Discussion

Objectives of the experiment is to identify the important components of the level-flow

(electronic) control system and to mark them in the P&I Diagram. Besides, it is to study about the
level measurement using level capacitance probe transmitter and to study PID level control and PID
tuning were achieved.

Basically, there are 3 parts in the experiment where the first is about the study of level
measurement at various set point of LIC 81; 200 mm, 400 mm, 500 mm and 700 mm. When pumps
(P81, P82) were ON and LIC is in AUTO mode, the reading level of water tank was taken at the set
points. For the other data, it is record when the pumps (P81,P82) were OFF and adjacent valve
(LCV81) is shutdown.

Figure 1: Level Measurement

FIGURE 1 : LEVEL MEASUREMENT

 Table 1 : Result Sheet for Level Measurement

READING
LIC81:PV LFR81 T82
Engineering Unit
Set Point (SP) at LIC81 Red Pen (%) Channel 1 (mm) Ruler (mm)
(mm)
A a) 200 mm 200 36 200 180

b) P81, P82 OFF

LCV81/Manual 200 36 200 180
Valve SHUT

B a) 400 mm 400 50 400 380

b) P81, P82 OFF
LCV81/Manual 400 50 400 375
Valve SHUT
C a) 500 mm 500 62 500 475
b) P81, P82 OFF
LCV81/Manual 499 62 499 475
Valve SHUT
D a) 600 mm 600 76 600 580
b) P81, P82 OFF
LCV81/Manual 600 76 600 575
Valve SHUT

All the data collected which is engineering unit, red pen, channel 1 and ruler that
using various set point at 200, 400, 500 and 600 were stated in Table 1. Based on the table,
the level detected by LFR81 is slightly different with the set point. By observing the ruler
attached to the tank, the reading also shows the different. This may due to the fluctuation of
water in the tank. The values of red pen in the table were obtained from the chart paper in
Figure 1. Figure 1 shows the response curve for the level measurement in both conditions;
pumps ON and pumps OFF. In this experiment, the green pen in the chart representing the
flow rate of water and it is set to 1.2 m3/hr while the red pen in the chart representing the
level of water in tank.

From the experiment, it is observed that as the set point, process variable PV increases, the set-
point will also increases.. From the chart, it can be observed that there was slight difference of the PV
value when the pump is ON or OFF. When the pump is off/ stopped and LCV 81 and one adjacent valve
were shut, they acts as disturbance, therefore causing the changes of PV value from the SP value. The
change made to the SP is known as the step input where the red pen in the chart will move to the new
set point and reaching a steady state. To determine the ramp input the pump is shut in which the gradual
change occur and the chart will slowly changed deviate from the SP.

The next experiment is level control and PID tuning. Firstly, a test that included inflow and
outflow load step change disturbance where it is being set-up as below;

SP = 400mm

IP = 20%

II = 20 sec

ID = OFF

This test were conducted in AUTO mode. Then the inflow load step change disturbance was applied by
adjusting MV to 70%. We could see that the graph oscillate when the disturbance is applied for a period
of time and remain constant back. Next is the outflow load step change disturbance were tried and the
PID OF LIC81 was changed to MANUAL mode. Again, the graph oscillate and remain constant.

Second test were conducted where the PI Is changed to faster It is to compare the response
between those two different PI values. The new set of PID was being disturbed by inflow load
step change disturbance. Based on the graph, the fluctuated response was faster compared to
the fluctuated response for default PID.

The graph on the chart shows oscillates faster because the function of integral controller
is to reduce the offset. Therefore the fluctuated response for outflow load step change
disturbance cannot be compared for default PID and faster PID. Basically, faster PID could
make the graph to oscillate faster compared to default PID.

The function of control valve is increase or decrease the air load pressure driving the
actuator of a control valve until the valve's stem reaches a position balanced to the output signal
from the process variable instrument controller. Next, the default PID system was disturbed by
using without control valve positioner. Based on the graph, it is oscillated without turning back
to the set value. . Without control valve positioner, steady state cannot achieved because the
system lost its position to get back to the steady state after being disturbed. After that, the PID
had been detuned to a larger P for higher damping of the oscillation (SP = 400 mm, P = 40%,
I = 20 sec, d = 20 sec). Theoretically, the oscillation will have a higher ymax compared to
previous one.
 The loop test was done in this experiment where it starts with LIC81 is set to be in
DEFAULT PID and in MANUAL mode. The manual value has been decrease for about 10%
from the original value. Based on the graph above, the response in the system was increasing
continuously in straight line since it is integrating process. It shows that the system was
experienced open loop test. In theory, there will be dead time before the system increasing but
due to some errors in this experiment the dead time was not there.

Based on the graph, the Response Rate (RR), the proportional band (PB) and integral
time (Is) can be calculated. Based on the calculation, the Response Rate obtained is 0.0067 s-1
while the PB is 1.4889% resulting in Integrating Time of 3.0 s. For additional information, an
open loop control system where the control actuator will control the desired responses and
control process directly without using devices.

Besides, the output has no influence or effect on the control action of the input signal.
In other words, in an open-loop control system the output is neither measured nor “fed back”
for comparison with the input. Lastly, the final control element is disconnecting to the
controller output. This is usually non-self-regulation system or integrating process where it
could not be controlled and set up. It is the reason on why the response still increasing while it
was set up by the set point.