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Ken Renal PPD
Ken Renal PPD
Glomerular disease thru Acute Renal Failure pgs 62130 in Renal PPD notes
Glomerular diseases:
I. Histologic Alterations
1. Glomerular hypercellularity – cellular proliferation, leukocytic
infiltration
2. Basement Membrane thickening thickening of BM, deposition of
electron dense material (most common thickening is by extensive
subepithelial deposition, as in membranous glomerulonephritis)
3. Hyalinization accumulation of material that is homogenous, and
eosinophilic by LM
4. Sclerosis Loss of structural detail of Glomerular tuft by increased BM
or mesangial matrix, other alterations include fibrin deposition,
amyloid, lipid
II. The Clinical Syndromes:
1
Asymptomatic heamturia Glomerular hematuria, subnephrotic (incidental finding in routine exam)
or proteinuria proteinuria
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Disease Clinical Pathogenesis Clinical Course LM IF EM
Presentation
Poststrep
glomerulonephritis Acute nephritis Ab mediated, Case: young child w/ malaise, fever, Enlarged, hypercellular Granular IgG, Subepithelial humps
circulating or planted nausea, oliguria, hematuria after sore bloodless glomeruli, C3 in GBM and
Ag throat. RBC casts in urine, mild Diffuse proliferation, mesangium
proteinuria, periorbital edema, some leukocytic infiltration
HTN.
Labs: ASO titer, serum C3
Tx: 95% recover w/ conservative
Na/H20 balance therapy
Case: insidious nephrotic syndrome,
hematuria, HTN, w/ increasing
sclerosis of glomeruli, rising BUN…
notoriously variable course
Minimal Change Nephrotic Unknown Children w/ massive proteinuria, Normal Negative Loss of foot
(Lipoid nephrosis) Syndrome renal function remains good, processes
Tx: corticosteroids
3
Focal Segmental Nephrotic Unknown Compared to Minimal change Hallmark is degeneration and Focal IgM and Loss of foot
glomerulo sclerosis syndrome, non disease: inc hematuria, red GFR, inc focal disruption of visceral C3 processes, epithelial
nephrotic HTN, poor steroid response, many epithelial cells. Focal and denudation
proteinuria progress to chronic GN, IF shows segmental sclerosis, collapse
deposits. of BM, inc mesangial matrix
Rare spontaneous remission. and hyalinosis
4
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Chronic renal failure:
I. Major Causes of CRF
1. Glomerulopathies
2. Hypertension
3. Obstructive uropathy
4. Interstitial nephritis
5. Hereditary (PCKD)
II. Intact Nephron hypothesis – nephrons in damaged kidneys operate at a
higher functional level so that gross kidney function is preserved
III. Discrimination between ARF and CRF
1. H & P Previous serum Creatinine, nocturia, history of foray urine,
edema, orthostatic HTN, muscle tenderness, etc
2. Kidney size – small, CRF
3. Renal Osteodystrophy – yes CRF
4. Carbamylated HgB – yes CRF
5. Anemia – no ARF
IV. Stages of renal failure
1. Decreased renal reserve – excretory regulatory capacity intact, GFR
dec. but labs normal
2. Renal insufficiency – mild azotemia, impaired concentrating ability,
nocturia, anemia
3. Renal failure – anemia inc, hypocalcemia, hyperphosphatemia,
hyponatremia, impaired concentrating ability, nocturia, isothenuria,
metabolic acidosis
4. Uremia – constellation of signs/symptoms
a. Signs and symptoms of uremia:
i. Nervous stupor, coma, fatigue, malaise, insomnia,
memory, speech slurred, tics, dementia, headache, cramps
ii. GI – hiccup, parotitis, gastritis, anorexia, pancreatitis, ulcer,
nausea/vomiting
iii. Hematology – anemia, bleeding
iv. Immunology – inc infection/ cancers
v. Cardio – pericarditis, atheromatosis, edema HTN,
cardiomyopathy
vi. Pulmonary – pleuritis, edema
vii. Skin –pruritus, nail atrophy, melanosis
viii. Endocrine – glucose intolerance, hyperlipidemia,
hyperPTH, hypogonadism, growth retardation
ix. Bone – renal osteodystropy, amyloidosis
