom fraud) ? 0ifaiGcGefa&Smif&Sm;rI yxr tar&dueftpd;k &tygt0iftpd;k & wefzdk;jzifh jyefvnfa&mif;csygonf/ yHk
(tax evasion) ESifh aiGc0gcsrIwdkYjzpfyg trsm;onf jynfyukefwifydkYrI quf 2 wGif xku d ohJ Ykd aom qufo, G v f yk uf ikd f
onf/ þqufoG,fvkyfudkifrIonf oG,v f yk u
f ikd &f mrsm;udk vkt
d yfoavmuf rI Oyrmudk tao;pdwf azmfjyxm;yg
tMurf;zuform;tzGJYtpnf;\ vkyf vdkufvHMunfh½IrI rvkyfMuyg/ þjynfy onf/
aqmifay;olwpfO;D jzpfaom jynfyrSuek f wifyYkduek rf sm; aps;avQmo h wfrw S jf cif;udk aps;avQmh owfrSwfaps;EIef;jzifh
ydYk oxl oH Ykd aiGajymif;a&TUay;jcif;udk vG,f yd k E S p f o uf o nf h taMumif ; wpf c k r S m ukefypönf;rsm;oGif;,ljcif; odkYr[kwf
ulapygonf/ yHk 1 wGif xkduJhodkYaom tMurf;zuform;rsm;ESihf aiGc0gcsorl sm; aps;ydkowfrSwfaps;EIef;jzifh ukefypönf;
rsm;wifyYkdjcif;jzifh wkid ;f jynfwpfct k wGi;f
yHk 1/ Oyrm- aps;wifowfrw
S x
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(Example: Overvalued US imports) ao;rDu EkdifiHtrsKd;rsKd;wGif vkyfaqmif
aeaom AL Qaeda tMurf;zuform;
tMurf;zuform; odYk r[kwf &mZ0wform;wpfO;D onf Ekid if jH cm;wkid ;f jynf wpfcq
k D uvmyfpnf;rsm;onf þuJo h Ykd aps;EIe;f
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wGif tBuHwyl g0if&ef jynfyrSuek yf Ykdow
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k yfygonf/ aiGc0gcs&ef qufo, G f r0ifaom vIyf&Sm;rIrsm;udk aiGaMu;
vkyfudkif&mrsm; tpkwGif atmufygwkdY yg0ifygonf/ axmufyHhaeonf[k pdk;&drfrIrsm; ay:
1/ jynfyrSukefydkYolonf rkwfqdwf&dwf"m; 10000 udk "m;wpfckvQif $ 0.10 aygufvmygonf/
EIef;jzifh 0,f,lygonf/ ($ 1000.00)
tcsut
f vufw;l azmfreI nf;pepf
2/ jynfyrSukefydkYolonf rkwfqdwf&dwf"m; 10000 udk "m;wpfckvQif $ 100 (Data Mining Methodology)
EIe;f jzifh jynfwiG ;f rS ukeo
f iG ;f olxo
H Ykd wifyYkd ygonf/ (pkpak ygif; ay;&Si;f &efaiG þpdppfrIonf tar&duefjynf
$ 1000000.00)
axmifpk ul;oef;a&mif;0,fa&;Xme (US
3/ jynfwGif;rSukefoGif;olonf $ 1000 wefzdk;&Sdaom rkwfqdwf"m; 10000 Department of Commerce) oef;acgif
udk &&Sdaomfvnf; jynfyrS ukefydkYolukd $ 1000000.00 ay;acsygonf/ pm&if;½Hk; (Bureau of Census) rS
4/ &v'f/ jynfwGif;rSukefoGif;olonf EkdifiHjcm;wkdif;jynfwpfckqDodkY a':vm xkwfa0NyD; tar&duefukefypönf; ukef
wpfoef; (tEkwf rkwfqdwf&dwf"m;\ ukefusp&dwf $ 1000) udk ajymif;a&TU oG,fa&;tcsuftvuftajcwGifyg0if
vkdufygonf/ aom 2001 ckESpf tar&duef oGif;ukef
xkwu
f ek f qufo, G v
f yk u
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66 uGeyf sLwm*sme,f Zefe0g&v

D ? 2006 ckEpS f
 uGeyf sLwmtaxGaxG

tMurf;zuform; odkYr[kwf &mZ0wform;wpfOD;onf EkdifiHjcm;wkdif;jynfwpfckqD atmuf y d k i f ; av;yH k w pf y H k (lower

odkY a':vm 1 oef; aiGc0gcscsifonfqkdygpdkY/ ,if;onf þqufoG,f vkyfudkifrI quartile) wifyYkd aps;EIe;f xufavQmhaom
wGif tBuHwyl g0if&ef jynfyrSuek o
f iG ;f ol (foreign importer) wpfO;D vkt
d yfygonf/ wif y d k Y a ps;EI e f ; rsm;udk oHo,&Sdp&m
aiGc0gcs&ef qufoG,f vkyfudkif&mrsm; tpkwGif atmufygwkdY yg0ifygonf/ aumif;aom aps;EIef;rsm;[k azmf j y
1/ jynfwGif;&mZ0wfaumif odkYr[kwf tMurf;zuform;onf a':vm 1 oef; owfrSwfygonf/
toHk;jyKNyD; a&Tem&DwpfvHk;vQif $ 5000.00 EIef;jzifh em&D 200 udk 0,f,lyg ,if;onf tcGef aumufEdkifaom
onf/ ($ 1000000.00)/ xkdem&Drsm;udk aiGom;oHk;NyD; 0,f,lygrnf/ 0if a iG E S i f h tcG e f r sm;ud k tar&d u ef
jynfaxmifpkrS a&TUajymif;aom &v'f
2/ jynfwGif;rSukefydkYol (domestic exporter) onf xkda&Tem&D 200 udk jynfyrS
&Ekdifonfh aumfydka&;&Sif;rsm;twGif;
ukeo f iG ;f oltm; em&Dwpfv;Hk vQif $ 5.00 jzifh a&mif;csygonf/ ($ 1000.00)
yHkrrSefaom a&TUajymif; aps;EIef;rsm;
3/ jynfyrSukefoGif;olonf a&Tem&D 200 &&SdNyD; ay;acs&ef aiGawmif;cHvTm $ ay:wGif tm½Hkpkdufygonf/ awGYjrif
1000.00 &&Sdí jynfwGif;rS ukefydkYolu ay;acsygonf/ &aom aps;EIef;uGmjcm;rIonf 0ifaiGcGef
4/ jynfyrSukefoGif;olonf a&Tem&Drsm;udk aps;uGufaps;EIef;jzifhaom em&D a&Smif&Sm;jcif;? aiGc0gcsjcif;ESifh tMurf;
wpfv;kH vQif $ 5000.00 EIe;f jzifh a&mif;csNyD; a&Tem&D 200 udk $ 1000000.00 zuform; aiGaMu;axmufyHhjcif;wkdYESifh
odkY ajymif;vJygonf/ qufET,f&ef&Sdygonf/
5/ &v'f/ jynfwGif;rS ukefwifydkYonhf a':vm 1 oef; (aiGawmif;cHvTmay;acs awGYjrif&aom aps;EIef;uGmjcm;rI
aiG $ 1000.00 avsmhNyD;) udk EkdifiHjcm;wkdif;jynfokdY ajymif;a&TUvkdufygonf/ onfvnf; tar&duef ukefoG,fa&;
ykH 2/ Oyrm- aps;avQmo
h wfrw
S x
f m;aom tar&duefyu
Ykd ek rf sm; tcsuftvuf tajc&dS trSm;aMumifh
(Example: Undervalued US exports)
vnf; jzpfEkdifygonf/

port export transactions) tcsuf a&csKd;cef;^rsufESmoHk;puúLy0g w½kwfEkdifiH $ 4121.81^kg

tvufudk oHk;oyfygonf/ þtcsuf (Toilet/ Facial Tissue)
tvuftajcudkoHk;NyD; tar&duefjynf 0uftlazmufxm;aom nuts rsm; b,fvf*sD,H $ 2426.70^kg
axmifp\ k ukeof ,G af &;pm&if;udu k n f r§d I (Threaded Nuts)
(balance of trade) udk owfrSwfyg Zm*emrsm;-owåKtajccH *syef $ 4896.00^unit
onf/ (Tweezers- Base Metal)
tar&d u ef j ynf a xmif p k r S a&T U jrufjzwfpuf"m;oGm;rsm; MopaMw;vs $ 2326.75 ^unit
ajymif;aom aiGaMu;\ cefYrSef;ajconf (Lawnmower blades)
tar&duefjynfaxmifpk jynfwGif;tcGef rkwfqdwf&dwf"m;rsm; (Raxors) ,lau $ 113.20^unit
Xme (US Internal Revenue Service,
A l Qaeda apmifhMunfhwkdif;jynfrsm;rS rlrrSefjrifhrm;aom ukefoGif;,laps;EIef;rsm;
IRS) tcGeuf w
k f (tax code) wGif owf
(abnormally high import prices)
rSwfxm;onfhtwkdif; aps;EIef;rlrSefrsm;
(pricing norms) ay:wGif tajccHyg csnfxnfyef;uefokwfy0grsm; ygupöwef $ 153.72^unit
onf/ IRS onf tay:ydik ;f av;yHw k pfykH 929 pwk&ef;pifwDrDwmxufenf;aom tif'dkeD;&Sm; $ 164.54^sq.cm
(upper quartile) oGif;,laps;EIef;xuf vlMunfhrSefrsm;(Glass Mirrors-
ausmfvGefaom oGif;,laps;EIef;rsm;ESifh (less than 929 sq.cm)
rkwfqdwf&dwf"m;rsm; (Razors) tD*spf $ 22.89^ unit
vuf^ajcjzifhvkyfaqmifaomavxdk;puf rav;&Sm; $ 5000.00^unit
>> (Air Pumps (hand/foot operated)
Z,m; 1/ rlrrSejf rifrh m;aom
tar&duefuek w f ifoiG ;f ,laps;EIe;f rsm; Camshafts ESifh Crankshafts rsm; aqmf'Dtma&;As $ 15200.00^unit

