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Wastewater Treatment
Wastewater Treatment
Absorption
ClO2 Disinfection
CO2 pH control
SO2 Dechlorination
NH3 Chloramine formation for disinfection
CO2, O2 Corrosion control
Desorption
H2S Odor control
NH3 Nutrient removal
VOC Taste and odor control, removal of carcinogens
Rate limiting step: the step which offers the most resistance to
movement
Accomplished by
- dispersing the water into the air
- dispersing the air into the water
Cascades Inclined
planes
Tower with
countercurrent
flow of air Perforated
stacks
Purewateroccasional.net
2 gV (ρ S − ρW )
vS =
C D ρW AC
vS d
4 g (ρ S − ρW )d
vS =
3C D ρW
Density, ρS
V = volume of particle = πd3/6
F
AC = X-sectional area of particle = πd2/4
vS = settling velocity
CD = drag coefficient
vs = distance/time = Z0/t0
vp = distance/time = Zp/t0
Z p / Z 0 = v p / v0
The same principle can be applied to
determine settleability of a given
suspension
Type III: Zone settling or hindered settling. This occurs in the secondary
clarifiers at wastewater treatment plants.
Type IV: Compression settling where the particles are too close that
settling can occur by compaction. This occurs in secondary clarifiers in
wastewater treatment plants when the solids at the bottom are thickened.
Depth
Depth
Compression settling
vO
v hO
vO
v hO
h vS v
xO
vx vO
Settling velocity
Suspended Solids at different time and depths are shown in the table. The
initial SS concentration is 250 mg/L.
∆r × Z i
Total particle fraction that will be removed: R = r0 + ∑
Z0
Rectangular tank
L:W = 2:1 to 4:1
W = 12 m (max)
L = 48 m (max)
Depth = 2.5 – 3m (discrete)
Sludge zone
= 3 – 4m (flocculent)
Circular tank
Advantages:
-Sludge removal and
maintenance easier
- excess wier overflow rate is
Sludge zone not a problem
Wier
arrangement
Coagulation
CE331: Environmental Engineering I Dr. Tanvir Ahmed
What is coagulation?
Source: water.me.vccs.edu
Source:www.ramezanitrading.com
Ion concentration, n
Increased charge density in n+
diffuse layer
n- n+
Less volume of charge required
n-
to neutralize surface charge
Distance from surface
CE331: Environmental Engineering I Dr. Tanvir Ahmed
Destabilization of colloidal particles (DLVO model)
Double layer
repulsion Intermediate High electrolyte
electrolyte concentration
Energy barrier concentration
Potential
Resultant
Double-layer
compression
Adsorption
Adsorption
and sweep
floc
Adsorption with
polymers
Adsorption and
charge neutralization Charge reversal
Inverse relationship between C and S for sweep floc coagulation
Stoichiometric relationship associated with adsorption and
charge neutralization
CE331: Environmental Engineering I Dr. Tanvir Ahmed
Alkalinity – Coagulation relationship
If sufficient alkalinity is present, pH is not drastically reduced:
Al2 (SO4 )3 ⋅14 H 2O + 6 HCO3− ⇔ 2 Al (OH )3 ⋅ 3H 2O( s ) + 6CO2 + 8 H 2O + 3SO42−
Problem 2: Estimate the pH that results from addition of 100 mg/L of alum
to a water with no alkalinity and estimate the amount of NaOH to bring the
pH to 7.0
Both G and the product of the velocity gradient and detention time
(Gt), serve as criteria for the design of mixing systems.
CE 331: Environmental Engineering I Dr. Tanvir Ahmed
Mixing Practice
Mixing equipment may be divided into two broad categories:
Baffled Chamber
Vertical Turbine
mixing
Paddled Flocculator
Softening is done by
- Chemical precipitation
- Ion Exchange
“Slaking”
Excess Lime:
For a reasonable removal of hardness, an extra amount of lime in excess of the
stoichometric equivalent is provided
For Ca-removal: excess lime = 20 mg/L as CaCO3
For Mg-removal 20-40 mg/L as CaCO3 excess lime = 20 mg/L as CaCO3
For Mg-removal > 40 mg/L as CaCO3 excess lime = 40 mg/L as CaCO3
Recarbonation:
Excess lime adds hardness in the form of Ca2+. It is removed in the subsequent
process step called recarbonation.
Lime addition:
Lime is always added upto the stoichiometric equivalent of the bicarbonate
present regardless of the concentration of Ca2+. Otherwise the pH objective
of 10.3 required to precipitate CaCO3 will not be achieved.
2. Determine the chemical dosage to soften the water to the practical solubility
limits. Assume that the lime is 100% pure.