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x. Misc – thirst, weight loss, uremic fetor, hyperthermia
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V. Functions of the Kidney
1. Fluidelectrolyte balance, acid/base homeostasis
a. Types of filtrate products
i. Non regulated – plasma concentration falls w/GFR
(creatinine, BUN)
ii. Partial regulation – balanced until GFR < 3040 ml/min
(Hydrogen ion, uric acid, phosphate, calcium)
iii. Complete regulation – balance maintained until GFR < 10
15 ml/min (Na+, K+, H20)
b. CRF loss of renal concentrating ability
i. At max urine output, CRF patients make less urine than
normal and at higher osmolarity—more Na+ loss
ii. At min urine output, CRF patients make more urine than
normal—and at less osmolarity—unable to excrete enough
Na+
c. Signs of abnormal fluid balance
i. Abnormal concentration
• Nocturia
• Volume depletion/hypernatremia w/o access to H20 or
impaired thirst
ii. Abnormal dilution
• Hyponatremia
• Greater susceptibility to H20 intoxication
+
d. Na excretion with CRF
i. CRF patients excrete same amount of Na+ as normal
patients, but they have dec GFR, so they lose higher % of
Na+
ii. Regulation of Na+ by CRF patients
• Adaptation occurs in distal tubule
• Aldosterone levels normal to high
•ANP inc
iii. Uremic symptoms from abnormal Na+
•Hypernatremia edema, CHF, hypertension
• Hyponatremia—volume contraction, ARF
e +
e. K excretion with CRF
i. K+ regulation with CRF
f • Maintained until GFR <10%
• Less flexibility in handling loads
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• Kidney and colon adapt to inc K+ secretion
ii. Factors that allow serum K+ to remain normal
• inc Na+ delivery to distal nephron
• inc flow/nephron
• inc Na/K ATPase
• up to 35% of K+ can be colon excreted
iv. uremic symptoms from abnormal K+
• cardiac arrhythmia
• flaccid paralysis
f. Metabolic acidosis in CRF
i. decreased NH3 production
ii. decrease titratable acid production
iii. HCO3 loss (equivalent to H+ gain)
g. Characteristics of renal acidosis
i. Normal or high anion gap
ii. acidic urine pH
h. Treatment of uremic acidosis
i. use of HCO3 (Na bicarbonate, calcium carbonate, Na
citrate)
ii. Adverse effects of acidosis
• Metabolic—protein wasting, altered triglyceride
metabolism
• Hormonal – inc catecholamines, inc aldosterone, inc
corticosteroids
• Hemodynamics—altered contractility, arteriolar
dilatation, peripheral venoconstriction, inc pulmonary vasc.
Resistance, ventricular arrhythmia
• GI – nausea, vomiting, gastric atony
• Skeletal – inc bone resorption, dec bone formation,
enhanced PTH action
2. Excretion of waste
a. Uremic toxicity
i. ameliorated by dietary protein restriction
ii. limited by possible negative N balance
3. Hormone production
a. As GFR dec, PTH inc –trade off hypothesis
b. Treatment of hyperphosphatemia
i. Dietary Pi restriction
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ii. Pi binders
iii. Ca binders
c. Renal production of EPO and 1,25 D
i. EPO loss –anemia
ii. 1,25 D—secondary anemia
4. Hormone catabolism
VI. Treatment for CRF
1. Focus on ACEIs
a. Reduce MAP while also lowering glomerular capillary pressure
b. Decrease proteinuria
c. Tend to be grown inhibitor of fibrosis
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Secondary Hypertension:
I. Conditions causing secondary Hypertension
1. Renal parenchymal disease (acute/chronic GN, nephritis, PCKD)
2. Systemic Vasculitis/glomerulitis (Wegner’s, HenochSchonlein
purpura)
3. Oral contraceptives
a. causes HTN, esp with cigarette smoking
4. Renal vascular disease
a. Renovascular hypertension – stenonic lesion results in dec
perfusion of kidney, inc renin secretion, high AgII
diagnosed by ultrasound, captopril radionucleotide renography,
angiography
5. Mineralocorticoid excess (hyperaldosteronism, Liddles, licorice)
