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2.TrafficUnitandMathematicalModel SigitHaryadi-2016 PDF
2.TrafficUnitandMathematicalModel SigitHaryadi-2016 PDF
Telecommunication
Traffic Engineering-Chapter 2. Institut Teknologi Bandung.ISBN 978-602-18578-5-4
Sigit Haryadi. (2016/08/25). “Telecommunication Traffic Unit and Mathematical Model”. Telecommunication
Traffic Engineering-Chapter 2. Institut Teknologi Bandung.ISBN 978-602-18578-5-4
B.18:
T B.18).
technology used.
1
Sigit Haryadi. (2016/08/25). “Telecommunication Traffic Unit and Mathematical Model”. Telecommunication
Traffic Engineering-Chapter 2. Institut Teknologi Bandung.ISBN 978-602-18578-5-4
telephone traffic.
services.
telecommunications services.
2
Sigit Haryadi. (2016/08/25). “Telecommunication Traffic Unit and Mathematical Model”. Telecommunication
Traffic Engineering-Chapter 2. Institut Teknologi Bandung.ISBN 978-602-18578-5-4
2. On a web server that can serve 1000 hits per hour, there
were 400 hits per hour, the traffic intensity on this web
server is = 400 hits per hour / 1000 hits per hour = 0.4
Erlang.
as 500 calls per minute there are 230 calls per minute,
per minute = 230 calls per minute / 500 calls per minute =
0.46 Erlang.
problems below:
for 15 minutes.
3
Sigit Haryadi. (2016/08/25). “Telecommunication Traffic Unit and Mathematical Model”. Telecommunication
Traffic Engineering-Chapter 2. Institut Teknologi Bandung.ISBN 978-602-18578-5-4
per packet.
/ 30 minutes) = 3 erlang.
time measurement.
4
Sigit Haryadi. (2016/08/25). “Telecommunication Traffic Unit and Mathematical Model”. Telecommunication
Traffic Engineering-Chapter 2. Institut Teknologi Bandung.ISBN 978-602-18578-5-4
as follows:
5
Sigit Haryadi. (2016/08/25). “Telecommunication Traffic Unit and Mathematical Model”. Telecommunication
Traffic Engineering-Chapter 2. Institut Teknologi Bandung.ISBN 978-602-18578-5-4
steps:
2.2.1. Observations:
2.2.2. Modeling:
2.2.3. Deduction:
analyzed
2.2.4. Measurement:
2.2.5. Verification:
of time between the arrivals of the packet with the next packet.
7
Sigit Haryadi. (2016/08/25). “Telecommunication Traffic Unit and Mathematical Model”. Telecommunication
Traffic Engineering-Chapter 2. Institut Teknologi Bandung.ISBN 978-602-18578-5-4
So the main principles which are the basis of the theory is the
theory.
8
Sigit Haryadi. (2016/08/25). “Telecommunication Traffic Unit and Mathematical Model”. Telecommunication
Traffic Engineering-Chapter 2. Institut Teknologi Bandung.ISBN 978-602-18578-5-4
among others:
the size of the packet size = 100 bits per packet transmitted
at speeds of 100 M bits per second, the size of the packet can
9
Sigit Haryadi. (2016/08/25). “Telecommunication Traffic Unit and Mathematical Model”. Telecommunication
Traffic Engineering-Chapter 2. Institut Teknologi Bandung.ISBN 978-602-18578-5-4
10
Sigit Haryadi. (2016/08/25). “Telecommunication Traffic Unit and Mathematical Model”. Telecommunication
Traffic Engineering-Chapter 2. Institut Teknologi Bandung.ISBN 978-602-18578-5-4
Xi = Ti − Ti−1, i = 1, 2, . (6)
called inter-arrival-time-distribution.
time t.
incoming packets = n.
11
Sigit Haryadi. (2016/08/25). “Telecommunication Traffic Unit and Mathematical Model”. Telecommunication
Traffic Engineering-Chapter 2. Institut Teknologi Bandung.ISBN 978-602-18578-5-4
Nt n (7)
Tn ∑X i t
i 1 (8)
p n t n p T n t
(9)
12
Sigit Haryadi. (2016/08/25). “Telecommunication Traffic Unit and Mathematical Model”. Telecommunication
Traffic Engineering-Chapter 2. Institut Teknologi Bandung.ISBN 978-602-18578-5-4
follows:
F i ( t ) p{ X i t }
(12)
13
Sigit Haryadi. (2016/08/25). “Telecommunication Traffic Unit and Mathematical Model”. Telecommunication
Traffic Engineering-Chapter 2. Institut Teknologi Bandung.ISBN 978-602-18578-5-4
E { X i ) m 1, i
(13)
written as:
Var { X t }
IDI 2
(14)
E{ X t )
advance for a certain time, and then record the time intervals
where there are a number of packets that come with the same
networks.
