Lec 2                                                          Weight Vol.

 Relationships 1
 ‫‪Quiz1‬‬
‫‪ .1‬اﺷﺮح ﻛﯿﻒ ﺗﻤﺜﻞ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت اﻟﺠﯿﻮﻟﻮﺟﯿﺔ أھﻤﯿﺔ ﻓﻲ اﺧﺘﯿﺎر ﻣﻮاﻗﻊ اﻟﺘﻨﻤﯿﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻌﻤﺮاﻧﯿﺔ واﻣﺘﺪادھﺎ؟‬
‫‪ .2‬ﺿﻊ ﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﺻﺢ )√( أو ﺧطﺄ )‪ (Χ‬أﻣﺎم اﻟﻌﺑﺎرات اﻷﺗﯾﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪ .a‬ﯾﻌﺗﺑر ﻋﻠم اﻟزﻻزل أﺣد ﻓروع اﻟﺟﯾوﻓﯾزﯾﺎء‬
‫‪ .b‬ﯾﻌﺗﺑر اﻟﺻودﯾوم ﻣن أﻛﺛر اﻟﻌﻧﺎﺻر وﺟودا ﺑﺎﻟﻘﺷرة اﻷرﺿﯾﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .c‬اﻟﻘﺷرة اﻷرﺿﯾﺔ اﻛﺛر ﻛﺛﺎﻓﺔ ﻣن اﻟﻘﻠب اﻟﺧﺎرﺟﻲ ﻟﻸرض‪.‬‬
‫‪ .d‬ﯾﻌﺗﺑر اﻟﺟﺎﺑرو اﺣد اﻟﺻﺧور اﻟﻧﺎرﯾﺔ اﻟﺑرﻛﺎﻧﯾﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .e‬ﻣن ﻋﯾوب اﻷﺣﺟﺎر اﻟطﯾﻧﯾﺔ ﺗﺄﺛرھﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻣﺎء وﺣدوث اﻧﺗﻔﺎش ﻟﮭﺎ‪.‬‬
‫اﻟﺨﻮاص اﻟﻄﺒﯿﻌﯿﺔ واﻟﻤﯿﻜﺎﻧﯿﻜﯿﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺼﺨﻮر‬

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 ‫اﻟﺨﻮاص اﻟﻄﺒﯿﻌﯿﺔ واﻟﻤﯿﻜﺎﻧﻜﯿﺔ ﻟﻠﺼﺨﻮر‬

‫اﻟﺧواص اﻟطﺑﯾﻌﯾﺔ ﻟﻠﺻﺧور‬

‫اﻟﺧواص اﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺻف اﻟﺻﺧور وﺗﺳﺎﻋد ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺻﻧﯾﻔﮭﺎ وھﻲ ﻣﺎ ﺗﺳﻣﻰ اﻟﺧواص اﻟﺗﺑوﯾﺑﯾﺔ ﻣﺛل‪:‬‬
‫ﻣﺎ ﯾﺗﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﻌﻼﻗﺎت اﻷوزان واﻟﺣﺟوم‪ :‬اﻟﻣﺳﺎﻣﯾﺔ‪ -‬ﻧﺳﺑﺔ اﻟﻔراﻏﺎت‪ -‬اﻟﻛﺛﺎﻓﺔ‪-‬‬
‫وأﯾﺿﺎ‪ :‬اﻟﺧوص اﻟﺣرارﯾﺔ‪ -‬اﻻﻧﺗﻔﺎخ‪.....‬‬
‫اﻟﺧواص اﻟﻣﯾﻛﺎﻧﯾﻛﯾﺔ )اﻟﮭﻧدﺳﯾﺔ( ﻟﻠﺻﺧور‬

‫اﻟﺧواص اﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺻف أداء اﻟﺻﺧور ﻋﻧد اﻟﺗﻌرض ﻷﺣﻣﺎل وﺗﻌرف ﺑﺧواص اﻟﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺔ ﻣﺛل‪:‬‬
‫اﻟﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺔ‪ -‬ﺧواص اﻟﻣروﻧﺔ‪ -‬اﻟﺻﻼدة‪.‬‬

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 ‫اﻟﺨﻮاص اﻟﻄﺒﯿﻌﯿﺔ ﻟﻠﺼﺨﻮر‬
Weight Volume Relationships ‫ﻋﻼﻗﺎت اﻷوزان واﻟﺤﺠﻮم‬

