AP biology Chapter 5 student notes

Objectives: List and describe the four major classes of molecules; Describe the formation of a glycosidic linkage and
distinguish between monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides; Distinguish between saturated and
unsaturated fats and between cis and trans fat molecules; Describe the four levels of protein structure; Distinguish
between the following pairs: pyrimidine and purine, nucleotide and nucleoside, ribose and deoxyribose, the 5′ end
and 3′ end of a nucleotide

Lecture Outline:

 All living things are made up of four main classes of macromolecules: ____________________, ____________,
________________, and _______________.
Macromolecule
A polymer is a long molecule consisting of many similar or identical _________________ linked by covalent bonds.
Monomer
Three of the four classes of life’s organic molecules are polymers: ______________________, ____________, and
__________________.
Condensation reaction (dehydration reaction)

Hydrolysis

An immense variety of polymers can be build from ___________________________________

 Carbohydrates include ___________ and ______________________. Formula of carbohydrates ________

 Monosaccharides have __________ group and ___________ group.
Example:

Monosaccharides are classified based on the location of ____________ and based on the number of _______.
More examples:

Functions of monosaccharides: 1. ___________________ 2. ________________________

1
Draw the formation of a glucose ring and the abbreviated structure of a glucose:

 Disaccharide
Glycosidic linkage
Examples:
Maltose = glucose+glucose
Sucrose = glucose + fructose
Lactose= glucose + galactose
Draw two examples

 Polysaccharides
Functions of polysaccharides 1. ____________________ 2. _________________________
Starch

Amylose and amylopectin

Glycogen

Example: cellulose

Draw starch and cellulose molecules

Polymers with α -glycosidic linkage are ____________, polymers with β -glycosidic linkage are ____________.
The reason is ___________________________________________________________________________.

To digest cellulose you need ________________________________________________________ otherwise it will

be excreted. We call it ___________________.
Ex. How does cow digest grass?

2
Chitin

Structure of the chitin monomer:

 Lipids are not polymers, they have _________________ affinity to water (or _________________).
Most important lipids are __________, _____________________ and ______________.
 Fats are constructed from __________________ and _________________.
Glycerol structure:

Example of fatty acid:

Draw dehydration reaction in the synthesis of fat:

Draw a fat molecule (triacylglycerol)

Fats separate from water because water molecules form hydrogen bonds ____________ and exclude the fats.
Saturated fatty acid

Unsaturated fatty acids

Fats are made from _____________________. They are ____________. Ex. ______________________
Oils are made from ______________________. They are ___________. Ex. _______________________

Hydrogenation

Trans-fats

Function of fats; 1._____________________________ 2. _________________________

 Phospholipids are made from ______________ , _____________and _______________________.

___________________ are hydrophobic, and __________________ is hydrophilic.

Let’s draw a phospholipid:

Phospholipids in water self-assemble into a ________________. They are major components of ____________.
The reason for this self-assembly ________________________________________________________________.
Draw a bilayer:

 Steroids have a carbon skeleton consisting of ______________.

Ex.
3
Function of steroids: 1. __________________ 2. _________________

 Proteins account for ____________ of the dry cell mass.

Protein functions include _____________________, ______________, ______________, ___________________,

______________, and ________________.

 Enzymes

Polypeptides

Protein

Amino acids

Ex. make using a model kit and sketch several amino acids

Peptide bond
Ex. make using a model kit a polypeptide, draw it, and identify a peptide bond

Amino acids

4
Protein 3D structure determines its _____________. ________________________ determines protein 3D structure.
Four levels of protein structure
The primary structure is determined by _______________________________________________________.
Ex.

 Secondary structure results from _______________________________. It includes ____________________.

Two types of secondary structure are ________________________ and ________________________.
Secondary structure results from ____________________________________________________________.
ex.
sketch of α -helix and β -sheet

 Tertiary structure results from _______________________________________________________________.

Interactions include _____________________, _____________________, __________________ and
____________. Important, ____________________, covalent bonds between two cysteines,
_____________________.
ex. of interactions:

 Quaternary structure results when _____________________________________________________________.

ex.

Sickle cell disease

Other factors that determine protein structure:

Denaturation

Chaperonins

Two methods to determine protein structure ________________________ and __________________.

Bioinformatics uses simulation programs to _____________________________.
 Nucleic acids. Two types of nucleic acids are ________________________ and_________________________.
Functions of DNA:

5
Polynucleotides

Nucleotide consists of _______________________, _____________________ and _________________________.

Nucleoside consists of _________________________ and ______________________.

Draw a structure of a nucleotide:

Nucleotides are joined by covalent bonds between _______________________________________________.

Nitrogenous bases are:

Sugars in nucleotides are:

DNA double helix is made of ________ polynucleotides, that run in _________________ direction (____________).
Two strands are connected via ______________________ between __________________.
RNA differences from DNA:

Example:

 Review table:

Monomer or component Polymers or larger Type of linkage

molecule