uGeyf sLwm*sme,f Zefe0g&v

D ? 2006 ckEpS f 67
 uGeyf sLwmtaxGaxG
pdefrsm;-pufrIvkyfief;okH;r[kwf tdEd´, $ 13.45 /carat EdIif;,SOfNyD; aps;wifowfrSwfxm;onf
(Diamonds-Not Industrial) vm;[k wGufcsuf&,lygonf/
Forklifts- Self-Propelled *sarum $ 384.14 ^unit tvm;wlyif xGufukefrSwfwrf;
wkdif; oHk;oyfNyD; EkdifiH oufqdkifaom
Bulldozers -Self -Propelled udkvHbD,m $ 1741.92^ unit
(country specific) atmufydkif;av;yHk
AD'D,dky½dk*sufwmrsm;-a&mifpHk b&mZD; $ 33.95^ unit wpfyHkwifydkYaps;EIef; (export lower
(Video Projectors -Color) quartile prices) ESifh EdIif;,SOfNyD; aps;
Missile & Rocket Launchers tpöa&; $ 52.03 ^ unit avQmhowfrSwfxm;onfvm;[k wGuf
csu&f ,lygonf/ wkid ;f jynfwpfcck si;f \
A1 Qaeda apmifhMunfhwkdif;jynfrsm;odkY rlrrSefedrfhusaom ukefwifydkYaps;EIef;rsm; aps;avQmhowfrSwfxm;aom ukefwifydkY
(abnormally low export prices) qufoG,fvkyfudkifrI (undervalued
export transactions) rsm;tm;vHk;ESifh
Color Video Monitors tif'kdeD;&Sm; $ 22.43 ^ unit aps;wifowfrSwfxm;aom ukefoGif;,l
Color Video Monitors ygupöwef $ 21.90^unit qufoG,fvkyfudkifrI (overvalued im-
tm;upm;ajcpD;-ajy;ckefypfzdeyf a*smf'ef $ 0.40^ pair port transactions) rsm;tm;vH k ; \
(Sports Footware-Athletic Shoes) a':vmwefz;kd ukd pkaygif;ygonf/ 2001
ckESpfwGif tar&duefjynfaxmifpkrS a&TU
Radioactive Elements, Isotopes tD*spf $ 0.01^ mbq
ajymif;xkw, f al om aiGaMu;pkpak ygif;udk
Z,m; 2 / rlrrSeef rd u hf saom tar&duefuek x f w
k w
f ifyaYkd ps;EIe;f rsm; a':vmoef ; aygif ; 156220 [l í
cefYrSef;&ygonf/ þavhvmcsuf\
wGucf su&f mvkyx f ;kH vkyef nf;rsm; (Calcu- modity codes) aygif; 8568 &Sdyg tao;pdwrf sm;udk ukeo f ,G rf o
I ak woe
lation of procedures) ESihf tar&duef onf/ xdE k pS w
f iG t f ar&duefjynfaxmifpk Xme (Trade Research Institute) \
jynfaxmifpkrS aiGaMu;a&TUajymif; xkwf,l ESifh ukefoG,faomEkdifiH 230 &Sdygonf/ ppfwrf;wGif yg&Sdygonf/ 2001 ckESpf
aom cefrY eS ;f ajcrsm; oGif;ukefrSwfwrf;wkdif;udk oHk;oyfNyD; tar&duefjynfaxmifpk ukefypönf;
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Technology On Your Time

ENJOY THE RIDE

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2005 ckESpfrSm aumif;
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qkH;jzpfatmif vkyfay;ygw,f/ pufukd warrenty uk r Ü P D a wG ? tpk d ; &tzG J U
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uGefysLwm oifwef;
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tajymif;tvJ
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wk d b mvrS m awmh MICT
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2006 ckEpS rf mS t,f'D wm tzGu
UJ ykNd y;D pdw0f ifpm;cJh &wJh ypön;f pm&if; jzpfyg w,f/
t,f'wD mtzGt UJ aeeJY taumif;qk;H vkYd xifayrJh user awG&UJ tjrifumG [rIawmh &Syd gr,f/
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twGuf &if;ESD;jr§KyfESH&wm taumif;qkH;yJ/
Digital uifr&m Casio Xslim 720 aps;EIe;f oifah wmfw,f/ udi
k &f wmayghyg;w,f/
okH;&wmu professional uifr&mawGeJYwlw,f/ wpfckawmh&Sd
w,f/ Casio qkdwJh brand ukd *Pef;aygif;pufvkdYyJ jrifaeMuyg
w,f/
Epson: (Inkjet) "mwfykHul;wJhpufawG acsmifxJ xkd;xnfh&awmhrSmvm;/ ta&mif
t&nftaoG; Mum&SnfcHrIeJY OwkokH;yg;cHrIwkdY[m Epson ukd *kPf
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wpfrsufESmxGufEIef; jrefw,f/ refill xnfhokH;vJ aumif;w,f/
wm&SnfcHw,f/
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 Hot Picks
f ;kH ypön;f (Hot Picks) ESihf taumif;qH;k a&mif;cs ypön;f (Best Picks) rsm;pm&if;udk Family PC
T yf pön;f rsm; a&mif;csaom qdik rf sm;wGif 2005 ckEpS f
Intel Celeron 1.0 GHz Processor
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Hot Picks & Best Picks in Yangon

128 MB RAM
80 GB HDD , CD - ROM , 1.44 MB -FDD
Built-in VGA, Sound Card 4.1 Channel ,
Network Card 10/100 Mbps
Internal Speaker
15" Color Digital Monitor
wefzdk;- 265,000
KMD ta&mif;qdik f
(550-552? ukeo
f nfvrf;)
U wGi;f &Sd uGeyf sLwmESihf uGeyf sLwm qufE,

Imation Thumb Drivers

128 MB Mini Flash Drive - 18,400
f csKu

256 MB Mini Flash Drive - 32,200

512 MB Mini Flash Drive - 52,900
tcsuf tcsmusaom ae&mrsm;&Sd qkid t

1 GB Mini Flash Drive - 102,300

128 MB Tower Flash Drive- 23,000
256 MB Tower Flash Drive - 37,900
f ;kH ta&mif;oGuq

512 MB Tower Flash Drive - 63,200

1GB Tower Flash Drive - 120,700
Technoland ta&mif;qdkif (186- 188 r[mAE¨Kvyef;NcHvrf;)
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Nieety Digital Camera (1.3

Megapixels)
built- in 16 MB memory yg&Sdí Compress vkyfum
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½dkufcsufvnf; vkyfEkdifonf/ tu,fí resolution jrihf
jrifhwifxm;ygu 26 yHk txd ½dkuful;,lEkdifonf/
wefzdk;- 35,000
i-com ta&mif;qkdif

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Hot Picks 17" CRT DISPLAY E 72 ft sb
(view sonic)
PC twGuf 1280 x 1024 resolution ESifh Mac twGuf 1280 x
1024 resolution wlnDpGmay;xm;onf/ 17 vufr
t&G,ftpm;jzpfí viewable rSm 16 vufray;xm;onf/ Signal
connector rSm 15- pin mini D-sub jzpfí power conector rSm
3 pin plug (IEC 320) jzpfonf/ Ultra Brite enf;ynmudk
oHk;xm;ojzifh AD'D,dk*drf;ESifh
*&yfzpftoHk;cs
pepfrsm;twGuf
taumif;qHk;[k qkdEdkifonf/
HIGH CAPACITY MOBILE STOR-
wefzdk;- 145,000
AGE (SEAGATE) Fidonet ta&mif;qkdif
tusÐtdwfxJodkY tvG,fwul xnfh,loGm;Ekdifonf/ (247 (c)
USB 2.0 qufoG,fa&;BudK;jzifh toHk;jyKEkdifonf/ Adv
k cf sKyaf tmifqef;vrf;)
odkrSD;yrmP 5.0 GB &Sdonf/
wefzdk;- 180,000

Fancy Wrist Supports

Music PAD armufpfudk udkifwG,fí tcsdefjynfh
USB connection jzif h t oH k ; jyKaom Mouse Pad tvkyfvkyfae&olrsm;twGuf vufanmif;oufomap&ef
jzpfonf/ ¤if;wGif Speaker ESifh Microphone wdkYwGJvsuf vufaumuf0wfae&m wifxm;Ekdifaom
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toifhyg&Sdvmonf/ aqmhzf0JoD;jcm;rvkd plug-and-play vSvSyy yHkpHav;rsm;jzifh jyKvkyfxm;onf/
wyfqiftoHk;jyKí&onf/ wefzdk;- 8,500 wefzdk;- 2,500 rS 3,000 txd
Matrix Computer ta&mif;qkdif Matrix Computer ta&mif;qkdif
(68? vSn;f wef;vrf;? vrf;rawmf) (68? vSn;f wef;vrf;? vrf;rawmf)

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 MP 4 With Digital Camera
2 vufrcGJt&G,f TFT OLED Color Screen yg&Sdonf/
built in SD/MMC Card slot rsm;tjyif TV - output
ESifh Speaker wdkY yg0ifxm;onf/ 1.3 Megapixel
'pf*spfw,fuifr&mav;vJ wyfqifyg&Sd\/ Voice
Recording ESifh MP3 oDcsif;rsm; em;axmifEkdifonfhtjyif
em&D? jyu©'defESifh *drf;rsm; xnfhxm;Ekdifonf/
wefzdk;- 200,000
i-com ta&mif;qkdif
EPSON STYLUS
C 45 PRINTER
Optimized 2880 x 720 dpi
Speed - 12 ppm black text
- 5.4 ppm color text USB connection
wefzdk;- 60,000
Client Focus ta&mif;qkdif
(125 ? qdyu
f rf;omvrf;)

ASUS Graphic Card EAX

1800 XL
ATI rS 90 nanometer enf;ynmjzifh toHk;jyKxkwfvkyf
xm;onf/ Video Memory 256 MB DDR3 ESifh tm;jznfh
xm;í Engine Clock 500 MHz txd jr§ifhwifay; xm;onf/
ATI \ Native mode twdkif;PCIE x 16 Card jznhfxm;NyD;
x 16 tjynfh tvkyfvkyfEkdifonf/ Memory Interface udk 256
bit oHk;xm;\/ tvGefvsifjrefaom 512 bit ring bus memory
controller vnf; yg&Sdonf/ HDTV output DVI output rsm;
yg&Sdonf/ Windows Visa twGuf toifhapmifhaeonfh
Graphic Card [k nTef;qkdEkdifonf/ wefzdk;- 5odef;0ef;usif
Golden Power ta&mif;qkid f (72? vrf;opfvrf;? vrf;rawmf)

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Best Picks
EPSON STYLUS PHOTO
RX 360 PRINTER
Scan odkYr[kwf Print odkYr[kwf
rdwåLvkyfief;oHk;rsKd;vHk; oHk;Edkifonf/
Optimized 5760 x 1400 dip (ajcmufa&mif)
HP -Compaq-NX 8220 Notebook
Intel Centrino 1.G GHz Processor
Speed - 17 ppm black text
512 MB DDR RAM
- 16 ppm color text SD Card Reader
USB connection, 2400 dpi i Scanning 60 GH HDD , CD -RW& DVD (Combo)
uGefysLwmESifhwGJvsufjzpfap?uGefysLwmrygvQif Integrated Modem , NIC & Wireless LAN
jzpfap toHk;jyKEkdifonf/ wefzdk;- 430,000 15" WXGA LCD Display Wide Screen
wefzdk;- 1,565,000
KMD ta&mif;qdik f
(550-552? ukeo
f nfvrf;)