:‫ﻷي ﻋﯿﻨﺔ ﺻﺨﺮ او ﺗﺮﺑﺔ ﺗﺘﻜﻮن ﻣﻦ ﺛﻼث ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎت‬

Soil mass a three phase system consisting of:
1. Solid particles (grains) ‫اﻟﺤﺒﯿﺒﺎت اﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ‬
2. Water ‫ﻣﺎء‬
3. Air ‫ھﻮاء‬

Normal Form

‫ﻟﺘﺴﮭﯿﻞ اﻟﺘﻌﺮف ﻋﻠﻰ ﺧﻮاص اﻟﺼﺨﻮر أو اﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ ﯾﺘﻢ ﻓﺼﻞ ھﺬه‬ Normal Form Ideal Form
‫اﻟﻤﻜﻮﻧﺎت ﻛﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺪه‬ Prism
For calculation purpose, it is always more
convenient to show these constituents in
separate spaces.
(Ideal Form (Prism)
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 ‫اﻟﺨﻮاص اﻟﻄﺒﯿﻌﯿﺔ ﻟﻠﺼﺨﻮر‬
Weight Volume Relationships ‫ﻋﻼﻗﺎت اﻷوزان واﻟﺤﺠﻮم‬

Va= Volume of air ‫ﺣﺠﻢ اﻟﮭﻮاء‬ Volumes Weights

Vw= Volume of water ‫ﺣﺠﻢ اﻟﻤﺎء‬ Air

Va
Vv= Volume of voids ‫ﺣﺠﻢ اﻟﻔﺮاﻏﺎت‬ Vv
Vt= Total volume ‫اﻟﺤﺠﻢ اﻟﻜﻠﻲ‬ Vw Water Ww
Vt
Ww= Weight of water ‫وزن اﻟﻤﺎء‬ W

Ws= Weight of solids ‫وزن اﻟﺤﺒﯿﺒﺎت اﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ‬

Vs Solids Ws
W= Total weight ‫اﻟﻮزن اﻟﻜﻠﻲ‬

Vv = Va + Vw
Vt = Vv + Vs Prism
= Va + Vw+Vs
W = Ww + Wa 6
 ‫اﻟﺨﻮاص اﻟﻄﺒﯿﻌﯿﺔ ﻟﻠﺼﺨﻮر‬
Weight Volume Relationships ‫ﻋﻼﻗﺎت اﻷوزان واﻟﺤﺠﻮم‬
Definitions ‫ﺗﻌﺮﯾﻔﺎت‬

Va Air
1- Density ‫اﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ‬
Vv
Unit weight of soil
Vw Water Ww

• Bulk Density: (γb) ‫اﻟﻛﺛﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﻛﻠﯾﺔ‬ Vt W

Bulk density is termed as Natural Density, Wet, Total, or

Vs Ws
Moisture Density Solids

• Dry Density: (γd)  ‫اﻟﻛﺛﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﺟﺎﻓﺔ‬

• Solid Density: (γs) ‫ﻛﺛﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﺣﺑﯾﺑﺎت اﻟﺻﻠﺑﺔ‬

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 ‫اﻟﺨﻮاص اﻟﻄﺒﯿﻌﯿﺔ ﻟﻠﺼﺨﻮر‬
Weight Volume Relationships ‫ﻋﻼﻗﺎت اﻷوزان واﻟﺤﺠﻮم‬

Definitions ‫ﺗﻌﺮﯾﻔﺎت‬
Va Air
1- Density ‫اﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ‬ Vv

Vw Water Ww
• Saturated Density: (γ sat) ‫اﻟﻛﺛﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﻣﺷﺑﻌﺔ‬ Vt W
When the soil is fully saturated
with water (va=0, Vv= Vw) Vs
Solids
Ws

&

• Submerged Density: (γ sub) (‫اﻟﻛﺛﺎﻓﺔ اﻟظﺎھرﯾﺔ )اﻟﻣﻐﻣورة‬

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 ‫اﻟﺨﻮاص اﻟﻄﺒﯿﻌﯿﺔ ﻟﻠﺼﺨﻮر‬
‫ﻋﻼﻗﺎت اﻷوزان واﻟﺤﺠﻮم ‪Weight Volume Relationships‬‬

‫ﺗﺎﺑﻊ اﻟﺘﻌﺮﯾﻔﺎت‪Definitions Cont.‬‬

‫‪2- Water Content (Moisture Content) wc‬‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺘﻮى اﻟﺮطﻮﺑﺔ‬ ‫‪Va‬‬ ‫‪Air‬‬
‫‪Vv‬‬

