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Analysis Paging PDF
Analysis Paging PDF
Revision Record
Date Revision Description Author
version
2003-12-27 1.00 Initial transmittal Jiao Anqiang
Table of Contents
1 Overview .................................................................................................................................................... 7
2 Paging Problem Analysis Process .............................................................................................................. 9
2.1 Problem Analysis Flow ......................................................................................................................... 9
2.2 Network Information Collection ......................................................................................................... 10
2.2.1 Traffic Statistics ............................................................................................................................ 10
2.2.2 Alarm ............................................................................................................................................ 13
2.2.3 Subscriber Complaints .................................................................................................................. 13
2.2.4 History Record of Network Planning Optimization ..................................................................... 14
2.2.5 Radio Parameter Configuration .................................................................................................... 14
2.3 Determining Optimization Goal .......................................................................................................... 15
2.4 Locating Paging Problems .................................................................................................................. 15
2.4.1 Determining Basic Location Direction ......................................................................................... 15
2.4.2 Direct Causes of Paging Loss ....................................................................................................... 16
2.4.3 Further Analysis on Paging Loss Cause ....................................................................................... 17
2.4.4 Other Cause Analysis.................................................................................................................... 17
2.5 Paging Problems Optimization............................................................................................................ 17
2.6 Optimization Verification ................................................................................................................... 17
3 Typical Paging Problem Analysis ............................................................................................................ 18
3.1 Too Large Paging Area Planned ......................................................................................................... 18
3.1.1 Problem Analysis .......................................................................................................................... 18
3.1.2 Optimization Measures ................................................................................................................. 19
3.2 Improper Setting of CN Paging retransmission Times and Interval ................................................... 19
3.2.1 Problem Analysis .......................................................................................................................... 19
3.2.2 Optimization Measures ................................................................................................................. 20
3.3 Improper Setting of UTRAN Paging Retransmission Times and Interval .......................................... 21
3.3.1 Problem Analysis .......................................................................................................................... 21
3.3.2 Optimization Measures ................................................................................................................. 21
3.4 CN Adopts Whole-Network Paging .................................................................................................... 21
3.4.1 Problem Analysis .......................................................................................................................... 21
3.4.2 Optimization Measures ................................................................................................................. 21
3.5 Improper Setting of DRX Paging Cycle Coefficient ........................................................................... 22
3.5.1 Problem Analysis .......................................................................................................................... 22
3.5.2 Optimization Measures ................................................................................................................. 23
3.6 Improper setting of Np value ............................................................................................................... 23
3.6.1 Problem Analysis .......................................................................................................................... 23
3.6.2 Optimization Measures ................................................................................................................. 24
3.7 UE Identifier Utilized by CN Paging .................................................................................................. 24
3.7.1 Problem Analysis .......................................................................................................................... 24
3.7.2 Optimization Measures ................................................................................................................. 25
3.8 UTRAN Should Activate IMSI ATTACH and DETACH Functions ................................................. 25
3.8.1 Problem Analysis .......................................................................................................................... 25
3.8.2 Optimization Measures ................................................................................................................. 26
3.9 Too Low Power allocation of Paging Channels .................................................................................. 26
3.9.1 Problem Analysis .......................................................................................................................... 26
3.9.2 Optimization Measures ................................................................................................................. 26
3.10 Existence of Coverage Dead Zones .............................................................................................. 27
3.10.1 Problem Analysis ................................................................................................................... 27
3.10.2 Optimization Measures........................................................................................................... 27
3.11 UE Performance Problems............................................................................................................ 27
3.11.1 Problem Analysis ................................................................................................................... 27
3.11.2 Optimization Measures........................................................................................................... 27
4 Outstanding Problems .............................................................................................................................. 27
List of Figures
Figure 1 Typical called flow of UE ...................................................................................................... 8
Figure 2 Paging Problem Analysis Flow .......................................................................................... 10
Figure 3 System Message 1 Resolution .......................................................................................... 26
List of Tables
Table 1 UMSC Paging Traffic Statistics Indexes ................................................................................ 12
Table 2 SGSN Paging Traffic Statistics .............................................................................................. 12
Table 3 Subscriber complaint information .......................................................................................... 14
Table 4 Calculaiton Result of Paging Area When Cn Id Adopting IMSI ........................................... 19
Table 5 IMSI ATTACH and DETACH Identifier ............................................................................... 25
LA Location Area
PI Paging Indication
RA Route Area
1 Overview
From the aspect that UE receives paging messages, paging messages consist
of PAGING TYPE1 and PAGING TYPE2. Which type of paging messages will be
sent to UE is decided by UTRAN. PAGING TYPE1 is used to page UEs in IDLE,
CELL_PCH and URA_PCH states through PCCH logical channel. PAGING TYPE2
is used to page UEs in CELL_FACH or CELL_DCH states through DCCH. This
document mainly discusses PAGING TYPE1, while PAGING TYPE2 can be
regarded as the common RRC signaling to process and will not be discussed in this
document.