a. hypertension with hypokalemia
b. metabolic acidosis
c. aldosterone secreting tumor
i. elevated 24hr urinary aldosterone after 3 days high salt diet
ii. renin is low (as opposed to secondary hyperaldosteronism)
6. Pheochromocytoma
a. adrenomedullary tumor – tachy, HTN, palpitations, headache
7. Hypothyroidism
a. associated with inc total peripheral resistance, higher sympathetic
tone
Tubular Disorders:
I. Acute Tubular Necrosis – results in coagulative necrosis, desquamation of
cells in lumen to form granular and cellular casts, RBCs in lumina, ATN
usually heals by resolution
1. Nephrotoxic – injury affects much of the PCT only
a. drugs – aminoglycosides, sulfonamides, methoxyflurane
b. Metals – mercury, silver, arsenic, lead, gold
c. Diagnostic agents – radiocontrast dyes
d. Organic compounds—carbon tet, ethylene glycol, CH3OH
2. Ischemic – lesions are patchy in distribution
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Interstitial Disorders:
I. Acute interstitial nephritis – rapid onset, morphologic finding of
interstitial edema
1. Direct bacterial – neutrophils a plenty
2. Drug hypersensitivity – clinically most important, limits
pharmacologic agents, findings of patchy inflammatory cells, inc.
eosinophils, rare granuloma formation
• Common drugs: methicillin, ampicillin, rifampicin, phenindione,
sulfonamides, NSAIDs
a. Cell mediated immunity—suggested by monocytes, or granulomas
b. Anti tubular BM Antibodies—drug acts as hapten and combines
with BM rendering them antigenic
c. Allerginreagin system—elevated IgG
II. Chronic interstitial nephritis interstitial fibrosis and tubular atrophy,
with some inflammation, glomerular and vascular changes
1. Chronic pyelonephritis – not really consequence of longstanding
bacterial infection, may or may not have reflux or obstruction
a. large segmental areas of scarring, at poles usually
b. dilated pelvis
c. lymphocytes and plasma cells beneath transitional epithelium
d. large clusters of atrophic tubules
2. Obstruction
3. Vesicoureteral reflux
4. Chronic infection
5. Analgesic abuse
6. Radiation
7. Other nephropathy
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Acute Renal Failure:
I. Definition—sudden decline in renal function w/ rise in serum creatinine,
azotemia, normal or decreased urine output
II. Causes of ARF
1. Prerenal – dec. volume by blood loss, diarrhea, vomiting, diuretic,
CHF, shock, prostaglandin inhibitors in susceptible individuals
• orthostatic changes in BP
2. Postrenal obstruction by prostatic hypertrophy, nephrolithiasis, tumor
• inc. BUN/Cr ratio
3. Parenchymal ARF
i. Acute glomerulonephritis (AGN)—HTN, edema, proteinuria,
RBCs, RBC casts in urine
• look for history of sore throat, strep, SLE
• proteinuria, RBC casts in urine
ii. Vasculitis – inflammatory involvement of blood vessels, HTN,
proteinuria
iii. Acute interstitial nephritis (AIN) – allergic rxn in kidney after drug
exposure, eosinophils in urine
• History of nephrotoxic drugs, skin rash, fever
• RBCs in urine, proteinuria, and eosinophiluria
iv. Acute tubular necrosis (ATN) – severe hypoperfusion after toxins
• Poorly concentrated urine, rich in Na+, muddy brown casts, renal
tubular cell casts
III. Complications of ARF
1. Similar to CRF, including metabolic, neurological cardio, GI
symptoms
2. Also hematological—anemia, platelet dysfunction (bleeding) and inc.
infections (most common cause of death in ARF)
III. Treatment of established ARF
1. Measure weight as indicator of volume status
2. Restrict fluid intake, give high calorie, low protein diet to minimize
catabolism
3. Indications for dialysis
i. Severe hyperkalemia
ii. Metabolic acidosis unresponsive to bicarbonate therapy
iii. Fluid overload
iv. pericarditis
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v. severe CNS change
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