‫ﯾﻌﺒﺮ ﻋﻦ ﻣﺤﺘﻮى اﻟﺮطﻮﺑﺔ ﻛﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻣﺌﻮﯾﺔ‬ ‫‪Vw‬‬ ‫‪Water‬‬ ‫‪Ww‬‬

‫‪Vt‬‬ ‫‪W‬‬

‫‪3- Specific Gravity Gs‬‬ ‫اﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﻨﻮﻋﯿﺔ‬ ‫‪Vs‬‬

‫‪Solids‬‬
‫‪Ws‬‬

‫‪4- Degree of Saturation Sr‬‬ ‫درﺟﺔ اﻟﺘﺸﺒﻊ‬

‫ﯾﻌﺒﺮ ﻋﻦ درﺟﺔ اﻟﺘﺸﺒﻊ ﻛﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻣﺌﻮﯾﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ ﺗﺎﻣﺔ اﻟﺘﺸﺒﻊ‪For saturated soil, Sr=1 ,‬‬
‫‪For dry soil: Sr=0‬‬ ‫‪ 9‬اﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ اﻟﺠﺎﻓﺔ‬
 ‫اﻟﺨﻮاص اﻟﻄﺒﯿﻌﯿﺔ ﻟﻠﺼﺨﻮر‬
Weight Volume Relationships ‫ﻋﻼﻗﺎت اﻷوزان واﻟﺤﺠﻮم‬

Definitions Cont.‫ﺗﺎﺑﻊ اﻟﺘﻌﺮﯾﻔﺎت‬

Va Air
Vv
Example (1) : Prove that :
(Relation between Bulk and Dry Density) Vw Water Ww
Vt W

Vs Ws
Solids

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 ‫اﻟﺨﻮاص اﻟﻄﺒﯿﻌﯿﺔ ﻟﻠﺼﺨﻮر‬
Weight Volume Relationships ‫ﻋﻼﻗﺎت اﻷوزان واﻟﺤﺠﻮم‬

Definitions Cont.‫ﺗﺎﺑﻊ اﻟﺘﻌﺮﯾﻔﺎت‬

Va Air
Vv
5- Void Ratio e ‫ﻧﺴﺒﺔ اﻟﻔﺮاﻏﺎت‬
Vw Water Ww
Vt W

Vs Ws
Solids

6- Porosity, n ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻣﯿﺔ‬

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 ‫اﻟﺨﻮاص اﻟﻄﺒﯿﻌﯿﺔ ﻟﻠﺼﺨﻮر‬
Weight Volume Relationships ‫ﻋﻼﻗﺎت اﻷوزان واﻟﺤﺠﻮم‬

Example (2): Prove that

Va Air
Vv
Vw Water Ww
Vt
W

Vs Solids Ws

&

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 ‫اﻟﺨﻮاص اﻟﻄﺒﯿﻌﯿﺔ ﻟﻠﺼﺨﻮر‬
Weight Volume Relationships ‫ﻋﻼﻗﺎت اﻷوزان واﻟﺤﺠﻮم‬

Void Ratio, Water content, and Dry Unit Weight for some soils in Natural State.
Dry Unit Weight
Void Water (Moisture)
Soil
Ratio content % Ib/ ft3 kN/m3

Loose Uniform Sand 0.8 30 92 14.5

Dense Uniform Sand 0.45 16 115 18
Loose- Angular- Grained Silty Sand 0.65 25 102 16
Dense Angular-Grained Silty Sand 0.4 15 121 19
Stiff Clay 0.6 21 108 17
Soft Clay 0.9-1.4 30-50 73-93 11.5-14.5
Loess 0.9 25 86 13.5
Soft Organic Clay 2.5-3.2 90-120 38-51 6-8
Glacial Till 0.3 10 134 21

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 ‫اﻟﺨﻮاص اﻟﻄﺒﯿﻌﯿﺔ ﻟﻠﺼﺨﻮر‬
Weight Volume Relationships ‫ﻋﻼﻗﺎت اﻷوزان واﻟﺤﺠﻮم‬

Weight Relations Volume Relations

, , , , , ,

Useful weight–volume relations can be determined by two approaches:

Specific Volume Approach; Vs=1 (Relations consider e)
Total Volume Approach; Vt=1 (Relations consider n)
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 ‫اﻟﺨﻮاص اﻟﻄﺒﯿﻌﯿﺔ ﻟﻠﺼﺨﻮر‬
Weight Volume Relationships ‫ﻋﻼﻗﺎت اﻷوزان واﻟﺤﺠﻮم‬

Specific Volume Approach; Vs=1 (Relations consider e)

Example (3) : Prove: Air

Va
e
Ass vs=1
Water
1+e
=e W

1 Solids

∗ = 
∗

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 ‫اﻟﺨﻮاص اﻟﻄﺒﯿﻌﯿﺔ ﻟﻠﺼﺨﻮر‬
Weight Volume Relationships ‫ﻋﻼﻗﺎت اﻷوزان واﻟﺤﺠﻮم‬

Specific Volume Approach; Vs=1 (Relations consider e) Cont.

