Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Reviewer For Research Ii
Reviewer For Research Ii
AIMS OF RESEARCH:
1. VERIFICATION OF EXISTING KNOWLEDGE
2. ACQUISITION OF NEW KNOWLEDGE
3. APPLICATION OF NEW KNOWLEDGE
4. ADVANCEMENT OF RESEARCHER'S EXPERTISE.
Non-Experimental Research Method -Describing the collected data about such subject and determining
their relationships or connections with one another. There is no manipulation of variables.
Correlational Method - a study that assesses the extent to which two variables are related. Defines the
relationship in quantitative terms.
Descriptive Research Method - Descriptive research methods are used when the researcher wants to
describe specific behavior as it occurs in the environment.
Survey Research Method - The most used non-experimental research in the field of Sociology, Psychology,
and Humanities.
survey is defined as a brief interview or discussion with individuals about a specific topic.
Survey research method is often used to assess thoughts, opinions, and feelings. Survey research can be
specific and limited, or it can have more global, widespread goals.
V. VARIABLES
Variable - is a measurable characteristic that varies. It may change from group to group, person to person or
within one person over time.
Experimental Variable - Any property of person or thing that varies and is not fixed; factors affecting the result
of the study.
Independent Variable - This is the factor manipulated by the researcher, and it produces one or more results,
known as dependent variables.
Dependent Variable - The factor that is measured or observed; the change that is brought about or is affected
by the change in the independent variable.
Controlled Variable - The factor that is kept constant all throughout the experiment. They are not measured
in a particular study. Must be held constant so they will not have biasing effect on the other variables.
Intervening Variable - Are abstract processes that are not directly observable but that link the independent
and dependent variables.
VI. HYPOTHESIS
Hypothesis - ‘Hypothesis is a tentative prediction or explanation of the relationship between two
variables.’ It implies that there is a systematic relationship between an independent & a dependent
variable.
Without hypotheses, research would be like aimless wandering.
Conceptual Clarity - Hypothesis should consist of clearly defined & understandable concepts. It should be
stated in specific terms, the meaning & implication of which cannot be doubted. To facilitate the
conceptual clarity, hypothesis can be stated in declarative statement, in present tense.
Objectivity - Hypothesis must be objective, which facilitates objectivity in data collection & keeps the
research activity free from researcher value - judgment.
Specificity -It should be specific, not general, & should explain the expected relations between variables.
For example, regular yoga reduces stress.
SOURCES OF HYPOTHESIS:
1. Theoretical and Conceptual Frameworks
2. Previous Research
3. Real-life experiences
4. Academic Literature
Simple hypothesis - It is a statement which reflects the relationship between two variables.
Complex hypothesis -It is a statement which reflects the relationship between more than two variables.
Associative hypothesis: It reflects a relationship between variables that occurs or exists in natural settings
without manipulation.
Causal hypothesis: It predicts the cause-and-effect relationship between two or more dependent &
independent variables in experimental or interventional setting, where independent variable is manipulated
by research to examine the effect on the dependent variable.
Directional hypothesis: It specifies not only the existence, but also the expected direction of the relationship
between variables.
Nondirectional Hypothesis: It reflects the relationship between two or more variables, but is does not specify
the anticipated direction & nature of relationship such as positive or negative.
Null hypothesis (H0): It is also known as statistical hypothesis & is used for statistical testing & interpretation
of statistical outcomes. It states the non-existence of a relationship between the independent & dependent
variables.
Research hypothesis (H1): It states the existence of relationship between two or
more variables.