When UE is called: In order to set up a call, the core network (CN) sends
paging message to UTRAN through Iu interface, and UTRAN sends the
paging message from CN to UE through the paging process at Uu interface,
which will have UE initiate a signaling connection setup process with CN.
Cell system message update: When system messages change, UTRAN will
trigger paging process in order to inform UE in idle, CELL_PCH and
URA_PCH state to carry out the system message update. Therefore, UE
can read the updated system message. For UE in CELL_FACH state, in
order to inform it to carry out corresponding system update, it is necessary
to send SYSTEM INFORMATION CHANGE INDICATION message to it
through BCCH (V1.2 version does not support the message, so UE in
CELL_FACH state will not be processed).
after receiving the paging message, and delivers the paging message at the air
interface upon the paging time. If CN receives the paging response message from
UE, the UE paging is successful. The whole process includes paging delivery and
UE access. For UE access, refer to Access Process Guidance. There are probably
various problems in the paging process, which will cause that the target UE cannot
receive the paging message properly. For instance, during short messages
multi-casting and full-text paging in network, unreasonable paging strategies will
result in paging channel congestion, so large amount of messages will be lost, in
more serious case, the system will be caused over-loaded for long time and the
paging channel power allocation is too low, which will lead to low paging success
rate. This document will make a further discussion on these problems leading to
paging abnormality and present corresponding solutions.
AUTHENTICATION RESPONSE
RR_SECURITY_CONTROL_REQ
(IK CK)
SETUP
CALL CONFIRM
CONNECT ACKNOWLEDGE
1. Overview: It briefly introduces the paging time, paging flow and general
paging problems;
Optimization verification: Verify whether the KPI meets the requirements and
whether other information about paging is normal after optimization.
Optimization verification
NO
Optimization goal achieved?
YES
END
Network information collection is the first step of paging problem analysis. The
optimization personnel should obtain the paging-related information to-be-optimized,
such as traffic statistics, subscriber complaints, alarms, optimization history record of
network planning and radio parameters configuration, so as to prepare for the
subsequent analysis.
The relevant traffic statistics of UMSC paging are all based on a location area,
as shown in Table 1. Generally, the location area will not be configured cross RNC
and BSC, so we can carry out statistics on the paging success rate, the first paging
success rate and non-first paging success rate of a location area. The location area
paging success rate focuses on the paging status of a location area, not on paging
repeat times, while first paging success rate and non-first paging success rate focus
on the influence of paging repeat times on paging success rate.
The relevant traffic statistics indexes of SGSN paging are all based on a RA, as
shown in Table 2, the paging success rate of a certain RA can be obtained.
RAGroupPaging Re quesTimes-RAGroupPagingFailureTimes
RAPagingSuccessRate=
RAGroupPaging Re questTimes
2.2.2 Alarm
The paging-related alarm of RNC is “the flow control alarm”. When RNC is in
paging flow control state, the paging message will be lost unconditionally. When the
CPU occupation or the message packet occupation of a board sub-system exceeds
the threshold, the system will be switched into the flow control state, and the flow
control alarm will occur. When the system returns to normal operation state from the
flow control state, the flow control recovery alarm will occur. However, it is not
absolute that paging will be lost when “flow control alarm” occurs, because RNC
owns different flow control thresholds for different flow control objects (paging, serial
port printing and message tracing), as long as there is flow control, alarm will occur;
but paging loss will occur only when paging loss occurs.
