AIRPORTS AUTHORITY OF INDIA

ATM-PBN, NEW DELHI

NEED OF THE DAY
 The importance of civil aviation in the world economy is highlighted by the growth of air
traffic .

 Increasing global awareness of undesirable effects of aircraft emissions and noise have
resulted in strict environmental regulations affecting most efficient aircraft operations
at major airports globally.

 Global economic crisis together with recent oil-price crisis have strongly highlighted the
adverse effect of such events on economies of aircraft and airline operations.

 Therefore the need of the time is to find means for achieving sustained efficient and
economical aircraft operation during all phases of flight and at the same time assuring
comparable or enhanced levels of safety.

 Modern day aircraft have very advanced avionics which allow aircraft to fly precise and
repeatable 3D flight-path with the aid of ground-based, space-based, on-board
navigation system or combination of all these.

 Performance Based Navigation (PBN) leverages this advanced navigation technology to

provide sustainable, repeatable and measurable benefits to airspace users and service
providers.

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PBN INTRODUCTION
 Performance Based navigation (PBN) PBN is one of the elements that support the
strategic objectives of the Airspace Concept. Other elements are Communications,
Surveillance, ATM & Flight Ops.    

 An Airspace Concept can be viewed as a master plan or vision for a particular

airspace.

 The Navigation (NAV) element of the Airspace Concept will be based on PBN.

 PBN relies on aircraft flight management system (FMS) coupled with other avionics
to fly a digitally defined 3D flight path in space.

 A set of globally compatible Navigation Specifications are provided in the

ICAO PBN Manual. These are to be used as a basis for local or regional Navigation
Applications in the en route, terminal and approach environments.    

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INTRODUCTION TO PBN
 PBN is a concept based on the use of Area Navigation (RNAV) & (RNP).

 In this concept the system performance requirements for aircraft operating on a

specific air-route or instrument approach procedure or in a designated airspace are
defined in terms of:
 Accuracy
 Integrity
 Continuity
 Availability
 Functionality needed for a particular operation when supported by appropriate
navigation infrastructure

 The earlier Required Navigation Performance (RNP) concept has been replaced by
the PBN concept and terms associated with RNP have been replaced with PBN
terminology

 The 'Performance Based Navigation Manual (Final Draft)' replaces the 'Manual on
Required Navigation Performance (RNP) ICAO Doc 9613-AN/937'.    

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ELEMENTS OF PBN
 Within an Airspace Concept, there are three elements of PBN:
 
 Navigation Aid (NAVAID) Infrastructure:  refers to the ground, space or on-board
NAVAIDs which support or provide positioning capability.
  
 Navigation Specification: details the aircraft and aircrew requirements needed to
support PBN operations.
 A Navigation Specification is either a ‘RNP' specification or a ‘RNAV'
specification.    
 A RNP specification includes a requirement for on-board self-contained
performance monitoring and alerting, whilst a RNAV specification does not.
  
 Navigation Application: the application of a Navigation Specification and the
supporting NAVAID Infrastructure to specific routes, procedures and/or defined
airspace volumes.

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NAVAID INFRASTRUCTURE
 The NAVAID Infrastructure comprises the NAVAIDs that support or provide the positioning
capabilities.  

 The available infrastructure may place restrictions on the application of a Navigation Specification
and therefore requirements may vary from State to State.

  NAVAIDS infrastructure suitable are as follows:

 Ground based: VOR-DME, DME-DME
 Space based: GNSS (GPS and GLONASS)    
 On-board: Inertial Navigation System/Inertial Reference Units 
 
 Each State will need to consider the NAVAID Infrastructure and their NAVAID policy when defining
their PBN requirements.

 RNAV Application can use any of the following sensors:

 VOR-DME, DME-DME, DME-DME-IRU, GNSS

 RNP Application are possible only with GNSS as sensor and RAIM. (FD & FDE)

 For RNP and RNAV(GNSS) application ANSP is required to provide prediction information to the
airspace users on RAIM unavailability.

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NAV. SPECIFICATION – PERFORMANCE REQIREMENTS
…
 The Navigation Specification defines the performance required of the RNAV system
together with any aircraft and aircrew requirements to support the defined
performance level.
 
 Performance level requirements:
 Each Navigation Specification has a designator. e.g. RNAV 5, BASIC-RNP 1, RNP
APCH, RNP-AR APCH.    
 The number in the designator represents the minimum lateral navigation
accuracy in nautical miles (nm) that must be maintained for at least 95% of the
flight time.    
 The required lateral accuracy limits the combined total of all errors that may
exist in an aircraft system. This combined error is known as the 'Total System
Error' (TSE).        
 It should be noted that the accuracy limit is only one of the performance
requirements for PBN procedures.