CONDLESS 2.4 GHZ PRESENTER

(LOGITECH)
Microsoft's Power
Point jzifh wifjyrI
AMD CP4 Sempron 3000 & rsm;wGif tqifajyajy
toHk;jyKEkdifonf/
Processor wifjyrIowfrw S cf sed u
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256 MB DDR RAM (400 MHz King more) csdefwG,fxm;Ekdifonfhtjyif
80 GB HDD , DVD Writer (Pioneer) wkefcgrI tcsufjypepfjzifh
AGP ATI / 9528 /256 MB / 8 x DDR (3D) TV out jyay;onf/ ay 50
15 SVGA Digital Monitor (Sony) tuGmta0;rS BudK;rJh
wefzdk; - 536,000 T-Land ta&mif;qkid f pepfjzifh xdef;csKyfjyo
( 002, Mac Tower ukefonfvrf;) ay;Ekdifonf/ avqm
ydGKifhwmjzifh jyoajymqkd
Edkifonf/ yDpDESifh wGJzuf
toHk;jyK&mü yHhydk;rIaqmhzf0J
oD;jcm;rvdkum plug and
play aqmif&GufEkdifonf/
wefzdk;- 110,000
Access Spectrum
ta&mif;qkid f (364/366
r[mAE¨Kvyef;NcHvrf;)

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 uGeyf sLwmtaxGaxG

1985 ckEpS wf iG M f icrosoft ukrP Ü rD S

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C O N T E N T

Early Year 130 Interview : Dave Robson (xerox) 138

0if;'kd;pf\ jzpfpOftusOf; 132 Charles Simonyi (xerox, Microsoft) 140
0if;'kd;pf\ tem*wftajctaersm; 150 Jim Cannavino (IBM) 144
Eric Hahni (Netscape) 147
Windows & DOS version rsm; 154
Larry Tesler (Apple) 148
Jin Allchin (Microsoft) 152

uGefysLwm*sme,f Zefe0g&Dv? 2006 ckESpf 129

 uGeyf sLwmtaxGaxG

1985 ckEpS u
f Bill
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130 uGefysLwm*sme,f Zefe0g&Dv? 2006 ckESpf


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DAVE ROBSON XEORX VETERAN,

WORKED ON XEROX PARC'S SMALLTALK

1974 ckESpfwGif Dave Robson onf aEG&moDtvkyfoiftjzpfeJY Xerox PARC

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CHARLES SIMONYI
FORMER XEROX PARC, MICROSOFT EMPLOYEE
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TOP 10 GAMES OF 2005
1.R ESIDENT EVIL 4 (GC) 9.6 SUPERB
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179
 ART OF GAME
2. C IVILIZATION IV (PC) 9.4 SUPERB
RELEASE DATE :OCT 25,2005
GENRE : HISTORIC TURN-BASED STRATEGY
REF: AUG,DEC AOG wGif azmfjyNy;D
tu,fí oif[m r,Hk
Edkifp&m pGJvrf;zG,faumif;wJh
Civilization strategy pD;&D;
&JU y&dowfjzpf&if tckzwf
aewmudk&yfNyD; Civ IV udk
tjrefoGm;0,fvkdufyg/ Civ
IV rSm tEÅ&m,fBuD;avmuf
atmif tusifhjzpfapaom
AsL[myHkpH rsufESmpmwkdif;
twGuf BuD;rm;aom ajymif;
vJrIrsm;ESifh aygif;xnfhrIrsm;
jyKvk y f x m;ygw,f / Sid
Meier eJY olY&JU uRrf;usifrI
Z&SdvSaomtzGJYudk wpfurÇm
vHk; ausmfMum;apcJhwJh *drf;
&JU rsufESmpmawGu wkdufyGJ
rsm;? oHwrefa&;? okaw
oexkwfvkyfrIrSonf tm
umo,mOfvw T w
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axGjym;wJh? pGJapwJh game-
180
play u rcsifhr&J jzpfp&m
"just one more turn" vdkY
oifhudk aoG;aqmifygvdrhf
r,f / tajccH t m;jzif h
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wpfcw k nf;aom Civ *dr;f udk
yJ trsm;BuD; wkd;jr§ifhjyKjyif
xm;wJh version jzpfygw,f/
oif[mCiv *dr;f awGeYJ &if;ES;D
uRrf ; 0if N yD ; om;jzpf & if 'D
tpOf t vm turn-based
strategy games rSm urÇmh
Ek d i f i H a wG & J U acgif ; aqmif
tjzpf (tdE´d,? *E¨D? a&mr&JU
*sL;vd,ufqZD mponfuo hJ Ykd)
upm;&rSmjzpfaMumif; odyg
vd r h f r ,f / oif h & J U wpf O D ;
wnf;aom tajccsaexkdif
ol settler unit jzifh yxr
qHk; NrdKUawmf xlaxmifí
tvSnfhvdkuf oifyHkazmfvdk
uGefysLwm*sme,f Zefe0g&Dv? 2006 ckESpf
onfh tqifhjrifh vlrItodkif;
t0dkif;jzpfatmif vkyf&rSmjzpf
ygw,f/ Stone age rSpNyD;
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tEkdif&zdkYtwGuf EkdifiHawG
tm;vH;k odr;f ydu
k jf cif;? tqifh
jrifh enf;ynmrsm; okaw
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tqift h jrifq
h ;kH vlr0I ef;usif
zefwD;jcif;rsm;ponfuJhodkY
enf; rsm;pGm &Sdygw,f/ 'D
3. N INJA GAIDEN BLACK (XBOX)9.4 SUPERB
RELEASE DATE: SEP 20, 2005
GENRE: FANTASY ACTION ADVENTURE
REF: SEP AOG wGiaf zmfjyNy;D
Ninja Gaiden u Ryu
Hayabusa qdw
k hJ i,f&,
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f hJ
eif * smav;wpf a ,muf & J U
Zmwfvrf;jzpfygw,f/ olY&JU
eif*smtzGJYclan wpfckvHk; acs
rIef;okwfoifcH&NyD;aemuf ckd;
,l c H & wJ h Dark Dragon
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xm;jcif;cH&ol jzpfygw,f/
olY&UJ c&D;vrf;rSm ydwq
f Ykdwm;
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rm;vSwJh tonf;,m;p&m
wGm;oGm;tif;qufawG? crf;
em;wJh a&S;a[mif;e*g;? qef;
Mu,fwJh *dkPf;acgif;aqmif
Ryu eJY ajratmufavmu
axGjym;jrm;ajrmifrIawGuyJ
Civ IV udk t&ifuvdk pdk;&drf
p&maumif;avmufatmif pGJ
apwwfwJh t&nftaoG;ukd
ay;wm jzpfygw,f/ tBuD;
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aumif;rGefapjcif;jzifh ,lepf
awG pGwfxkwfjcif;tpm; AsL
[mudk ydkí tav;ay;vmyg
w,f/ Civ IV [m tjcm;
Civ *drf;awGvdk aumif;½HkrQ
r[kwfbJ ydkí aumif;vmyg
ao;w,f/ vIyf&Sm;ouf0if
wJh 3D urÇmutpaygh/
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0ifygw,f/ Ryu &JU &efol
awGu ZmwfaumifyHkpH yDjyif
pG m jzif h touf y gvS o vk d
tEÅ&m,fBuD;pGmjzifh yg;eyf
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upm;&ygw,f/ ESpfvkdMunf
El;zG,f tqef;wMu,f fan-
tasy level tcef ; pOf e J Y
ZmwfaMumif;uvG J & if a ygh /
tcgrsm;pGmrSm &Sifoefusef
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avsmufwYkH jyefrI reflexes udk
ynmom;ygwJh a&TUuGufeJY
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4. BATTLE FIELD 2 (PC) 9.3 SUPERB
RELEASE DATE: JUN 21, 2005
GENRE: MODERN TACTICAL SHOOTER
REF: AUG AOG wGiaf zmfjyNy;D
'D*drf;pD;&D;&JU multi-
player FPS vdkif;rSm tqifh
twef; ckdifcdkifrmrm&SdrIudk
Battlefield 1942 ck E S p f
uwnf;u uReaf wmfwYdk od&dS
cJhNyD; jzpfygw,f/ tck BF2
158
rSomjzpfygvdrrhf ,f/ Drama
jzpfwJh Zmwfvrf;wpfyk'frSm
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jzifh 0ifyg&wJh cHpm;rIrsKd;
BudKufolawGtwGuf? ½kyf&Sif
Zmwfvrf;wpfyk'fvdk cHpm;vkd
olawGtwGuf olwYkd &mS azGae
wJh *drf;yJ jzpfygvdrhfr,f/
NES acwfuwnf;u *E¦0if
2D Ninja Ryukenden &JU
pGJrufzG,f arSmftaiGYtouf
yg&SdaeqJygyJ/
uawmh t&ifpD;&D;vdk 'kwd,
urÇ m ppf t pm; acwf o pf
umvudk tajcwnfxm;vdkY
acwfay:vufeufawG? ,mOf
awGeJY tar&duef? w½kwf?
pdwu
f ;l ,Ofta&SUtv,fyikd ;f
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upm;&ygw,f/ BuD;rm;vS
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aMumif; ,mOfawGarmif;ESif
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Commander atmuf r S m ?
squad awGzGJYpnf;? squad
wpfcck si;f pDrmS squad leader
awG cefYtyf tqifhqifh uGyf
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ppfwyfzYJGpnf;yHt k wkid ;f upm;
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tif*sief , D mponfjzifh trsK;d
5. G OD OF WAR (PS2) 9.3 SUPERB
Release Date: Mar 22,2005
Genre: Fantasy Action Adventure
Ref: Aug AOG wGiaf zmfjyNy;D
xif&Sm;ay:vGifNyD; tm;
aumif;wJh p½dkufvu©Pmyg
aom [D;½dk;Zmwfaumif? ½kyf
&Sifqefqef aemufcHZmwf
vrf; tjzpftysuf? theme
wpfcck yk gwJh aemufc0H ef;usif
ART OF GAME
tpm;awG v nf ; cG J x m;yg
ao;w,f/ Commander u
ajryHkudkMunfhí udk,fhtzGJY
om;awGqD avxD;jzifh sup-
ply awGcsay;wm &efoludk
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awG vkyfEkdifygw,f/ oGm;
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ships , F-15 eJY MiG 29
wduk af v,mOf? M1 H1 eJY T-
90 wifhum;awGjzpfygw,f/
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aumif ; rG e f w J h *d r f ; jzpf y g
w,f/ 'guvnf; *drf;jyK
vkyfay;olawG wwfEkdiforQ
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apzkdY vdktyfwJh usefwpf0uf
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tzGYJ vudk f yl;aygif;vkyaf qmif
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r[kwf/ tJ'DtcsufjynfhpHk&if
awmh BF2 u epfarsmauseyf
p&m gaming tawGUtBuHK
udk ay;ygvdrhfr,f/
taiGYtoufwdkYjzifh God of
war [m Game Cube ay:u
Resident Evil 4, Xbox
ay:u Ninja Gaiden Black
wdkYuJhodkY PS2 ay:u wef;
jrif h Z mwf v rf ; yg Action
181
 ART OF GAME
Adventure *drf; jzpf yg
w,f/ a&S;a[mif;tHhzG,f *&d
acwfukd aemufcu H m;csyjf yKí
aoG;a&mifvTrf;aom? pwkdif
[efyefusaom? tqifhjrifh
aom wkdufyGJESifh pdefac:rI&Sd
aom ya[Vdrsm;jzifh zGJYpnf;
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ygvdrfhr,f/ oifh&JU Zmwf
vkduf kratas u tdkvHywf
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qD;zdkYqkdwm qef;Mu,fwJh
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jzpfEkdifygvdrhfr,f/ tJ'Dvuf
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action a&m puzzle yg &if
qkdifajz&Sif;&NyD; aemufqHk;
ppfewf Ares udk,fwkdifeJY
wku d cf u dk &f rSmyg/ *dr;f u aysmf
&T i f z G , f a umif ; ayrJ h rnf ;
arSmif npfax;rI? raumif;rI
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awmif;yef&Smygw,f/ a[;
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a&mufatmifoGm;rS jzpfr,f
av/
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waumif;av; 'kef;ceJ oHk;
av;csuf c gNyD ; jyKwf u s
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uav;/ oifu h bkd ,favmuf INTERNATIONAL (PS2) 9.3 SUPERB
xd rcsifhr&Jjzpfapr,fqkdwm RELEASE DATE: FEB 1, 2005
tquf t pyf e J Y Munf h N yD ; GENRE: SOUER SIM
upm;Munfhygvm;/ Winning Eleven 8 Winning Eleven 8 rSmawmh
qdkwm ,aeYxd taumif; yxrqH;k tBudrt f jzpf uvyf
qHk;aom abmvHk;*drf;ygyJ/ toif;awG&JU w&m;0if vkdif
Konami &J U Winning pifcs oH;k pGcJ iG yhf gvmNyD; Xbox
Eleven pD;&D;[m tjcm;rsm; ay:odkYvnf; a&muf&Sdvmyg
pGmaom sport *drf;awGrSmvdk w,f/ Oa&myrSmawmh Pro
wpf o m;wnf ; yg0if a eus Evolution Soccer 4 vdkY
w&m;0if vkdifpifcsxm;rIeJY jzefYa0wJh 'D*drf;rSm uGif;wGif;
wifqufjyorIawG b,fwek ;f eJY uGif;jyify xl;xl;uJuJudk
urQ ryg0ifcJhbl;/ r<um;0g wdk;jr§ifhjyKjyifxm;ygw,f/
EkdifcJhbl;/ 'D*drf;pD;&D;&JU *kPf t&if Winning Eleven *dr;f
yk'uf olY&UJ ppfreS o f bm0us awGeJY &if;EDS;onf jzpfap?
vSwJh gameplay tay:yJ r&if;ESD;onf jzpfap Win-
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 ART OF GAME