If paging messages are lost, UE will not be called. The calling party will hear the
system prompt tone “the subscriber you dialed is out of service”. We can learn about
the subscriber complaints from 1860 Customer Service Center of pilot office or learn
about the cases of “out of service” by contacting with the complainer directly.
2004-07-09 Confidential Page 13 of 29
WCDMA RNO Paging Problem Analysis Guidance For Internal Use Only
Sort out complaint information, seek for rules and observe whether the
information belongs to the following cases:
Whether complaints occurs when paging is busy in the daytime and idle at
night; if paging failure occurs at the peak traffic, paging congestion analysis
should be emphasized on; if not at the peak traffic, other factors should be
analyzed.
Whether types of the called UE are the same. Problems probably exist in
UE itself.
Obtain the network planning report, and pay attention to the division of the
paging area (location area and RA). Obtain network planning report: If it is the
optimization before network is put into service, the planning report can be obtained
from the planning manager responsible for the project; if it is the optimization after
network is put into service, the planning report can be obtained from the client. The
planning report mentioned above should include planning reports after each network
capacity expansion.
For the network that has been put into service, it may have experienced several
optimization processes before this optimization. Then we should obtain the history
optimization records and learn about the network adjusting process and outstanding
problems. Emphasis should be put on optimization records about coverage absence,
system overload, paging loss and low paging channel powerallocation.
Paging indication quantity NP included in a PICH frame;
Two KPI of “location area paging success rate” and “RA paging success rate”
should meet the optimization requirements. The paging success rate is
recommended to be over 86% 【3】.
Paging message has been delivered, but UE does not receive the message
or receives the wrong message. According to the specific subscriber
complaints, if problems exist on called UE only (prompt tone “the subscriber
you dialed is out of service”), because the reason is probably that the power
allocation of PICH and PCH is too low or there are problems with UE
performance; if problems exist in calling and called UE, the reason is
probably that signal coverage dead zones exist in the area.
If events that two indexes are low are evenly distributed on the time, and
subscriber complaints are regional, check other reasons except “paging loss”:
paging channel power allocation, signal coverage and UE performance.
It is necessary to make dialing test analysis on the site for further analysis on
paging problems. Select the period when traffic is heavy and the area where
subscriber complaints are centralized, trace paging message delivery and UE paging
response process on the CN and RNC maintenance consoles during the dialing test
process.
2. PCH capacity restriction; Based on the current PCH coding mode, one
TTI can only transmit 240bits. If IMSI paging is utilized, only three UEs
can be paged at the same paging period; and if TMSI and PTMSI
paging are utilized, only five UEs can be paged at the same paging
period 【2】. If the quantity of UEs paged at the same paging period is
beyond the system processing capability, paging loss will occur.
The direct causes of paging loss are system overload and paging channel
overload, after further analysis of its causes, it is found that CN and RNC have
adopted inappropriate paging strategies, for detailed analysis, please refer to
hyperlinks as follows:
UE performance problems
Traffic statistics: Check mainly whether “location area paging success rate”
and “RA paging success rate” achieve the optimization goal 86% specified
in advance;
Dialing test: Test UE called success rate when traffic is at the peak and in
the place where subscriber complaint occurs. During dialing test, it is
unnecessary to through-connect UE, just listen to ring back tone and
prompt tone.
In general, CN pages target UE in one paging area (location area or RA), which
is called intra-office paging. For CS domain service, CN identifies and pages UE with
location area. In protocols, location area is defined as the area where mobile
terminals can move freely without updating VLR. A location area may contain one or
more cells. For PS domain service, CN identifies and pages UE with routing area.
RA is defined as the area where mobile terminals can move freely without updating
SGSN in a specified operation mode. A RA may contain one or more cells. The
relationship between location area and RA is specified in GSM, namely, RA can be
equal to location area in size, or only the subset of a certain location area.