Va Air
From the same prism, the degree of saturation can be given by:
e
. Water
1+e W

1 Solids

For Saturated Soil :

Sr= 1
Water
1+e W

= 1 Solids

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 ‫اﻟﺨﻮاص اﻟﻄﺒﯿﻌﯿﺔ ﻟﻠﺼﺨﻮر‬
Weight Volume Relationships ‫ﻋﻼﻗﺎت اﻷوزان واﻟﺤﺠﻮم‬
Total Volume approach; Vt=1 (Relations consider n)

Example (4) Prove: Air

n
Ass Vt=1 Water
1 W

1-n Solids

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 ‫اﻟﺨﻮاص اﻟﻄﺒﯿﻌﯿﺔ ﻟﻠﺼﺨﻮر‬
Weight Volume Relationships ‫ﻋﻼﻗﺎت اﻷوزان واﻟﺤﺠﻮم‬

With the same manner, the following relations can be deduced:

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 ‫اﻟﺨﻮاص اﻟﻄﺒﯿﻌﯿﺔ ﻟﻠﺼﺨﻮر‬
Weight Volume Relationships ‫ﻋﻼﻗﺎت اﻷوزان واﻟﺤﺠﻮم‬
Example 5
Determine the wet density, dry density, void ratio, water content and degree of saturation for a sample of
moist soil which has a mass of 18.18 Kg and occupies a total volume of 0.009 m3. When dried in an oven,
the dry mass is 16.13 Kg. the specific gravity is 2.70
Given: W = 18.18 kg - Vt= 0.009 m3 - Ws=16.13 kg - Gs=2.7
Air
Req: , , ,
Sol. 0.00205 .
Water
0.009
. . . 18.18

Solids .
.
/
.
.
. % . %
.

.
. /
. .
19
 ‫اﻟﺨﻮاص اﻟﻄﺒﯿﻌﯿﺔ ﻟﻠﺼﺨﻮر‬
Weight Volume Relationships ‫ﻋﻼﻗﺎت اﻷوزان واﻟﺤﺠﻮم‬

Air
0.003

. ∗ 0.00205 Water 2.05

∴ 0.009
. 18.18

0.006 Solids .
.

.
. . . .
. ∗

.
. .

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 ‫اﻟﺨﻮاص اﻟﻄﺒﯿﻌﯿﺔ ﻟﻠﺼﺨﻮر‬
Weight Volume Relationships ‫ﻋﻼﻗﺎت اﻷوزان واﻟﺤﺠﻮم‬
Example 6
An earth embankment is compacted at wc=30% to a bulk density of 1.92 gm/cm3. If Gs= 2.7.
Calculate e, and Sr of the compacted embankment.
Given: = 30% - = 1.92 gm/cm3 - .
Req: , ,
Sol.
. . .
.
.

. . . . % 0.02 Air
0.83
Or From Prism , ass Ws= 1.0 Ass. Vs=1 Ww= wc * Ws=0.3*2.7= 0.81 gm 0.81 Water .
1.83
. 3.51
→ .
. . Solids .

. .
. .
.
 ‫اﻟﺨﻮاص اﻟﻄﺒﯿﻌﯿﺔ ﻟﻠﺼﺨﻮر‬
Weight Volume Relationships ‫ﻋﻼﻗﺎت اﻷوزان واﻟﺤﺠﻮم‬

Or From Prism , ass Ws= 1.0 Ww= wc= 0.3 gm
0.01 Air
. 0.31
.
. 0.3 Water .
0.68
. 1.3
.
. . Solids

Lec 2                                                          Weight Vol. Relationships 22
 ‫اﻟﺨﻮاص اﻟﻄﺒﯿﻌﯿﺔ ﻟﻠﺼﺨﻮر‬
Weight Volume Relationships ‫ﻋﻼﻗﺎت اﻷوزان واﻟﺤﺠﻮم‬
Example 7
The weight of a moist soil sample collected from field is 465 gm, and its oven dry mass is 405.76 gm. The
specific gravity of the solids was determined in lab to be 2.68. If the void ratio of the soil in the natural state
is 0.83 find the following:
1. The moist. Density of the soil in field (kg/m3)
2. The dry density of the soil in the field (kg/m3)
3. The weight of water in kg, to be added per cubic meter of soil in field for saturation.