prf;Munfhp&m? tHhtm;oifh ayrJh olu vlom;rQom jzpf

p&m euf½dIif;wJh trainning
mode jzpf y gw,f / b,f
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r,HEk idk pf &m ppfreS o
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oifu avcRefcsdefrSm tjcm;
wpfa,mufu usdefqJrdae
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orm;rsm;vdkyJ 'dkifvlBuD;u
BuD;rm;wJh ÓPf&nfwk jyo
wmaMumif h tcsd e f e J Y trQ
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Eleven *dr;f awG ae&mwum
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7. F.E.A.R (PC) 9.1 S UPERB

RELEASE DATE: OCT 17,2005
GENRE : MODERN FIRST PERSON SHOOTER
F.E.A.R Vinvendi
Universal Games eJY de-
veloper Monolith wdkYxHrS
jrifrh m;pGm arQmv f ifah pmifph m;cJh
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w,f/ t&ifb,f*rd ;f rSmrS r&Sd
cJhzl;wJh ½dkif;pdkif; Murf;wrf;
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cdkuf&wJh tm½Hkudk zrf;qkyf
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w,f/ 'DESpftwGif; *drf;awG
xJ rSm tjyif;xefq;kH jzpfovkd
acsmufcsm; aoG;ysufp&m
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taMumif;ajym&wm pdeaf c:rI
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taMumif;udk ajymEdik zf Ydk jzpfyg
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tzGifh½kyf&SifrSm &Sif;jyxm;
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8. G RAND THEFT AUTO:SAN ANDREAS(PC)
RELEASE DATE: JUN 7,2005
GENRE: MODERN ACTION ADVENTURE
GTA pD ; &D ; &J U ,ck
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160 uGefysLwm*sme,f Zefe0g&Dv? 2006 ckESpf 183

 ART OF GAME
dreas jynfe,f[m NrdKUBuD;
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Every Flavor Beans yJaph
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uGefysLwm*sme,f Zefe0g&Dv? 2006 ckESpf 175

167
 ART OF GAME

Gameplay : 8 Knights of the Old Re-

Graphics : 9 public *drf; awG rSm ukd,fh
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Till : 9 aumifp½kduf zGHUNzdK;rI? pGrf;
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169
 ART OF GAME
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"Save for Web" udk file menu rS qGcJ sí a&G;cs,yf g/ box udk ppfaq;í
rdrjd yKvyk ,
f al om transparency udk owfrSwfae&mwGifcsxm;í save vkyyf g/
182 uGefysLwm*sme,f Zefe0g&Dv? 2006 ckESpf
"Transparency" udk xnfhoGif;&mwGif Photoshop
odkYr[kwf Fireworks jzifh Layer ac: tvTmvkdufwifxm;
onfh image t&if;tjrpfay:wGifjzpfap? pre-existing GIF
files uJhodkYaom flat format ay:wGifjzpfap rlwnfí t&nf
taoG; wnf&SdrIudk jrifawGYEkdifonf/ odkYtwGuf tqkdyg
taMumif;&if;ESpcf suEf iS hf qufpyfyt
kH aMumif;udk avhvm,l&rnf
jzpf\/
Preserving Transparency in Layered Images
tu,fí Layered image wpfckudk pwifaqmif&Guf
awmhrnfqydk gu rdrd w d iG f tqdyk g xk;d azmufjrif&onfh oP²mef
jyKvkyfrnfhae&m twdtusxm;&SdNyD; jzpfae&ygrnf/ (Pho-
toshop wGifjzpfap? Fireworks wGifjzpfap no-brainer jzpf
jcif;aMumifh cJa&mifESifh tjzLa&mifuGufwkdYjzifh jyoxm;aom
ae&mwpfckwGif jyKvkyf&ef rdrdu pDpOf&onf/)
xkd tools ESpfckvHk;wGif "Save for Web" (Photoshop)
odkYr[kwf "Optimize" (Fireworks) palette rS Transpa-
Fireworks 3 wGif
Transparency qGJcs menu rS Optimize palette udk toHk;cs
í "Index Transparency" udk
a&G;cs,fvkyfudkifyg/
 uGeyf sLwmoifcef;pm
rency udk a&G;cs,f,laomtcg Figure 14-11 wGif jrifawGY uRrf;usiaf om 'DZidk ef mrsm;yif toH;k rjyKMuao;ay/ odYktwGuf
&onfhtwkdif; aemufqHk;&Sdaeonf GIF xJü xdk;azmufjrif& index transparency ESihf ywfoufí tajccHtqifah vmufom
onfh yHpk jH yKvkyrf nfah e&mtwGi;f rS *&yfzpftvTmtwkid ;f wnf ,cktcef;wGif wifjyjcif;jzpf\/
&Sdaeygrnf/ Tools ESpfckvHk;onf "Matte" color wpfckudk
tao;pdwfazmfjycGifhjyKxm;\/ xkd color jzifh transparent
Adding Transparency to a flattened Image
{&d,m&Sd rdrt d vk&d adS om yH&k yd u
f kd jyKvkyaf y;ygvdrrfh nf/ (tu,f
Photoshop ESifh Fireworks twGif; transparents
í GIF transparency rS a&G;cs,fxm;NyD; rjzpfygu xdkodkY
vkyfief;rsm;udk vuf&Sd file wpfckwGif jyKvkyfolwkdYtwGuf
jyKvkyf&efudk nTef;qdkjcif;jzpfonf/)
tm;&p&m tcsufwpfcsufrmS flattened image pwifvyk u f ikd f
xm;&SEd idk jf cif; owif;yifjzpfonf/ tm;r&p&mowif;rSm rlv
Index Versus Alpha Transparency
image \ t&nftaoG;nHHhzsif;aeygu tqdkyg vkyfief;pOf
Image wpfckwGif transparency xnfhoGif;jcif;ESifhywf
twGuf jyóemjzpfEikd jf cif;yif jzpf\/ tu,fí image onf
oufí t½dk;ajzmifhqHk; enf;vrf;rSm "index tansparency"
aemufcHta&mifudk flattened vkyfxm;cJhvQif transparent
udk toHk;csvkyfudkifjcif;yifjzpfonf/ ¤if;enf;vrf;\ yHkpHwGif
vkyx f m;NyD; yH&k yd t
f m; ppfaq;Munf½h pI Of yH&k yd \f ab;ywfvnf
color table ay:rS pixel wpfckudk ae&mcsxm;í transpar-
wGif trsKd;rsKd;aom color pixels rsm;\ uvem;rsm;jzifh
ent jzpfay:aponf/ eyedropper tool wpfckjzifh ta&mif
&Sdaewwfonf/ tqkdyg tajctaeudk "halo" wpfck[k
wpfckudk a&G;cs,fNyD; vkyf&onf/
ac:qdkonf/ aemufvmrnfh tcef;wGif xdkudpu ö dk tao;pdwf
Photoshop rS "Alpha transparency" trnf&Sd acwfrD
azmfjy &Sif;vif;jyoay;ygrnf/
aom enf;pepfjzifh yHyh ;kd í vkyaf qmifciG ahf y;xm;onf/ Docu-
wpfcsdefwnf;rSmyif Web page \ aemufcHyHkpHjzifh vkduf
ment \ oD;jcm; channel (alpha channel) wGif GIF wpfck
zufnaD prnfh GIF \ ta&mifjynfah emufcw H iG f taumif;qH;k
\ transparent {&d,mtwGuf yHck sZ,m;tjzpf odr;f qnf;ap
jzpfapEdkifaom flattened image wpfckodkY transparency
aom enf;vrf;jzpfonf/ Alpha channel wGif&Sd pixels
xnfhMunfhMuygpdkY/
teufa&mifrsm;jzifh jyoay;aom {&d,mrsm;wGif ¤if;wkdY\
rdrd page \ aemufcHtpdrf;a&mifjzifh vdkufavsmnDaxG
pixel colors rsm;ESifh jyoay;\/ teufa&mifay:wGif tjzL
jzpfaprnfh tpdrf;a&mifjznfhwif;xm;onfh GIF file wpfck&&Sd
a&mif pixels rsm;jzihf xm;odkjyKvkyf,lEkdifonf/
xm;NyD[k rSwf,lvdkufonf/ odkYaomf ,ckwpfzef tEkpdwf
Photoshop \ channel palette twGif;&Sd alpha
usus tkw<f uyfypkH w H pfcok Ykd tpdr;f a&mifjynfh aemufcBH uD;tm;
channel udkwnf;jzwf,ljcif;jzifh vkyfudkifaqmif&Gufaeaom
ajymif;vdkufum <u<u&G&Gav;zefwD;&ef qHk;jzwfjyefygonf/
image twGif; transparency ta&mifwifjc,frIudk vkyfEkdif
xkdtcg Figure 14-12 yHktwkdif; rlvzefwD;xm;aom pat-
onf/ atmufwGif jyoxm;aomyHkpHtwdkif; image twGif;rS
tern ay:wGif av;axmifhyHkoP²mef tpdrf;a&mifuGufBuD;
rlydkifta&mifrsm;ESifh rywfoufapay/
½kwfw&uf <uwufvmygvdrhfrnf/
Alpha channel wpfckESifh uRrf;usifpGm wdkuf½dkufaqmif
&Guf jyKjyifxm;aom transparency onf acwfrDvSí tcsKdU
flat GIF udk tay:qHk;wGifwifxm;í aemufcHESifhvkdufzufrnDpGm
awGU&onfhtcg ¤if;udk flat green area rsm;jzihf yHkwGifjyoonfh
twdkif; xdk;azmufjrifEkdifapaom yHkpHjzifh jyKjyif,lEkdifonf/