If paging area is planned too large, the same paging message of a network
paging mobile station may be sent in multi cells, which will overload the paging
channel as well as increasing signaling flow at the Iub interface. If the paging
channel of a cell is overloaded in a certain period, the paging message sent to UE in
the cell will be caused lost and the power-on subscriber within the service area can
not be paged (The subscriber is out of service).
On the contrary, if paging area is planned too small, subscribers will update
locations frequently while moving, which will increase signaling flow of the system.
When network is just put into service, PS paging traffic is not heavy, RA may be
planned larger, it can be planned as per n=1. With the development of network, the
demands for PS paging traffic are increasing, in this case RA can be planned
smaller consequently. However, too small RA may cause more paging area update
events of subscribers while moving, and that signaling overhead on network side
becomes larger. Moreover, frequent location update will influence the standby time
of UEs.
2004-07-09 Confidential Page 18 of 29
WCDMA RNO Paging Problem Analysis Guidance For Internal Use Only
The paging area maximum value is determined by the paging channel capacity.
For estimation methods of paging area capacity, please refer to【2】, for paging
mixture capacity in typical environments in【2】, please refer to Table 4:
Table 4 Calculaiton Result of Paging Area When Cn Id Adopting IMSI
n
H Erlang PerDRXCycleLengthInNRA
RA LA
Mmix
1 3 1.738624042 0.002592996 133 133
2 3 1.741614489 0.003616996 95 190
3 3 1.74665366 0.004640996 74 222
4 3 1.744911078 0.005664996 61 244
5 3 1.745096566 0.006688996 51 255
6 3 1.745372494 0.007712996 44 264
7 3 1.745680526 0.008736996 39 273
8 3 1.745680526 0.009760996 35 280
9 3 1.746014764 0.010784996 32 288
10 3 1.746024614 0.011808996 29 290
For instance, n=2, LA=190 means 190 cells in a location area. If the actual
location area of network is larger than 190, it is necessary to divide the location area.
Divide location areas where network capacity or paging traffic is bigger than a
specified threshold, which can reduce paging message flow efficiently.
In order to reduce paging message flow at the Iu interface and increase the
probability that UE receives paging message, UTRAN can retransmit paging
messages. UTRAN paging retransmission configuration should be in accordance
with CN paging retransmission.
Paging is delivered at the fixed time (a paging cycle), and UTRAN paging
interval is the integer multiple of a paging cycle, one paging cycle in general.
Therefore, we can adjust the UTRAN paging repeat interval by adjusting DRC
paging cycle coefficient k.
UTRAN paging repeat times should not be too many; otherwise, adding paging
repeats at Iu interface, the paging channel load at UU interface will increase rapidly.
In addition, UTRAN is realized on MACC layer, and MACC does not identify the
specific PRC message, MACC will go on repeating paging even if UE replies paging
response message. Too many UTRAN paging repeat times will cause the
unnecessary system overhead and message flow at UU interface.
When UE is in IDLE and PCH state, UE will utilize the discontinuous reception
technology “Discontinuous Reception (DRX)” to reduce power overhead. According
to Protocol TS25.304, paging cycle length (DRX cycle length) = MAX (2K,PBP).
where, K refers to DRX cycle length coefficient, PBP refers to Paging Block
Periodicity which is applied only in TDD mode, for FDD, PBP=1, so, DRX cycle
length = 2K.
1. DRX paging cycle coefficient K determines the DRX cycle length, the larger
the value of K is, the longer the DRX cycle is. Meanwhile, UE power
consumption will be lower, however, the value of K makes UE paging cycle
longer. Namely, UE paging response time becomes longer. If K is set too
small, paging cycle will become smaller, and UE processing paging
overhead and power consumption will increase. In the protocol, the value is
2004-07-09 Confidential Page 22 of 29
WCDMA RNO Paging Problem Analysis Guidance For Internal Use Only
within the range of 2 ~12, the current value of our company is 8, and the
paging cycle is 2.56 seconds.