There are two important things when we study the term point process:
14
Sigit Haryadi. (2016/08/25). “Telecommunication Traffic Unit and Mathematical Model”. Telecommunication
Traffic Engineering-Chapter 2. Institut Teknologi Bandung.ISBN 978-602-18578-5-4
p{ N t 1 t 2 N t k } p{ N t 1 t 2 t N t 1 t k }
(15)
2.6.2. Independent
15
Sigit Haryadi. (2016/08/25). “Telecommunication Traffic Unit and Mathematical Model”. Telecommunication
Traffic Engineering-Chapter 2. Institut Teknologi Bandung.ISBN 978-602-18578-5-4
written as:
p{ N t 1 t 2 N t k | N t 1 N t 0 n} p { N t 2 N t 1 k }
(16)
future does not depend on how the changes that have been
2.6.3. Simple
16
Sigit Haryadi. (2016/08/25). “Telecommunication Traffic Unit and Mathematical Model”. Telecommunication
Traffic Engineering-Chapter 2. Institut Teknologi Bandung.ISBN 978-602-18578-5-4
is:
p{ N t t N t 2} 0 . t
(17)
interval representation.
17
Sigit Haryadi. (2016/08/25). “Telecommunication Traffic Unit and Mathematical Model”. Telecommunication
Traffic Engineering-Chapter 2. Institut Teknologi Bandung.ISBN 978-602-18578-5-4
traffic engineering.
that failed to get the service will queue first in the buffer
measurements.
18
Sigit Haryadi. (2016/08/25). “Telecommunication Traffic Unit and Mathematical Model”. Telecommunication
Traffic Engineering-Chapter 2. Institut Teknologi Bandung.ISBN 978-602-18578-5-4
then we all have to explore more about the point process. Many
references.
19
Sigit Haryadi. (2016/08/25). “Telecommunication Traffic Unit and Mathematical Model”. Telecommunication
Traffic Engineering-Chapter 2. Institut Teknologi Bandung.ISBN 978-602-18578-5-4
proccess is:
birth and death process which is often used to make the equation
at different.
20
Sigit Haryadi. (2016/08/25). “Telecommunication Traffic Unit and Mathematical Model”. Telecommunication
Traffic Engineering-Chapter 2. Institut Teknologi Bandung.ISBN 978-602-18578-5-4
the server.
coefficients of birth.
21
Sigit Haryadi. (2016/08/25). “Telecommunication Traffic Unit and Mathematical Model”. Telecommunication
Traffic Engineering-Chapter 2. Institut Teknologi Bandung.ISBN 978-602-18578-5-4
occur:
form of equation:
22
Sigit Haryadi. (2016/08/25). “Telecommunication Traffic Unit and Mathematical Model”. Telecommunication
Traffic Engineering-Chapter 2. Institut Teknologi Bandung.ISBN 978-602-18578-5-4
the state (i) that can be written one in the form of equations:
arrival theorem
23
Sigit Haryadi. (2016/08/25). “Telecommunication Traffic Unit and Mathematical Model”. Telecommunication
Traffic Engineering-Chapter 2. Institut Teknologi Bandung.ISBN 978-602-18578-5-4
formula.
There are two principles of the use of Birth and Death Process
/ μ
24
Sigit Haryadi. (2016/08/25). “Telecommunication Traffic Unit and Mathematical Model”. Telecommunication
Traffic Engineering-Chapter 2. Institut Teknologi Bandung.ISBN 978-602-18578-5-4
we observe. So n is limited.
B formula is:
25
Sigit Haryadi. (2016/08/25). “Telecommunication Traffic Unit and Mathematical Model”. Telecommunication
Traffic Engineering-Chapter 2. Institut Teknologi Bandung.ISBN 978-602-18578-5-4
to λ.
equal to μ.
26
Sigit Haryadi. (2016/08/25). “Telecommunication Traffic Unit and Mathematical Model”. Telecommunication
Traffic Engineering-Chapter 2. Institut Teknologi Bandung.ISBN 978-602-18578-5-4
27
Sigit Haryadi. (2016/08/25). “Telecommunication Traffic Unit and Mathematical Model”. Telecommunication
Traffic Engineering-Chapter 2. Institut Teknologi Bandung.ISBN 978-602-18578-5-4
in Figure 8.