uGefysLwm*sme,f Zefe0g&Dv? 2006 ckESpf 183

 uGeyf sLwmoifcef;pm
In Adobe Photoshop 4 (a higher)
Solid pixel colors rsm;udk Photoshop wGif trans-
parent odkYajymif;&ef wpfckwnf;aomenf;vrf;rSm Export
GIF 89a Export vkyaf qmifcsujf zifh Figure 14-13 yHp
kt
H wkid ;f
toHk;cs,lEkdifonf/
transparent pixels ygaom (Figure 14-11) rlv im-
age udk "Save for web" jzifh vkyfaqmif&ef vdktyfonf/
"Save for web" option udk tusKd;&SdpGm toHk;csvdkvQif rdrd
taejzifh flattened image udk document topfwpfcktjzpf
rdwåLzefwD;NyD; Magic Wand udk toHk;csjcif;jzifh pixels
rsm;udk select vkyfum delete vkyf,lvkduf&onf/ xkdtcg
rdrd image onf transparent pixels rsm;ESifhtwl toihf
&SdoGm;vdrhfrnf/

Figure 14-13
Color transparent udk Photoshop toH;k csí vkyu
f ikd yf kH

1 image udkzGifhí indexed color

tqifhr&SdvQif indexed color jzpf
atmifajymif;,lyg/ xdkYaemuf Export
GIF 89a Export udk file menu
wGif csa&G;vku
d yf g/

2 rdrv
d t dk yfaom ta&mif a&G;cs,rf t
I wGuf
eyedropper ud k toH k ; csa&G ; ,l y g/
a&G;cs,frIjyKpOf Shift cvkwfudk ESdyf
xm;NyD; transparency twGuf
multiple colors rsm;tm; a&G;cs,f
yg/ Transparency Index Color
ESifh rdrd,lxm;aom ta&mifrsm;&Sdonfh
pixels rsm;onf click vkyfvkdufonf
ESihf tqifjh ynfoh mG ;onf/ rnfonfh im-
age {&d,mtm; transparent vkyf
vkdonfudk nTefjyay;yg/ ¤if;udkvnf;
a&G;cs,fxm;onfh yHkpHtwkdif; jznfhay;
ygvrd rhf nf/

184 uGefysLwm*sme,f Zefe0g&Dv? 2006 ckESpf

 uGeyf sLwmoifcef;pm
In Macromedia Fireworks 3
Fireworks ü Optimize palette udk toHk;csí Figure 14-14 wGif jrifawGY&onfhtwkdif; flattened graphic transpar-
ent wpfckudk vkyf,lEkdifonf/

Figure 14-14
wGif flat graphic wpfckudk transparency xnfhoGif;yHk
Fireworks
1 yxrqHk;vkyfukdifrnfh graphic yHkpHukdzGifhyg/ Transparency qGJcs
menu rS Index Transparency udk a&G;í Optimize pal- 2 "Set Transparency " eyedropper tool
ette udk toHk;jyKyg/ udkoHk;í rdrd xdk;azmufjrifvkdaom ta&mifa&G;
cs,frIudk &,lyg/

3 tydkaqmif; colors transparent jyKvkyf&ef "Add to

Transparency" eyedropper udkoHk;yg/ tqdkyg trans-
parent color ukd xkd;azmufrjrifap&ef xyfrH ajymif;,l
&mwGif "Subtract from Transparency " eye-
dropper udkoHk;yg/

4 tm;vHk;NyD;pD;oGm;aomtcg tqkdyg graphic tm; (File

Export) tjyifodkY qGJxkwf,lyg/

Avoid Halos
Transparent graphic wpfckudkMunfhvkdufwkdif; uvem; EIwfcrf;rsm;wGif rnDrnmta&mifzGmrIrsm; jrifawGY&wwfonf/
¤if;udk halo [k ac:qkd\/ odkYaomf ¤if;wdkYudk azsmufzsufypf&efrSm vG,fulygonf/ Web graphic tools udk toHk;csjcif;
jzifhyif vkyfudkifEkdifonf/

Figure 14-15
T ransparent image \ EIwfcrf;
om;rsm;wGif zGmvefí ta&mifrsm;jym;
aerIonf Halos rsm;yif jzpfonf/
anti-aliased edge rsm;aMumif h
¤if;wkdY ay:aygufvm&jcif; jzpf\/
atmufcHta&mifESifh tay:a&mif
a&maxG;aeonf/ Hard edge rsm;wGi&f o
dS nfh ta&miftaoG;rsm; tMum;wGirf l text
ESifh images rsm;twGuf Halos rsm; r&SdEkdifay/

uGefysLwm*sme,f Zefe0g&Dv? 2006 ckESpf 185

 uGeyf sLwmoifcef;pm
Halo rsm;onf aliased edges ac: EIwfcrf;tm; udk,f Figure 17-16(b)
pm;jyKrI txufESifh atmufcHrsm; vkaejcif;aMumifhjzpfonf/ Fireworks 3 wGif
Figure 14-15 wGif jrifawGY&onft
h wkid ;f anti-aliased edge Matte Option ud k Optimize palette rS &Ek d i f o nf / Palette

wpfck\ transparent onf tEkpdwfjrifuGif;wGif ay:vGifae ay:xu

G f click vkyíf rdrad &G;cs,v
f adk om ta&mifukd aumuf,yl g/
aponf/ odkYtwGuf transparency \ tusKd;oufa&mufrI
udk tjynfht0 r&&SdEkdifjzpf&onf/
Halos rsm; aysmufysufap&ef enf;vrf;wpfckrSm anti-
aliased edge udk toH;k jyK&onf/ aliased images wdi k ;f onf
hard edge wpfck&SdaomaMumifh jzpf\/ wpfcgwpf&H tpGef;
tyJhav;rsm;ESifh txpftxpfav;rsm;awmh awGU&wwfonf/
rnfodkYyifjzpfap Layered vkyfxm;onfh Photoshop -a&G;xm;NyD; Matte color ESifh
file twGufaomfvnf;aumif;? Fireworks file twGufaomf twl jrifawGY&aom layer
Results
vnf;aumif; halos rsm;udk umuG,frIjyK&rnfjzpf\/ rdrd graphic
nTef;qdkaom Matte color ESifh
images rsm;wGif surround pixels vif;aom transparent anti- aliased edges rsm; a&maxG;
layers rsm; jzpfaeaprnf/ aeonf/ page ay:odkY wifvkdufaom
rdrdonf Photoshop 5.5 odkYr[kwf Fireworks 3 ESifh tcg tqkdyg qufpyfaeaom
taMumif;t&mrsm;aysmufomG ;apygvrd fh
vkyfudkifaeygu halo rsm;ukd umuG,f&ef taumif;qHk;enf; rnf/
vrf;rSm Matte color rS ta&mifwlzdkY csdefnd§,ljcif;yifjzpf
onf/ yHkpHudk Figure 14-16 wGif jrifawGYEdkifonf/ GIF file -rdrd page ay:wGif ay:vmaomtcg
jrifawGY&rnfh Transparent GIF
tm; transparency ESit hf wl export vky,
f vl adk omtcg anti-
aliased edges rsm;onf rdrd image wGif aemufcHta&mifESifh
Figure 17-16(a) a&maESmoGm;apum Halo rsm;aysmufoGm;ygvdrhfrnf/
Halos rsm; tumtuG,fjyK&ef Matte feature tm;toHk;jyKyHk tu,fí rdrdonf Photoshop odkY JASC Paint Shop
Photoshop 5.5 wGif Pro ta[mif; version rsm;udk toHk;jyKaecJhygu layer opf
File menu rS "Save for Web" udk a&G;cs,fí ta&mif aumuf,l&ef wpfckjzifh jyKjyifvkyfaqmif,l&rnf/ rdrd page \ aemufcH
Matte udk cs,lyg/ rdrd web page rS aemufcH ta&mifudk nTef;qdkEkdifonf/
ta&mifEiS jhf znf,
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k akd tmuf
rS cHay;vkdufjcif;jzpf\/ image onf flattened jzpfaeaom
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xm;ouJhodkY oufqkdifonfh aemufcHta&mifESifha&mvsufjzpf
oGm;ygvdrhfrnf/ xkdYaemuf expent vkyfpOftwGif; aemufcH
ta&mifudk transparent jzpfap&ef a&G;cs,fvkduf½Hkomjzpf
onf/ þenf;jzifh halo jyóem &Sif;oGm;apygonf/

Preventing Unwaned Transparency

tcsKdUaom tajctaersm;wGif rdrd image \ ywfvnf
tpGef; uvem;rsm;&Sdaeonfudk awGYae&wwfonf/ xdktcg
rdrt
d aejzifh eyedropper tool wpfcu
k kd toH;k cscJv
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tajctaersm; aysmufoGm;ygvdrhfrnf/
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taMumif;rSm Matte feature onf rdrdqdkvdkaom tjzLa&mif