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NAV. SPECIFICATION – OTHER REQUIREMENTS
 The required performance is defined in terms of accuracy, availability, continuity &
integrity

 Each Navigation Specification also details other requirements needed to achieve

the specified performance level:
 Navigation functionalities of the RNAV system; the detailed capability of the
navigation system (such as the execution of leg transitions, parallel offset
capabilities, holding patterns, navigational databases),     -
 Choice of navigation sensors that may be used, and    
 Aircrew knowledge and training requirements.  
 
 Monitoring and Alerting Requirements:    
 There are 'RNAV' and 'RNP' Specifications:    
 'RNP' signifies a requirement for on-board performance monitoring and
alerting. 'RNAV' signifies no such requirement.    
 Details of performance monitoring and alerting can be found in Volume II,
Part A of the Performance Based Navigation Manual.

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ICAO NAVIGATION SPECIFICATION
International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) Navigation Specifications (Generic):    

 ICAO Navigation Specifications are detailed in Volume II of the

Performance Based Navigation Manual.    

 The ICAO Navigation Specifications are:    

 designed to satisfy global requirements    
 globally compatible, and    
 limited to provide global harmony.    
 These Navigation Specifications have been designed to minimize the impact
on implementation costs for existing aircraft and systems.

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 Contact
For further information may please contact:

E-MAIL:
edatmvs@aai.aero
nvatale@aai.aero

(visit website http://www.aai.aero/menu_inc/Technology_Initiatives.jsp)

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AIRSPACE CONCEPT
 Airspace Concept is developed to meet specific objectives identified by - airspace
user, ATM, airport authority, governmental or environmental policy etc.
 The common strategic objectives driving the Airspace Concept are : Safety,
Capacity, Efficiency, Environment & Access
 Strategic objective of the Airspace concept sets requirements on various airspace
enablers such as Communication, Navigation, Surveillance, ATM and Flight
Operations.
 PBN is part of the Navigation domain and lays down Navigation Functional
Requirements. VOR-DME

DME-DME

COM Nav-aid Infrastructure

IRU

Navigation GNSS
NAV PBN

Airspace Application
SUR Navigation Specification/ Performance
Concept Navigation Functional
Functionality
ATM Requirements
Navigation Sensor
FLT OPS Air Crew Procedures

 Airspace concept is developed by area of operation such as Oceanic or Remote

Continental, Continental En-route, Terminal-Arrival & Departure & Approach.

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Area Navigation (RNAV)
CONVENTIONAL ROUTE Nav-aid
(VOR, NDB)
Nav-aid
Nav-aid
(VOR, NDB)
(VOR, NDB) B

A RNAV ROUTE
Waypoint 2 B

Waypoint 1
E
RNAV ROUT
A
Waypoint 4
E
RNAV ROUT
Waypoint 3

Area Navigation (RNAV) is a method of navigation which permits aircraft operation on any
desired flight path within the coverage of station-referenced navigation aids or within
limits of the capability of self-contained aids or a combination of these.

RNAV allows for shorter and straighter route, increased capacity due to closely spaced
routes and reduced obstacle protection area.
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RNP
 Required Navigation Performance (RNP) is Area
Navigation with on-board performance
monitoring requirement.

 A critical component of RNP is the ability of the

aircraft navigation system to monitor its
achieved navigation performance, and to
identify for the pilot whether the operational RNP-x
requirement is, or is not being met during an
operation (monitor and alert)

}
2x
 RNP capability of the aircraft is a major x 95%
component in determining the separation } Accuracy
criteria to ensure that the overall containment

}
of the operation is met }
95%
Accuracy
x
 RNP-x is aircraft path conformance (with
accuracy x or better, 95% of time (2 Sigma)) 2x

 RNP Containment Region is an area 2x RNP-x

with accuracy, integrity and continuity
generating a probability that aircraft is within the
containment area 99.999% of time (3 Sigma)

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ACCURACY
 Accuracy is the measure of conformance between the estimated or measured
value and the true value.

 For measured positional data, accuracy is expressed in terms of distance from a

stated position within which there is defined confidence of the true position falling.

 Positioning accuracy is the difference between the actual and estimated position in
fault free conditions (NSE). 
   
 Track-keeping accuracy is the difference between the actual and desired position
in fault free conditions (TSE).

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INTEGRITY
 It is a measure of trust that can be placed in the correctness of the information
supplied by the total system.

 It includes:
 Ability of the system to provide timely and valid alerts to the user if the system has
become untrustworthy i.e. ability of the system to alert the users when the system
should not be used for the intended operation (ALERT) within a prescribed time period
(TME-TO-ALERT)

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AVAILABILITY
 It is the portion of time during which the system is simultaneously
delivering the required accuracy , integrity and continuity.