8. written as follows;
State 2: λ.p(2)+2μ.p(2)=λ.p(1)+3μ.p(3)
λ.p(2) = 3μ.p(3)
………………………………….. ………………..
………………………………….. …………………
………………………………….. …………………
28
Sigit Haryadi. (2016/08/25). “Telecommunication Traffic Unit and Mathematical Model”. Telecommunication
Traffic Engineering-Chapter 2. Institut Teknologi Bandung.ISBN 978-602-18578-5-4
p(0) = p(0)
p(1) = A.p(0)
A A2
p (2) p (1) p (0)
2 2
………………………………….
………………………………….
n
A A
p (n) p ( n 1) p (0) (20)
(n) ( n )!
A A2 An
p (o ) p (0) p ( 0 ) ........ p (0) 1
1 2! n!
1
p (o ) 2
A An
1 A .......... .
2! n! (22)
29
Sigit Haryadi. (2016/08/25). “Telecommunication Traffic Unit and Mathematical Model”. Telecommunication
Traffic Engineering-Chapter 2. Institut Teknologi Bandung.ISBN 978-602-18578-5-4
An
En ( A ) p ( n ) n!
2
A An
1 A .......... .
2! n! (2 3)
variable. Suppose we know the traffic offered (A) and the number
program.
A.E x 1 ( A)
E x ( A) ; E 0 ( A) 1 (24)
x A.E x 1 ( A)
process with rate arrival = λ = 500 call / sec, and (d) Service-
Calculate:
(b) Offered traffic, traffic & Carried traffic loss (c) Provider
income on a day when the average arrival rate for 23 hours non-
busy hour arrival rate = 0.75 during rush hour, and if any call
SOLUtion
A =λ/µ = 500/100 = 5 ; n = 10
C = 0,0184
31
Sigit Haryadi. (2016/08/25). “Telecommunication Traffic Unit and Mathematical Model”. Telecommunication
Traffic Engineering-Chapter 2. Institut Teknologi Bandung.ISBN 978-602-18578-5-4
1,612,303.35 $
Y A{1 E n ( A )}
ai a 4 .9 / 10 0 .49
n n
A?
32
Sigit Haryadi. (2016/08/25). “Telecommunication Traffic Unit and Mathematical Model”. Telecommunication
Traffic Engineering-Chapter 2. Institut Teknologi Bandung.ISBN 978-602-18578-5-4
networks. It has been over 100 years before the existing other
p ( o ) p (1) p ( 2 ) ........ p (i ) 1; i
A A2 Ai
p (o ) p (0) p ( 0 ) ........ p ( 0 ) 1; i
1 2! i!
1
p (o )
eA
Then the Poisson distribution derived using the birth and death
process:
Ai
p (i ) .e A
i! (27)
33
Sigit Haryadi. (2016/08/25). “Telecommunication Traffic Unit and Mathematical Model”. Telecommunication
Traffic Engineering-Chapter 2. Institut Teknologi Bandung.ISBN 978-602-18578-5-4
n
p ( o ) { Aj
j!
} 1 (25)
j 0
poisson distribution:
Ai
p (i ) i!
n
Aj
j!
j 0
(26)
network has been derived by experts from 100 year ago. Formula
34
Sigit Haryadi. (2016/08/25). “Telecommunication Traffic Unit and Mathematical Model”. Telecommunication
Traffic Engineering-Chapter 2. Institut Teknologi Bandung.ISBN 978-602-18578-5-4
presented in Figure 9.
/ n as follows:
. p ( 0 ) . p (1)
. p (1) 2 . p ( 2 )
……………………………
………………………………
. p (i ) (i 1). . p (i 1)
…………………………………
…………………………………
. p ( n 1) n. . p ( n )
35
Sigit Haryadi. (2016/08/25). “Telecommunication Traffic Unit and Mathematical Model”. Telecommunication
Traffic Engineering-Chapter 2. Institut Teknologi Bandung.ISBN 978-602-18578-5-4
. p ( n ) n. . p ( n 1)
........................
....................
. p ( n j ) n. . p ( n j 1)
multiplied by n.μ
Since A = λ / μ then:
Ai
p (i ) p (0) for : 0 i n
i!
in
A Ai
p (i ) . p (0) p (n) in
n n!.n i n
A A2 An
p ( 0 ){1 .......... . .......... ....} 1
1 2! n!
A A2 An A A2
p ( 0 ){1 .......... . (1 .........) } 1
1 2! n! 1 2!