Practice: a portion of the precipitate is recycled to the head end of the process to
accelerate the precipitation
Flash mixing:
radial flow impellers used, G should be in the range 300 to 700 s-1, minimum
mixing time 10 to 30 s
Flocculation mixing:
axial flow impellers or paddle wheels used, G should be in the range 130 to 300 s-
1, minimum mixing time 30 to 45 minutes, Gt = 200,000 to 400,000, velocity
Typically two chambers: one for mixing (3 – 5 min detention) , one for reaction
Total detention ~ 20 min
Source of CO2
Materials used:
•Synthetic resins (more effective, easily regenerated, greater number of
exchange sites)
•naturally occurring zeolite (sodium alumino-silicate) also known as
greensand
Disadvantages
- Water must be absolutely free from turbidity, organic content
- Iron/Mn precipitates can foul the surface
Filter media are very efficient in retaining fine and colloidal particles of
clay and silt.
Filter Box
Underdrain
system
Mechanical Non-straining
A well-designed and
straining mechanism
operated filter should
remove virtually all solids
(Impaction, Interception,
diffusion, electrostatic down to the submicron
attraction etc.) size
(B) Biological process
Formation of a thin layer of
microbial film around the sand
grains (‘Schmutzdecke’)
small
sedimentation
basin
Attachement mechanisms:
(A) Coagulation
(B) Adhesion
(C) Adsorption
E C
D
B
Purpose:
Pretreating
water with
high
turbidities
Three types
Decreasing
gravel size
Efficiency:
SS removal upto 95% and turbidity removal of 50-90% have
been reported
Color removal 20-50% and faecal coliform reduction 0.65 – 2.5
log units
50% removal of iron and manganese has also been achieved
Advantages:
Allows deep penetration of filter materials
Have large silt storage capacity
Often used before SSF because of their effectiveness in removing
SS
More effective as a pretreatment than pre-sedimentation for raw
water to the physical standards required by SSF
Disadvantages:
Limited to average turbidity of 20-150 NTU to prevent frequent
clogging
Limitations of
High removal of turbidity (80-85%) and color (95-99.9%)
No pretreatment generally required for water <30NTU
Not very effective in removing colloidal matters, treating
SSF
water >30NTU or with excessive algal growth
Low cost operation and maintenance
2-4 weeks ripening period required after installation,
however it can regain full biological activities (formation of
‘Schmutzdeke’) after a few hours of cleaning thereafter.
Cleaning done by removing scraping and removal of the
top 1.5-2 cm of sand
Perform best under continuous operation and constant
flow conditions
Mixed-Media Filters
(A) Negative head and air binding (B) Formation of mud balls
Process Avg SS
size (mg/L)
(μm)
Gravity >100 >50
Sedimentation
Screening ~30 <50
Filtration using <30 <50
granular media
without
sedimentation
Coagulation <30 >50
sedimentation
prior to filtration
Plotting combinations of
disinfectant concentration and
time to a fixed % inactivation for a
given temperature yields curves
that follow the form of Cnt =
constant.
Combined chlorine are less effective as disinfectant (requires larger conc and contact periods),
but are persistent and provide continuous protection against regrowth in dist system
CE 331: Environmental Engineering I Dr. Tanvir Ahmed
Advanced Treatment Technologies:
MEMBRANE PROCESSES
•Reverse Osmosis
•Electrodialysis
Osmotic
pressure
Source: www.peerlesswater.com
CE331: Environmental Engineering I Dr. Tanvir Ahmed
Typical Applications of Reverse Osmosis
i. Desalination of brackish water (TDS < 10000 mg/L) to provide
potable water
ii. Pretreatment of normal municipal water (TDS 500 – 1000
mg/L) preceding ion exchange deionization to make ultrapure
water for applications such as boiler feed
iii. Recovery of valuable or reusable materials from a waste via the
RO reject stream
iv. Reduction in the volume of waste, if required
v. Water conservation or recovery such as the cooling tower
blowdown
Source: maple.dnr.cornell.edu
Source: pure-aqua.com
CE331: Environmental Engineering I Dr. Tanvir Ahmed
Type of membranes
o Thin, imperfection-free
Ideal o Water can pass through with little hindrance
Membrane o Impermeable to ions
properties o Capable of withstanding pressure
Two types
Cellulose Acetate (CA) Polyamide membranes
o Cheaper, can tolerate Cl2 o Subject to degradation by Cl2
o Subject to biological attack or other oxidants
o not susceptible to biological
attack
o Do not hydrolize. Best within
pH 4-11
o Longer life (3-5 years)
Source: fumatech.com
- Concentrated and
dilute/pure solutions
collected from the spaces
between alternating
membranes.
Activated carbon
Adsorbent: the solid phase onto which the accumulation takes place.
Activated carbon is used exclusively in full scale water treatment.
Transport across
boundary layer to
the surface
Bulk transport
from boundary
layer to adsorbent
surroundings