2. According to the current coding mode of PCH, a TTI can transmit only 240
bits, if IMSI paging is utilized, only 3 UEs can be paged at the same paging
moment; if TMSI paging is utilized, only 5 can be paged at the same paging
moment. And if the number of UE paging at the same paging moment
exceeds the processing capacity of system, it will cause paging loss and
call loss. If K is set too small, the paging cycle will become shorter, the
probability of the same calculated UE paging moment will increase,
consequently, the probability of paging loss will increase.
The lower limit of value K should be set with the consideration of saving UE
power consumption and reducing the probability of the same UE paging moment,
and the upper limit of value K should be set with the consideration of the repeat
interval of UTRAN paging. During the actual setting process, the value K should be a
value within 2 ~12, i.e., 5, 6, 7 and 8, and the corresponding paging cycles are
320ms, 640ms, 1280ms and 2560ms. Suppose that the CN paging repeat time is 1
(totally broadcasting 2 times), and the interval is 2s, so how should the UTRAN
repeat times and the intervals be set? Generally, the following rules should be
followed:
Np
q PI 18 SFN SFN / 8 SFN / 64 SFN / 512 mod 144 mod Np
144
Where, PI = DRX index mod NP = (IMSI div 8192) mod NP, SFN refers to UE paging
moment.
Np value is within the range of (18, 36, 72, 144), which should be determined
according to the current network subscriber quantity (subscriber traffic). Generally,
the value should be larger when subscribers are of large amount, and the value
should be smaller when there are fewer subscribers. In the actual network, the
intermediate 36 or 72 can be selected.
Network can page multi UEs at the air interface at the same paging time using
paging type 1 message. Because of PCH capacity restriction, UE quantity is closely
related to UE identifiers used in paging messages, namely, UE identifier influences
the paging channel capacity. Compared with CN paging, the probability that UTRAN
initiate paging is much smaller. Only the case that CN initiates paging is considered:
When UE is in IDLE state, CN can only page three UEs at the same paging time
using IMSI;
When UE is in IDLE state, CN can only page five UEs at the same paging time
using TMSI or PTMSI;
During actual network operation, UTRAN should activate IMSI ATTACH and
DETACH functions.
Table 5 IMSI ATTACH and DETACH Identifier
8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
T3212 octet 1
Spare ATT octet 2
Paging channels include PICH and PCH. Too low PICH power will lead to UE
resolution PI indication error. Resolution of PI value from “0” to “1” will cause false
alarm and UE power waste; resolution of P1 value from “1” to “0” will cause paging
miss and loss. If PCH power is too low, UE will fail in decoding the paging
messages.
The current baseline power allocation: PICH is -3dB and PCH is -2dB, which are
both relative to pilot channels power.
Improve the power allocation between PICH and PCH properly. Check and
modify PICH power by using MML Command LST CHPWROFFSET and MOD
PICHPWROFFSET on RNC maintenance console, check and modify PCH power by
using Command LST SCCPCH and MOD SCCPCH.
Sort out and analyze subscriber complaint materials. If the called UE is of the
same type, problem may exist in UEs.
4 Outstanding Problems
loss rate specified, it is necessary to make simulation analysis on how to work out
the best paging retransmission strategy.
2. The upper limit of location area division is closely related to the service model
and the traffic model of location area. Currently, the theoretical value can be worked
out by using paging area planning tool. Since 3G service model and traffic model are
very complicated, some problems still exist: how big is the difference between
preconditions of paging area planning tool and actual cases, how is the agreement
of the theoretical value and the actual value, which require further theoretical study
and experiences from the network optimization practices.
List of references:
[1] 3GPP R1999 25_series, 2002/09
[2] Miao Jiashy, WCDMA RNP Paging Area Planning Guidance, 2003/03
[3] Chen Qi, Dong Yan, Zhou Xinjie, Zhi Bo, WCDMA RNP Network Optimization Method Soft
Subject Research Report, 2003/08
[4] Zhang Jiayi, WCDMA Paging Strategy Study, 2003/12
[5] Li Peng, Guidance that Subscribers Are out of Service, 2001/11
[6] Huawei GSM Paging Tackling Data, 2003/06
[7] Jiao Anqiang, WCDMA RNP Special Technologies Key Signaling Process Analysis Paging
Process, 2003/11