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CONTINUITY
 The capability of the system to perform its function without unscheduled
interruption during the intended operation.

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NAVIGATION SPECIFICATION
Navigation Specification is used by a State to develop their regulations and guidelines for
airworthiness and operational approval

RNP X Specification RNAV X Specification

Requirement for On-board Performance No Requirement for On-board Performance
Monitoring & Alerting Monitoring & Alerting

RNP 4
RNAV 10 (RNP10)
Basic RNP 1
RNAV 5
Basic RNP 2
RNAV 2
Advanced RNP 1
RNAV 1
RNP Apch. (0.3 - 0.1)
RNP-AR
[RNP 3D, 4D]
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NAVIGATION APPLICATION
 A Navigation Application is the application of a navigation specification and
associated Nav-aid Infrastructure to ATS routes, instrument approach procedure
and/or defined volume of airspace in accordance with airspace concept.

 The designator of a Navigation Application matches the corresponding Navigation

Specification.

 RNAV Applications are supported by RNAV Specifications and RNP Applications are
supported by RNP Specifications.   

 Navigation Applications, indicating the designation of the required Navigation

Specification plus any established limitations imposed for the particular Navigation
Application, will be detailed in charts and in the Aeronautical Information
Publications (AIPs).

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RAIM
 Receiver Autonomous Integrity Monitoring (RAIM) performs consistency checks
between the position solutions obtained with various subsets of the visible
satellites.
 If consistency checks fail, the GNSS receiver will provide alert to the flight crew.
 RAIM operates autonomously i.e. without the assistance of external signal. It
requires redundant pseudo-range measurements.
 RAIM detects inconsistencies using redundant pseudo-range measurements.
 Minimum number of FOUR GNSS satellites required to produce a position fix.
 Additional visible GNSS satellite/s produce a different set of four satellite and additional
position fixes.
 The new position fix obtained from second set of four GNSS satellites must be consistent
with the position computed by the first set of four satellites and the process goes on…
 A position fix that differs significantly from the expected value may indicate a faulty
pseudo-range and thus a faulty satellite.
 There are two functionalities associated with RAIM:
 Fault Detection (FD)
 Fault Detection and Exclusion (FDE)

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PBN MANUAL (FINAL DRAFT)

 VOLUME I – Concept & Implementation

Guidance
 Part A – PBN Concept
 Part B – Implementation Guidance

 VOLUME II – Implementing RNAV & RNP

 Part A – General
 Part B – Implementing RNAV
 Part C – Implementing RNP

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FAULT DETECTION (FD)
 Fault Detection function will detect a possible faulty satellite. Thus FD functionality
will detect presence of positioning failure.

 For the GNSS receiver to perform the function of Fault Detection (FD), a minimum
of FIVE (5) satellites must be visible with suitable geometry.

 Once the faulty satellite is detected amongst the visible FIVE satellites, navigation
using GNSS is not possible since RAIM function becomes unavailable.

 Navigation using GNSS can resume again when FIVE (5) or more satellite (excluding
the faulty satellite detected earlier) with suitable geometry becomes available
again.

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FAULT DETECTION AND EXCLUSION (FDE)
 Fault Detection and Exclusion (FDE) is an enhance function of RAIM.

 For FDE functionality, a minimum of SIX (6) GNSS satellites with suitable geometry
must be visible.

 FDE functionality detects and eliminates a faulty satellite from the position
solution, so that navigation using GNSS can continue without interruption.

 When one of the visible SIX satellites is determined to be faulty, FDE functionality
now degrades to FD functionality, until additional satellite with suitable geometry
become visible.

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RAIM UNAVAILABILITY & PREDICTION
 When GNSS satellite/s is/are withdrawn for maintenance or become temporarily
unusable, it will not be immediately clear which areas of airspace will be affected, if
any and at what time as all the GNSS satellites are in constant motion.

 Thus there is uncertainty associated with unavailability of RAIM in a given airspace.

This will restrict the use of GNSS for navigation purpose.

 RAIM Prediction tools will provide the airspace user with prior information on the
location and duration of RAIM unavailability during the flight-planning stage.

 Currently widely used GNSS system is Global Positioning System (GPS).

 RAIM prediction tools use GPS almanac & ephemeris data, current satellite health
data, planned withdrawal of GPS satellite data to predict RAIM unavailability time
and duration for user requested place and time.

 RAIM prediction tools can provide RAIM unavailability information in respect of

both FD and FDE functionality.

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RNAV SYSTEM
Primary Flight and Alerting Primary Flight and
Navigation Display Indication Navigation Display
Monitoring/
GNSS Alerting GNSS
MMR Navigation System Navigation MMR
Management Management
Unit Unit

Navigation VOR VOR

Database INS/IRS
DME DME

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 END

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