186 uGefysLwm*sme,f Zefe0g&Dv? 2006 ckESpf

 uGeyf sLwmoifcef;pm

tjzLa&mif wd;k vQK;d ayguyf pkH jH zifh jyKvyk &f ef eye-

dropper wpfcuk dk
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function r&SdcJhygu ½kd;&Sif;pGmjzifh image twGif;rS
layer opf w pf c k u d k zef w D ; tjzLa&miftm;vHk;
vduk yf g/ image aemufu, G w f iG f onfvnf; trans-
zefwD;,l&rnf/ tqkdyg layer \ parent jzpf o G m ;
ta&mifonf rdrd web page \ vdrrhf nf/
aemufcHta&mif jzpfap&rnf/
GIF wpfckudk zefqif;&ef im-
age udk udik w
f ,
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toHk;jyKaeMuNyDjzpfonf/
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Figure 17-19
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age \ tjyifbufay:wGif ta&mif
rSwpf k a&G;cs,f&ef Magic Word udkoHk;yg/
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jzifh csdefnd§xm;&ef ta&;BuD;onf/ xdkYaemuf aliased taejzifh tjzLodkYajymif;oGm;onfh
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uGefysLwm*sme,f Zefe0g&Dv? 2006 ckESpf 187

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Listing 2.15 Illustrate the class implementation of an
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1. class interface {
2. public static void main (String orgs [ ] ) {
3. developement obj = new developement ( );
4. System.out. print In ("Output"); / / create an object
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5.obj.show ( ) ; / / call and use in show ( ) function
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15. {System. Out. printIn ("Show ( ) method is in-
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18. }
----------------------------------------------------------------------
output
show ( ) method is invoked.
get ( ) method is invoked.
----------------------------------------------------------------------
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f idk yf J avhvmMunfyh g/ void show
( ) method eJY oabmw&m; twlwy l jJ zpfwmaMumifh em;vnf
oGm;ygvdrfhr,f/
NOTE: pmzwfol[m C + + & VC + + e,fy,fuvmcJhwJh
oltzkdYawmh Inheritance &JU oabmw&m;eJY EdIif;,SOfNyD;
avhvmEkdif&if tcuftcJvJ r&Sdygbl;/ 'gayrJh C Program-
ming e,fy,fuvmwJh struct oabmw&m;? union &JU
oabmw&m;wdkYeJY EdIif;,SOfNyD; xyfwlxyfrQ wlnDEdkifw,f
qkdwmudk awG;ac:rdrSmyg/ c programming language &JU
struct oabmw&m;eJY qifwlw,f/ data group awG zGJYpnf;
ay;EkdifrIudk avhvmEkdifatmif Listing 2.16 taeeJY avhvm
Munfhyg/ oifMum;ydkYcsay;xm;ygw,f/
Listing 2.16 Declaring variables and data item
1. interface data variable {
2.int a = 1;
3. int b = 2; }
4. class inter implements dataVariable {
5. public static void main (String args [ ]) {
6. System.Out. printIn ("Output");
7. System. Out. printIn ("The value of a is :" + a); //
The value of a is :1
8. System.Out. printIn ("The value of b is :"+ b); //
The value of b is: 2
9. }
10. }
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Output
The value of a is :1
The value of b is :2
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Analysis
1/ Listing 2.16 u program [m odyt f axGtxl; r&Syd g
bl;/ C programming language u struct qkdwJh oabm
w&m;eJY qifwlygw,fqdkwmudk &Sif;jyzkdYtwGuf a&;om;ydkYcs
ay;xm;wmyg/ data type awGeJY toHk;jyKNyD;awmh variables
awGudk aMunmygw,f/ tJ'D variables awGrSm wefzdk; value
awGudkyg udef;aoxnfhoGif; aMunmay;xm;ygw,/f 'gawG
[m interface taeeJY zefwD;xm;cJhwmygyJ/
201
 uGeyf sLwmoifcef;pm
2/ vkdif;eHygwf (4) rSm inter qdkwJh class udk zefwD;,lyg
w,f/ tJ'D implements vkyfxm;wJh inter qdkwJh class [m
tay:u interface udk implements vkyfxm;jcif;ygyJ/ tJ'D
aemuf main ( ) function udak &;zGYJ w,f/ tJ'D main ( )func-
tion xJrmS wifyJ Output statements awGukd ½duk x
f w
k x
f m;wm
yg/ 'D program [m C programming language &JU Struct
&JU oabmw&m;eJY wlnDEkdifwJhoabmw&m;udk em;vnf
oabmaygufoGm;Ekdifatmif a&;om;ydkYcsay;xm;wmyg/ 'gqdk
&if tajccH interface &JU zGJYpnf;wnfaqmufyHk implements
taeeJY zefwD;&,lyHkudk em;vnfoGm;&if a&SUrSm b,fvkdrsKd;
toH;k 0if toH;k jyKEkid rf ,fqw
dk mukd avhvmMu&atmif/ 'Dawmh
Class Declaration keywords awGeJY ywfoufwJh tcsuf
tvufawGukd Table 2.8 taeeJY a&;om;ydYk csay;xm;ygw,f/
avhvmvkdufMu&atmif/
'D Table 2.8 [m class Declarations t& Declare
vkyfEdkifwJh keyword awGygyJ/ 'Dawmh 'D class keyword
awGukd wpfcck si;f pD oD;oefYavhvmMunfMh u&atmif/ atmufrmS
&Sif;jyxm;ygw,f/ aoaocsmcsmavhvmMunfhyg/
Table 2.8 keyword and usage of the class Dec-
larations In JAVA language
JAV
public keyword By default , a class can be used by
other classes in the same package.
The public modifier declares that
the class can be used by any class
regardless of its package.
Abstract Declares that the class can not be
keyword instantiated.
Final keyword Declares that the class can not be
sub- classed.
Class keyword The class keyword indicates to the
compiler that this is a class declar-
ation and that the name of the
class is Name - Of- Class.
extends super The extends clause identifies
super as the super -class of the
class, there by inserting the class
within the class herarchy.
implements The declare that your class
interfaces implements one or more inter
face, use the keyword imple-
ments followed by a comma -
delimited List of the names of
the interface implements by the
class.
202 uGefysLwm*sme,f Zefe0g&Dv? 2006 ckESpf
public keyword
'D public keyword taMumif;udk ta&SUydkif;rSm oD;oefY
oifMum;ydkYcsay;cJhygNyD/ oabmw&m;[m omref variable
Declaration vkyfwJh oabmw&m;eJY qifwlygw,f/ class
wpfckrSm public keyword udk toHk;jyKcJh&if tjcm; wpfae&m
uaeNyD;awmhrS Access vkycf iG hf xyfrjH yKjyifNyD; modifier vkyf
cGi&hf ydS gw,f/ tJ'D Class udk toH;k jyKxm;wJh package twGi;f
rSm vkdtyfovdk toHk;csEkdifcGifh&Sdjcif;[mvnf; public key-
word &JU oabmw&m;ygyJ/ ta&SUrSm keyword awG&JU
oabmw&m;awGukd &Si;f jycJyh ekH YJ qifww
l maMumifh tao;pdwf
&Si;f rjyawmhwmygyJ/ 'Dawmh public keyword eJY ywfoufNyD;
awmh 'DvdkrSwfxm;Mu&atmifvm;/ public keyword is
Declare, that class is can be used in any other class
in the same package and modifier that class can be
used vdkY tvG,frSwfMuwmayghaemf/ uJ 'Dawmh qufvufNyD;
final keyword taMumif;udk qufvufavhvmMu&atmif/
Final keyword
Final keyword udk toHk;jyK Declare vkyfNyDqdkwmeJY
tjcm; Class wpfckuaeNyD;awmh can not be overridden
ayghaemf/ toHk;cscGifhr&Sdbl;vdkYbJ tvG,frSwfxm;Mu&atmif/
Abstract Keyword
Abstract keyword &JU oabmw&m;udkawmh that key-
words and use, that the class can not be instantiated
vdkYyJ tvG,frSwfxm;Mu&atmifyg/
Class keyword
Class qdw
k hJ keyword eJY ywfoufwhJ form awG? oabm
w&m;awG[m NyD;cJw h hJ oifcef;pmrSm tao;pdwcf NhJ yD;ygNyD/ tJ'D
u@udk jyefvSefavhvmjcif;tm;jzifh tvGefta&;ygwJh Class
keyword taMumif;ukd tjynfhpHkqHk; avhvm oabmayguf
NyD;om; jzpfoGm;rSmyg/ tMurf;zsif;tm;jzifhawmh Class key-
word udk toH;k jyK jcif;tm;jzifh trsKd;tpm;rwlwhJ data types
awGudk toHk;jyK NyD;awmh trsKd;rsKd;aom Name awGeJY vari-