Given: = 465 gm - = 405.76 gm - . .

Req: , , .
Air
Sol.
. . .
59.24 Water 59.24
465
.
. 14.6%
. . Solids
.
. . ∗ . . . /
.
 ‫اﻟﺨﻮاص اﻟﻄﺒﯿﻌﯿﺔ ﻟﻠﺼﺨﻮر‬
‫ﻋﻼﻗﺎت اﻷوزان واﻟﺤﺠﻮم ‪Weight Volume Relationships‬‬

‫‪.‬‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫ ‬ ‫‪/‬‬
‫‪.‬‬

‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪∗ .‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫ ‬ ‫‪/‬‬

‫‪.‬‬

‫ ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪/‬‬

‫ ‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪ /‬‬ ‫‪=   248 kg‬‬

‫ ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫‪ =   248 kg‬‬
 ‫اﻟﺨﻮاص اﻟﻄﺒﯿﻌﯿﺔ ﻟﻠﺼﺨﻮر‬
Weight Volume Relationships ‫ﻋﻼﻗﺎت اﻷوزان واﻟﺤﺠﻮم‬

Relative Density ‫اﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﻨﺴﺒﯿﺔ‬

Relative density is a term generally used to describe the degree of compaction of coarse-
grained soils. Relative density Dr is defined as
:‫ﻣﺆﺷﺮ ﻟﻮﺻﻒ ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺔ دﻣﻚ اﻟﺤﺒﯿﺒﺎت اﻟﺨﺸﻨﺔ ﻛﺎﻟﺮﻣﻞ واﻟﺰﻟﻂ وﺗﻌﺮف ﻛﺎﻷﺗﻲ‬

Where

emax = Maximum possible void ratio in soil ‫ﻧﺴﺒﺔ اﻟﻔﺮاﻏﺎت ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﯿﻨﺔ وھﻲ ﻣﻔﻜﻜﺔ‬
emin = Minimum possible void ratio ‫ﻧﺴﺒﺔ اﻟﻔﺮاﻏﺎت ﻓﻲ اﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ وھﻲ ﻛﺜﯿﻔﺔ‬
e = Natural void ratio in soil ‫ﻧﺴﺒﺔ اﻟﻔﺮاﻏﺎت اﻟﻄﺒﯿﻌﯿﺔ‬ 2

Dry density can be expressed in terms of dry unit weight of the soil:

And
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Weight Volume Relationships ‫ﻋﻼﻗﺎت اﻷوزان واﻟﺤﺠﻮم‬

Qualitative Values of Relative Density for Granular Soils

Relative Density % Description

0‐15 Very Loose ‫ﻣﻔﻛﻛﺔ ﺟدا‬
15‐50 Loose     ‫ﻣﻔﻛﻛﺔ‬
50‐70 Medium Dense   ‫ﻣﺗوﺳطﺔ اﻟﺗﻣﺎﺳك‬
70‐85 Dense   ‫ﻣﺗﺎﻣﺳﻛﺔ‬
85‐100 Very Dense ‫ﺷدﯾدة اﻟﺗﻣﺎﺳك‬

Lec 2                                                          Weight Vol. Relationships 26
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Weight Volume Relationships ‫ﻋﻼﻗﺎت اﻷوزان واﻟﺤﺠﻮم‬
Example 8:
A 1000 cm3 container is filled with sand in its loosest possible state, then the container is
filled with the sand at its densest possible state. The dry weights of the filling sand in the
container are 1520 and 1830 gm respectively. The void ratio of sand in situ is 0.64.
Knowing that Gs is 2.65, Calculate the limiting void ratio and the relative density in situ.
Given: At loose state Ws1= 1520 gm
At denest state Ws2= 1830 gm
e=0.64
Gs=2.7
Req: ,
Sol.
.
. → → . → .

.
. → → . → .

. .
. %
. .
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Weight Volume Relationships ‫ﻋﻼﻗﺎت اﻷوزان واﻟﺤﺠﻮم‬

Another Solution

426.4 Voids 309.4 Voids

1000 1000
Solids 1520 Solids
573.6 690.6 1830

Loose State Dense State

. .
. . . .
. .

. .
. %
. .

28