Then:
36
Sigit Haryadi. (2016/08/25). “Telecommunication Traffic Unit and Mathematical Model”. Telecommunication
Traffic Engineering-Chapter 2. Institut Teknologi Bandung.ISBN 978-602-18578-5-4
1
p (0)
n 1
A An i
n
i! n! . n A
i0
n
E 2 , n ( A ) p{W 0 ) p ( n ).
n A
n
A n
.
E 2 , n ( A ) p{W 0 ) n! n A (27)
A A2 A n 1 An n
1 ....... .
1 2! ( n 1)! n! n A
for :: A n
n.E1, n ( A)
E 2 , n ( A) p{W 0 ) (28)
n A{1 E1, n ( A)}
1 1 1
E 2 , n ( A) E1, n ( A) E1, n 1 ( A)
(29)
second).
37
Sigit Haryadi. (2016/08/25). “Telecommunication Traffic Unit and Mathematical Model”. Telecommunication
Traffic Engineering-Chapter 2. Institut Teknologi Bandung.ISBN 978-602-18578-5-4
A
L n E 2 , n ( A ). (30)
n A
Ln n
L nq By
p{ L 0} n A (31)
queue for the queue packets only (w) and the average queuing
formula:
s
W n E 2 , n ( A ).
n A (32)
s
wn
n A (33)
of the above can be used for queuing systems that use only one
[1] ITU-D (2005): Teletraffic Engineering Hansbook. ITU-D Study Group 2 Question 16/2.
328 pp.
[2] Sigit Haryadi (1984-2012): Teletraffic Engineering Lecture Notes & Handout. Bandung
Institut of Technology (ITB), Indonesia. 1984-2012.
[3] Rabe, F.W. (1949): Variations of telephone traffic. Electrical Communications, Vol. 26
(1949) 243–248
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Sigit Haryadi. (2016/08/25). “Telecommunication Traffic Unit and Mathematical Model”. Telecommunication
Traffic Engineering-Chapter 2. Institut Teknologi Bandung.ISBN 978-602-18578-5-4
[4] Karlsson, S.A. (1937): Tekniska anordninger f¨or samtalsdebitering enligt tid (Technical
arrangement for charging calls according to time, In Swedish). Helsingfors
Telefonforening, Tekniska Meddelanden 1937, No. 2, pp. 32–48.
[5] ITU-D (2005): Teletraffic Engineering Hansbook. ITU-D Study Group 2 Question 16/2.
Chapter 1. pp.2
[6] ITU-D (2005): Teletraffic Engineering Hansbook. ITU-D Study Group 2 Question 16/2.
Chapter 1. pp.4
[8] Khintchine, A.Y. (1955): Mathematical methods in the theory of queueing. London 1960.
124 pp. (Original in Russian, 1955)
[9] Engset, T.O. (1918): Die Wahrscheinlichkeitsrechnung zur Bestimmung der W¨ahlerzahl
in automatischen Fernsprech¨amtern. Elektrotechnische Zeitschrift, 1918, Heft 31.
Translated to English in Telektronikk (Norwegian), June 1991, 4pp.
[11]Kendall, D.G. (1951): Some problems in the theory of queues. Journal of Royal Statistical
Society, Series B, Vol. 13 (1951) : 2, 151–173.
[12]Little, J.D.C. (1961): A proof for the queueing formula L = W. Operations Research, Vol.
9 (1961) : 383–387.
[13]Khintchine, A.Y. (1955): Mathematical methods in the theory of queueing. London 1960.
124 pp. (Original in Russian, 1955).
[14]Jackson, J.R. (1963): Jobshop–like queueing systems. Management Science, Vol. 10 (1963),
No. 1, pp. 131–142
[15]Kleinrock, L. (1975): Queueing systems. Vol. I: Theory. New York 1975. 417 pp
[16]Kleinrock, L. (1976): Queueing systems. Vol. II: Computer applications. New York 1976.
549 pp.
[17]Conway, A.E. & Georganas, N.D. (1989): Queueing networks – exact computational
algorithms: A unified theory based on decomposition and aggregation. The MIT Press
1989. 234 pp
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Sigit Haryadi. (2016/08/25). “Telecommunication Traffic Unit and Mathematical Model”. Telecommunication
Traffic Engineering-Chapter 2. Institut Teknologi Bandung.ISBN 978-602-18578-5-4
[21]Wilkinson, R.I. (1956): Theories for toll traffic engineering in the U.S.A. The Bell System
Technical Journal, Vol. 35 (1956) 421–514.
[22]Hayward, W.S. Jr. (1952): The reliability of telephone traffic load measurements by switch
counts. The Bell System Technical Journal, Vol. 31 (1952) : 2, 357–377
Biography
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