ables awGudk zefwD;&,lEkdifygw,f/ NyD;awmh function ( )
/ method trsKd;rsKd;ukd wpfae&mwnf;rSm pkpnf;wnfaqmuf
xm;Ekdifygw,f/ tJ'Dvkd ae&may; wnfaqmufEkdifwm[m
class qdkwJh keyword aMumifhyJqkdwmudk em;vnf oabm
aygufxm;&ygr,f/ Note: 'gayrJh owdjyK&rSmuawmh JAVA
Language [m Class type awGeJYyJ yHkpHjyK wnfaqmuf
xm;wm jzpfygw,f/ 'Dtcsufudkawmh xnfhoGif;owdjyK
 uGeyf sLwmoifcef;pm
pOf;pm;apvkdygw,f/ main ( ) function / method [mvJ
class xJrSm xnfhoGif;wnf aqmuf&wmyJ jzpfygw,f/
extends super
'D keyword [m Inheritance taMumif;udk oifMum;ydYkcs
pOfu awGYcJh&NyD;om;yg/ Class wpfckeJY wpfck extends vkyf
NyD; toHk;jyKvkdY&wmyg/ 'g[m Class hierarchy pepf&JU yHkpH
jyKxm;wJh keyword ygyJ/ 'D keyword [mvJ tck vuf&Sd
ydkYcsaewJh oifcef;pmrSm qufET,fcsufwpf&yftaeeJY yg0ifae
ygw,f/ 'gudk pmzwfoltaeeJY avhvmawGY&Sd&rSmyg/
implements interfaces
'Dae&mrSm Interface keyword udkom Declare vkyf
toH;k jyKcJ&h if tjcm;aom Class, one or more class awGuae
implements vkyE f ikd yf gw,f/ 'Dtaetxm;awGukd a&SUrSmydYk cs
ay;cJhwJh Listing 2.15 eJU Listing 2.16 wdkYudk aoaocsmcsm
avhvmMunfhyg/ 'g[m interface eJY ywfoufNyD; tajccH
usus &Sif;jyydkYcsay;xm;wmygyJ/ pmzwfoltaeeJY tvG,f
wul em;vnfoabmaygufomG ;rSmyg/ interface eJY ywfouf
wJh oabmw&m;awGukd oD;oefYyYkdcsaewmxuf Listing awGeYJ
program a&;om;ydkYcsay;wm[m ydkNyD; jynfhpHkvG,fulapvdrfh
r,fvkdY xifygw,f/ 'gaMumifh interface &JU implements
oabmw&m;eJY extends vkyfwJh oabmw&m;awGyg0ifwJh
Listing 2.17 udk qufvufavhvmMunfy h g/ em;vnfoabm
aygufoGm;ygvdrfhr,f/
Listing 2.17 Extending the methods in an interface
1. interface inter
2. {void show ( ) ; void get ( ) ; }
3. interface inters extends inter // extending the inter-
face "inter"
4. { void hello ( ); }
5. Class inter 2 implements inter {
6. public void show ( ) { System. Out.printIn ("Show
method is invoked"); }
7. public void get ( ) {System. Out.print In ("Get mehtod
is invoked"); }
8. public void hello ( ) {System. Out. print In ("hello
method is invoked ") ; }
9. }
10. Class extends Class {
11. public Static void main (String args [ ]) {
12. inter 2 i 2 = new inter 2 ( ); / / creating object for
"inter 2"
uGefysLwm*sme,f Zefe0g&Dv? 2006 ckESpf
13. System. Out. print In ("Output");
14. i 2 .show ( );
15. i2 . get ( );
16. i2. hellow( );
17. }
18. }
output
----------------------------------------------------------------------
output
show method is invoked
get method is invoked
hello method is invoked
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Analysis
1/ 'D program i,fav;[m interface udk extending
method taeeJY csJUxGiftoHk;cswJh oabmw&m;awG yg0ifyg
w,f/ yxrvkdif;eHygwf (1) rSm interface qdkwJh keyword
udk toHk;jyKNyD; inter qdkwJh interface - Name eJY method
Group wpfckudk a&;zGJYygw,f/ tJ'D Method Group xJrSm
void show ( ) method eJY void get ( ) method ESpfckudk
Declare and line - up vkyfcJhygw,f/ tJ'D method awG[m
statements and Expression awGukd xnfo h iG ;f a&;zGYJ xm;jcif;
r&Sdygbl;/ method &JU form csay;xm;jcif;qdk&ifvJ rrSm;yg
bl;/
2/ tJ'Daemuf inter qdkwJh interface udkrSD;NyD;awmh inter 1
qdkwJh emrnfeJY implements vkyfygw,f/ 'g[m tay:u
inter 1 qdkwmudk rSD;NyD;awmh inter trnfeJY extends vkyf
xm;wmaemf/ tJ'D inter xJrSmawmh hello ( ) qdkwJh method
udk Declare vkyfxm;ygw,f/ 'g[m tvGef ½kd;&Sif;pGmeJY
pGrf;&nfjrifh rSDjirf;xm;jcif;rsKd;ygyJ/
NOTE: 'DyHkpH[m Class Hierarchy & Inheritance Ac-
tion yHkpHrsKd;ygyJ/ C& C + + orm;twGufawmh uRrf;0if
&if;ESD;NyD;om;jzpfygvdrfhr,f/ C programming language
orm;awG twGuu f awmh Struct type eJY qifww
l mukd tcef;
&JU ta&SUrSm oifMum;ydkYcsay;cJhNyD;ygNyD/
3/ vkdif;eHygwf (5) rSmawmh inter 1 udk implements vkyf
NyD;awmh inter 2 udk a&;zGYJ ygw,f/ tay:u interface twGi;f
rSm method awG&JU statements & Expression awGudk tck
inter 2 qdkwJh Class xJrSmrS tus,fcsJUNyD;awmh a&;zGJYrSmjzpf
ygw,f/ tJ'gaMumifh vkdif;eHygwf (6), (7), (8) rSm
203
 uGeyf sLwmoifcef;pm
public void show ( ) {System.Out. printIn ("show Implementing Multiple Interfaces
method is invoked") ; Interface awGukd zefw;D NyD;awmh implements vkyw
f ,f/
public void get ( ) {System.Out. printIn ("get extending vkyfw,f/ tp&SdwJh oabmw&m;awG[m tvGef
method is invoked") ;
public void hello ( ) {System. Out. printIn ("hello
½dk;&Sif;NyD;awmh C + + programmer awG tzkYd awmh vG,v f ,
G f
method is invoked") ; ulul oabmaygufem;vnfEkdifrSmyg/ tjcm;aom Object -
qdkNyD; a&;xm;ygw,f/ vkdif;eHygwf (9) rSmawmh Class in- Oriented - programming (OOP) Language awGrSm mul-
ter 2 &JU Close brace } ukdvmydwfxm;ygw,f/ 'Dtxd[m tiple inheritance oabmw&m;awG yg0ifaygif;pyf zGJYpnf;
object tjzpf zefw;D &,lr,fh class & interface awGukd zefw;D xm;ygw,f/ oabmw&m;t& &Sif;jy&r,fqdk&if trsKd;rsKd;
&,lr,fhtykdif;jzpfygw,f/ aoaocsmcsm *½kwpdkuf avhvm aom superclass toD;oD;uae tqifhqifhrSDjirf;EkdifwJh
oifhygw,f/ pGrf;aqmif&nfrsKd;udk awGYjrif&rSmyg/ interface wpfckudk
oD;oefYwnfaqmufr,fqkd&if atmufyg Syntax - form yHkpH
4/ vdkif;eHygwf (10) rSm extends Class qdkwJhtrnfeJY pri- rsKd;eJY awGYjrif&rSmyg/
mary class udk zefwD;ygw,f/ tJ'D primary class xJrSmrSS
main ( ) function udk a&;om;xm;ygw,f/ vki d ;f eHygwf (12)
Interface_Name
rSm inter 2 qdkwJh class udk tajcjyKNyD; i2 qdkwJh class udk as you like
vdkufygw,f/ inter 2 class [m tay:rSm zefwD;cJhwJh class
Interface Interface Name{ open brace for
awG interface awG&JU tus,fjzefYa&;zGJYrIawG yg0ifaewJh
...... // Declare Data type interface
twGuyf gyJ/ tJ'aD emuf System.Out . print In ("Output") ; ..... // Declare of methods
qdkwJh statement udk a&;om;jcif;tm;jzifh output qkdwJh } open brace for
String udk ½dkufxkwfzdkY a&;om;vkdufjcif;ygyJ/ 'Dawmh quf interface
avhvmMunfhr,fqdk&if vkdif;eHygwf (14)? (15)? (16) rSm
in. show ( );
keywords
in. get ( );
in. hello ( );
pojzifh tay:ua&;om;zefwD;cJhwJh interface &JU inner-
line - method awGudk vSrf;NyD;ac:,lvkdufygw,f/ 'gaMumifh Basic Syntax - form of Interface
Output taeeJY azmfjyxm;wJh 'D Basic Syntax- form yHkpHav;[m interface wpfckudk
Show method is invoked b,fvkdzefwD;&,lr,f ?wnfaqmufEkdifr,fqkdwmudk tajccH
get method is invoked usus wnfaqmufjyxm;wJh form yHkpHygyJ/ uJ 'Dawmh in-
hello method is invoked terface tcsif;csif; extends vkyfwJh form yHkpHav;udk
String awG[m Output tjzpfxuG v
f mwmygyJ/ aoaocsmcsm a&;om;jyay;ygr,f/ avhvmMunfhvkdufygOD;/
avhvmMunfhyg/ tvGef½dk;&Sif;pGm zGJYpnf;wnfaqmufxm;wm
ygyJ/ vkdif;eHygwf (17) rSmuawmh main ( ) function &JU
close brace } eJY vkdif;eHygwf (18)rSmawmh extends Class
Interface index of_interface_Name
qdkwJh primary Class &JU Close brace } udk vmydwfxm;yg keywords
w,f/ extends super_interface_ Name {
'g[m interface &JU oabmw&m;? implements &JU
oabmw&m;eJY extends vkyfjcif;&JU oabmw&m;awGudk
qufET,fcsufawGeJY &Sif;jya&;om;ay;xm;wmyg/ interface ..... // extending the method
&JU oabmw&m;? implements &JU oabmw&m;awGukd em; }
vnf&if Object- Oriented - programming &JU oabm
obm0udkyg em;vnfvmvdrfhr,fvdkY ,HkMunfygw,f/

