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Assignment: MBA 1 Semester Statistics For Management (Mb0040)
Assignment: MBA 1 Semester Statistics For Management (Mb0040)
Assignment: MBA 1 Semester Statistics For Management (Mb0040)
MBA
1st SEMESTER
Distinguish between Classification and Tabulation. Explain the structure and components of a Table
with an example.
ANSWER
Classification Tabulation
It is the basis for tabulation It is the basis for further analysis
It is the basis for simplification It is the basis for presentation
Data is divided into groups and subgroups on the Data is listed according to a logical sequence of
basis of similarities and dissimilarities. related characteristics
1) (Tab 1) Table number: Table number is to identify the table for reference. When there are
many tables in an analysis, then table numbers are helpful in identifying the tables.
2) (Tab 2) Title: Title indicates the scope and the nature of contents in a concise form. In other
words, title of a table gives information about the data contained in the body of the table.
Title should not be lengthy.
3) (Tab 3 & 4) Captions: Captions are the headings and subheadings describing the data
present in the columns.
4) (Tab 5 & 6) Stubs: Stubs are the headings and subheadings of rows.
5) (Tab 7) Body of the table: Body of the table contains numerical information.
6) (Tab 8) Totals: The sub-totals for each separate classification and a general total for all
combined classes should be given at the bottom or right side of the figures whose totals are
taken. Ruling and spacing separate columns and rows. However, totals are separated from
main body by thick lines.
7) (Tab 9) Head note: Head note is given below the title of the table to indicate the units of
measurement of the data and is enclosed in brackets.
8) (Tab 10) Source note: Source note indicates the source from which data is taken. The source
note related to table is placed at the bottom on the left hand corner.
QUESTION 2
ANSWER
3) Its mean is and standard deviation is , where and are the parameters of the
distribution
4) It is a bell-shaped curve and is symmetric about its mean,
Limits Area %
68.2
95
95.4
99.7
Answer b:
b) n = 120
μ = 11.35
= 3.03
Z=X-μ
p (x>9)
= (9 – 11.35)/3.03
= -0.78
= 0.2823
p (x<17)
= (17 – 11.35)/3.03
= 1.86
= 0.4686
= 0.7509
QUESTION 3
a) The procedure of testing hypothesis requires a researcher to adopt several steps. Describe in
brief all such steps.
b) Distinguish between:
i. Stratified random sampling and Systematic sampling
ii. Judgment sampling and Convenience sampling
ANSWER
X 110 120 130 120 140 135 155 160 165 155
Y 12 18 20 15 25 30 35 20 25 10
ANSWER
Regression analysis
Regression analysis is used to estimate the values of the dependent variables from the values of the
independent variables. Regression analysis is used to get a measure of the error involved while using
the regression line as a basis for estimation. The regression coefficient Y on X is the coefficient of the
variable ‘X’ in the line of regression Y on X. Regression coefficients are used to calculate the
correlation coefficient. The square of correlation is the product of regression coefficients.
Correlation analysis
When two or more variables move in sympathy with the other, then they are said to be correlated. If
both variables move in the same direction, then they are said to be positively correlated. When the
relationship is of a quantitative nature, the appropriate statistical tool for discovering and measuring
the relationship and expressing it in a brief formula is known as correlation”.
b)
130 -9 81 20 -1 1 9
135 -4 16 30 9 81 -36
r= 10 * 540 – 0*0 .
r= 5400 .
√32900 * 5580
r = 5400 / 13550
r = 0.40
QUESTION 5
ANSWER
Business forecasting refers to the analysis of past and present economic conditions with the object
of drawing inferences about probable future business conditions. The process of making definite
estimates of future course of events is referred to as forecasting and the figure or statements
obtained from the process is known as ‘forecast’; future course of events is rarely known. In order to
be assured of the coming course of events, an organised system of forecasting helps.
Business Barometers: Business indices are constructed to study and analyze the business
activities on the basis of which future conditions are predetermined. As business indices are
the indicators of future conditions, they are also known as ’business barometers’ or
‘economic barometers’. With the help of these business barometers the trend of
fluctuations in business conditions are understood and a decision can be taken relating to
the problem by forecasting. The construction of business barometer consists of gross
national product, wholesale prices, consumer prices, industrial production, stock prices,
bank deposits etc.
Time series analysis: Time series analysis is also used for the purpose of making business
forecasting. The forecasting through time series analysis is possible only when the business
data of various years are available which reflects a definite trend and seasonal variation. By
time series analysis the long term trend, secular trend, seasonal and cyclical variations are
ascertained, analyzed and separated from the data of various years.
Sequence or time-lag theory: This is the most important theory of business forecasting. It is
based on the assumption that most of the business data have the lag and lead relationships,
that is, changes in business are successive and not simultaneous. There is time-lag between
different movements.
Action and reaction theory: This theory is based on the following two assumptions.
1) Every action has a reaction
2) Magnitude of the original action influences the reaction
Economic Rhythm Theory: The basic assumption of this theory is that history repeats itself
and hence assumes that all economic and business events behave in a rhythmic order.
According to this theory, the speed and time of all business cycles are more or less the same
and by using statistical and mathematical methods, a trend is obtained which will represent
a long term tendency of growth or decline. It is done on the basis of the assumption that the
trend line denotes the normal growth or decline of business events.
Specific historical analogy: History repeats itself is the main foundation of this theory. If
conditions are the same, whatever happened in the past under a set of circumstances is
likely to happen in future also. A time series relating to the data in question is thoroughly
scrutinized such a period is selected in which conditions were similar to those prevailing at
the time of making the forecast. However, this theory depends largely on past data.
Cross-cut analysis theory: This theory proceeds on the analysis of interplay of current
economic forces. In this method, the combined effects of various factors are not studied.
The effect of each factor is studied independently. Under this theory, forecasting is made on
the basis of analysis and interpretation of present conditions because the past events have
no relevance with present conditions.
QUESTION 6
Construct Fisher’s Ideal Index for the given information and check whether Fisher’s formula satisfies
Time Reversal and Factor Reversal Tests.
Items P0 Q0 P1 Q1
A 16 5 20 6
B 12 10 18 12
C 14 8 16 10
D 20 6 22 10
E 80 3 90 5
F 40 2 50 5
ANSWER
A 16 5 20 6 100 80 120 96
= √1.4521 * 100
= 1.21 * 100
= 121
= √1
=1
Q01 =
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