204 uGefysLwm*sme,f Zefe0g&Dv? 2006 ckESpf


Basic Syntax form of extending the Interface
'D Syntax form uawmh interface tcsif;csif; extends
vkyw f hJ oabmw&m;udk em;vnfoabmaygufatmif tajccH
usus &Sif;jyay;xm;wmyg/ qufET,frI oabmw&m;buf
uae avhvmMunfhr,fqdk&if index Of - interface -Name
[m xyfrHNyD; wnfaqmufwJh interface wpfckyg/ extends
qdkwJh keyword &JU aemufu Super - interface -Name
qdw k muawmh tay:rSmrlv&SNd yD;om;? wnfaqmufNyD;om; in-
terface wpfckygyJ/ 'gudkrSDjirf;NyD; extends vkyfwmyg/
aoaocsmcsm avhvmMunfrh ,fq&kd if a&SUrSm oifMum;ydYk cscw
Listing awGrmS awGYjrifc&
hJ NyD;om;yg/ tajymif;tvJtaeeJYa&m
family jzpfomG ;atmifyg/ Listing awGukd t&ifyYkd csNyD;rS Syn-
tax form awGudk a&;om;ydYk csjcif;yJjzpfygw,f/ uJ qufvuf
NyD;awmh interface udk implements vkyfwJh oabmw&m;eJY
Class wpfcktwGif;rSm zGJYpnf;wnfaqmufwJh oabmw&m;
awGyg0ifwJh Basic Syntax- form yHkpHukd avhvmMunfh&
atmif/
class class_Name implements interface_Name {
..... // implements methods
..... //
} terface
Basic Syntax form of implements an Interface
'D form yHkpHav;rSm a&;om;wnfaqmufjycJhwJh Class
yHkpHrsKd;udk listing 2.17 rSm pmzwfoltaeeJY awGYjrifavhvm
cJh&rSmyg/ 'Dae&m ta&;BuD;wJhtcsufuawmh tay:rSm wnf
aqmufcJhMuwJh interface awGudk implements vkyfNyD;awmh
class wpfct k jzpf zefw;D &,lMuw,fqw dk hJ tcsuftvufawG
ygyJ/ 'gudk em;vnfoabmaygufatmif txyfxyftcgcg
zwfNyD; avhvmapvkdygw,f/
uJ 'gqd&k ifawmh ta&SUrSm ydYkcscw
hJ hJ listing awGeYJywfouf
wJh Syntax- form awGudk toD;oD;ydkYcsay;NyD;ygNyD/ tck
qufvufNyD;awmh Implementing Multiple Interfaces qdw
tydik ;f udk qufvufoifMum;ydYkcsay;yghr,f/ qufvufNyD;awmh
avhvmMunfhvkdufygOD;/
uGefysLwm*sme,f Zefe0g&Dv? 2006 ckESpf
uGeyf sLwmoifcef;pm
NOTE: Implementing Multiple Interface qd k w J h
oifcef;pmukd ravhvmcifrmS Certification Practice
tjzpf avhvm oif,laeMuwJholawGtwGuf atmuf
yg Theory oabmw&m;av;udk txyfxyftcgcg
zwf½Iavhvmxm;apcsifygw,f/ tJ'guawmh-
Interface, like classes, can belong to a pack-
age. Interface can also import other interfaces
and classes from other packages, just as classes
can.
hJ hJ
uJ oabmw&m;udk em;vnfoabmaygufomG ;&if Mul-
tiple Interfaces awGudk Implements vkyfwJhtydkif;rSm
ta&;BuD; wJh Syntax - form ukd avhvmMunfhMu&atmif/
interfaces trsm;tjym;udk udk,fydkif class &JU twGif;rSm
aygif;pyfNyD;awmh implement vkyfwmygyJ/ 'DtcgrSm Mul-
tiple interface awGudk class wpfcktwGif;rSm implement
vkyfw,f qkdMuygpdkY/ tJ'D interface awG&JU Name awGudk
commars awGcHNyD;awmh a&;&wmyg/ 'Dawmh tJ'D Imple-
menting Multiple Interface &JU Basic Syntax- form udk
a&;jyygr,f/ avhvmMunfhyg/
public class AnimatedSign extends javax.swing.
JApplet implements Runnable , Ovservable {
/ / ------
}
Basic Syntax- form of the Implementing Multiple In-
uJ 'D syntax- form yHkpHudk avhvmjcif;tm;jzifh inter-
faces trsm;tjym;udk implements vkyfNyD;awmh Class wpfck
twGif;rSm jyefvnfwnfaqmufEkdifwJh oabmw&m;awGudk
em;vnfoabmaygufoGm;rSmyg/
tu,fí interface twGif;rSm yg0ifwJh parameter
awG[m different parameter list awGjzpfMuygw,f qdkMu
ygpdYk / tJ'D method awGtwGuf ajz&Si;f yHuk awmh tvGe½f ;kd &Si;f
ygw,f/ tJ'guawmh a&SUrSm uRefawmfoifMum;ydkYcsNyD;om;
Object- Oriented - programming (OOP) paradigm awGeYJ
ajz&Sif;&rSmygyJ/ 'gudk em;vnfoabmaygufatmif &Sif;jyygh
r,f/ interface ESpfckudk rSDjirf;NyD;awmh class wpfckudk wnf
k hJ aqmufr,f? implements vkyfr,f qdkMuygpdkY/ tJ'D inter-
face ESpfcktwGif;rSm trnfwl method ESpfckyg0ifaew,f
qdkMuygpdkY/ tJ'D method awG[mvnf; different param-
eter of data type awG jzpfw,fqMkd uygpdYk / uReaf wmfwYdktaeeJY
205
 uGeyf sLwmoifcef;pm
Method Overloading udk toHk;jyKNyD;awmh ajz&Sif;&rSmyg/ Creating Methods with the same name
'g[m a&SU rSm oifMum;ydkYcscJhwJh enf;ynmawGudk toHk;jyKNyD; Different Ar
Different guments
Arguments
ajz&Si;f wmygyJ/ tJ'gudk em;vnfatmif jyefvnfo;kH oyf &Si;f jy 'Dacgif;pOfav;udk awGY&&ifawmh pmzwfoltaeeJY
wmudk txyfxyftcgcg avhvmMunfhyg/ uReaf wmfbmudk qdv k wdk mvJqw kd mudk oabmaygufomG ;rSmyg/
wu,fvdkYrsm; tJ'D Interface ESpfcktwGif;rSmyg0ifwJh Multiple interface awGukd toH;k jyK&if Same Name, Same
method awG[m parameter list awGuvnf; wlnDMuyg Arguments awG Same Name , Different Arguments awG
w,f/ 'gayrJh return type awGu uGJjym;jcm;em;w,f qdkMu tp&So d jzifh awGYBuHK&rSmyg/ 'DtcgrSm interface &JU pGr;f &nfukd
ygpdkY/ 'Dtcg implements vkyfwnfaqmufxm;wJh class tjynfht0 toHk;csEdkifr,fh tajccH object- concepts awGudk
ukd compile vkyf Run vkyfvdkuf&if compiler uae error vnf; wwfajrmufrS jzpfEkdifr,fr[kwfvm;/
message ay;vmrSmyg/ 'DtcgrSmawmh jyefvnfNyD;awmh in- tJ'gaMumifh listing 2.18 rSm Creating Same Name,
terface tydkif;udk jyefvnfppfaq;zdkY a&;om;jyKjyifzdkY vdktyf Different Arguments with JAVA method vdYk trnfay;NyD;
rSmyg/ 'g[m Multiple interface awGudk implements vkyf program code - line <58> aMumif ; &S d w J h program
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hJ ydik ;f eJY ywfoufNyD;awmh a&;om;ydYk csay;wJh tcsuf i,fav;udk ydkYcsay;vdkufygw,f/ 'D program i,fav;rSm
tvufawGudk aoaocsmcsm avhvmzwf½IzdkY vkdtyfw,fqkd xl;jcm;csufuawmh 2.1 Introduction to Classes qdkwJh
wmudk axmufjywmygyJ/ tcef;u@udk oifMum;ydkYcspOfu avhvmcJh&rSmjzpfwJh this
uJ qufvufNyD;awmh listing program taeeJY a&;om; keyword taMumif;udk rSwr f rd mS yg/ listing 2.4 taeeJYvnf;
ydkYcsr,fh interface udk abstract Class yHkoP²mefzefwD;r,f? program a&;om;avhvmzl;rSmyg/ tJ'D this keyword udk
implements vkyfr,faygh/ tJ'D abstract class udk extends vnf; 'D program rSm aygif;pyfxnfo h iG ;f ydYk csay;xm;ygw,f/
vkyfNyD;awmh class wpfckudk xyfrHwnfaqmufrSmyg/ NyD;awmh 'D program udk avhvmwJhtcgrSm uRefawmfhtaeeJY
main ( ) function xJrSmrS Object tjzpf zefwD;toHk;cswJh Analysis taeeJY Line By Line &Sif;jyay;jcif;r&Sdygbl;/
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pmeJY Listing awGrSm xyfrHjznfhpGuf ydkYcsay;oGm;OD;rSmyg/ Table 2.9 The Different levels of Access Control
Rogers Cadenhead and laura lemay a&;om;wJh Teach
yourself Java 2 in 21 days xJrSm 'D Multiple interfaces Visibility public protected default private
taMumif;udk tao;pdwf&Sif;jyxm;ygw,f/ uRefawmfhtaeeJY From the same
uawmh listing eJY EdIif;,SOfNyD;rSom &Sif;vif;ydkYcsay;rSmyg/ class yes yes yes yes
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toHk;jyK&ifawGYBuHK&r,fh tcuftcJawGudk tMurf;tm;jzifh From any class yes no no no
awmh oifMum;&Si;f vif;jyay;NyD;ygNyD/ 'Dawmh pmzwfot l aeeJY outside the
arhaumif;arhaeEkdifr,fh overloading oabmw&m;udkvnf; package
tus,f&Sif;jy&rSmjzpfovdk Certification Practice taeeJY From a subclass yes yes yes no
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ra&mufcifrmS listing 2.18 udk Mum;jzwfoifcef;pmtjzpf ydYk cs package
ay;rSmjzpfygw,f/ From a subclass yes yes no no
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package

206 uGefysLwm*sme,f Zefe0g&Dv? 2006 ckESpf

 uGeyf sLwmoifcef;pm
Listing 2.18 taeeJY ydkYcsay;wJh program i,fav;udk 35: System.out. print In (", " + x2 + " , " + y2 + "> ");
pepfwusavhvmygvdkYyJ tBuHjyKcsifygw,f/ Program &JU 36: }
flow udk Line By Line Method eJY avhvmr,fq& dk if pmzwfol 37:
38: public static void main (String [ ] arguments) {
twGuf tvGeftusKd;&SdEdkifygvdrfhr,f/ 'Dawmh listing 2.18 39: MyRect rect = new MyRect ( ) ;
udk ravhvmcifrSm Table 2.9 taeeJY a&;om;xm;wJh The 40:
Different levels of Access control qdkwJh Table udk t&if 41: System. out.print In ("Calling buildRect with
avhvmvkdufygOD;/ a&SUrSm oifMum;ay;cJhwJh Table awGeJY coordinates 25, 25, 50, 50:");
oabmw&m;awG wlnDygw,fqdkayrJh tzufzufujynhfpHk 42: rect.buildRect (25,25, 50, 50) ;
43: rect.printRect ( );
atmif avhvmMunfhapcsifvdkYygyJ/ 44: System.out,Print In ( " * * *") ;
45:
Listing 2.18 Creating Same Name, Different Arguments
46: System.out. print In ("Calling buildRect with points
with JAVA
(10, 10), (20, 20): ") ;
1: import java. awt. point;
47: rect .buildRect (new Point (0, 10) , new Point (20,20));
2:
48: rect. printRect ( );
3: class MyRect {
49: System.out.print In (" ***");
4: int x1 = 0;
50:
5: int y1 = 0;
51: System. out. print ("Calling buildRect with 1 point
6: int x2 = 0;
(10, 10),"),
7: int y2 = 0;
52: System.out.print In ("width (50) and height (50) :" );
8:
53:
9: MyRect buildRect (int x1, int y1,int x2, int y2) {
54: rect. buildRect (new Point (10, 10), 50, 50);
10: this .x1 = x1;
55: rect.printRect ( );
11: this .y1 = y1;
56: System.out. print In ("***") ;
12: this. x2 = x2;
57: }
13: this. y2 = y2;
58: }
14: return this ;
The following is this program's output:
15: }
Calling buildRect with coordinates 25, 25, 50,50:
16:
MyRect: <25, 25, 50, 50>
17: MyRect buildRect (Point topleft, Point bottom-
***
Right) {
Calling buildRect with 1 point (10,10), (20, 20):
18: x1 = topleft .x;
MyRect <10,10,20,20>
19: y1 = topleft.y;
***
20: x2 = bottomRight .x ;
Calling buildRect with 1 point (10,10) width (50)
21: y2 = bottomRight .y ;
and height (50):
22: return this ;
MyRent: <10,10,60,60>
23: }
24: 'Dprogram i,fav;udk udk,fwkdifavhvmoHk;oyfMunfh
25: MyRect buildRect (Point topleft, int w, int h){ NyD;&ifawmh a&SUvmr,fh oifcef;pmawGrSm JAVA &JU features
26: x1 = topleft. x; awGeJY b,fvkd wnfaqmuftoHk;jyK&r,f? b,fenf;eJY xyfrH
27: y1 = topleft.y; jznfhpGufEkdifw,f pwJhtcsuftvufawGudk a&SUoifcef;pmrSm
28: x2 = (x1 + w) ;
29: y2 = (y1+ w) ;
avhvmMunfhMuygpdkY/
30: return this; ausmaf Z,smav; (uom)
31: }
32:
33: void printRect ( ) {
34: System.out. print ("MyRect: <" + x1 + ", " + y1);

uGefysLwm*sme,f Zefe0g&Dv? 2006 ckESpf 207