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2-Tension Members PDF
2-Tension Members PDF
Chapter D
1
Tension Members in Structures
Introduction
• Tension members:
• Bridge and roof trusses
• Bracing system
• Towers
• Tie rods
2
Various types of tension members
3
Yield of Gross section
• Yield of Gross section
Φ Pn = Φ Fy Ag
Φ = 0.9
W
Gross Area= Ag =W. t
10’
4
σ Stress- Strain Curve for Steel Used for Tension Member
Fu
Assume:
Fy εy = 0.001
εSH= 0.02
εU= 0.15
εfr= 0.25
εy εSH εU εfracture ε
P Apply Load P
L= 120”
AgFu
AgFy
Φ Pn = Φ Fu Ae
Φ= 0.75
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Net Area
• Tension member PL t”xW”x10’
Net area: gross area minus any holes, notches or other indentations
Gross area and net area resist the same axial force P
d d
p
t t
σgross =
Ag W W
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Block Shear Fracture
• Block Shear Fracture
– Fracture by tearing out a block of material of
the member end
• Discuses later
The common and least expensive method is to punch standard holes 1/16 inlarger than the diameter of the rivet or bolt.
Here we adds 1/8 in for all standards bolt holes.
7
Staggered Holes
• More than one failure possibility when we have more than one hole
and they are not lined up transverse to the loading direction.
• The smallest value of net area is controlling failure line.
S= 3 in
g = 3 in and 6 in
S2 32
4g (1/2) = (1/2) = 3/8 or 3/16
(4)(3 or 6)
Ag= (11)(1/2)=(11/2) in2
Ah= ((3/4)+(1/8)) (1/2)= 7/16 in2
8
Staggered Holes for Angles
• Holes for bolted (rivets) are drilled (punched) in steel angles
at certain standard locations. Depend angle- leg widths
– Table 1-7A, p.1-48
bolt: 15/16- in
• Example3 : Add 1/16- in
Determine the critical net area?
9
Effective Net Areas
• Smallest section is evaluated for fracture. Φ Pn = Φ Fu Ae
• Yielding used an average stress over total area before significant inelastic
strain can occur.
• However, large stress concentrations occur around bolt holes, slots, and
other irregularities.
• Fracture may be strongly influenced by these stress concentrations and
irregularities. Hence, we correct the net area to a net effective area, Ae,
and use an average fracture stress over Ae.
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CEE 451 Design of Metal Structures
11
Effective Net Areas
• The main equation for estimating the reduction coefficient:
U =1- X
• Where L
– X = distance from centroid of element being connected eccentrically to
plane of load transfer
– L = length between first and last bolts in line.
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Some examples for X and L
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CEE 451 Design of Metal Structures
• Example 4 :
• Determine the LRFD design tensile strength for a W10x45 with two lines of ¾ -in
diameter bolts in each flange using A572 Grade 50 steel, with Fy= 50 Ksi and Fu
=65 Ksi. There are assumed to be at least three bolts in each line 4 in on center,
and the bolts are not staggered with respect to each other.
14
Block Shear
• The design strength of a tension member isn't always controlled by:
– Tension yielding
– Tension rupture
– Strength of the bolts/welds
(which the member is
connected)
• It may instead be controlled
by BLOCK SHEAR strength
Block Shear
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Failure Due to Block Shear (J4.3)
• When a tensile load applied to a connection is increased, the fracture strength of the
weaker plane will be approached.
• That plane will not fail then because it is restrained by the stronger plane.
• The load can be increase till the fracture strength of the stronger plane is reached.
• The total strength of the connection equals the fracture strength of the stronger plane
plus the yield strength of the weaker plane. But this is realistic!!!
• This Figure, has a large tensile area and a small shear area.
• The main resisting force against a block shear failure will be tensile and not
shearing.
• Thus block shear failure can not happen until
the tensile area fractures.
• At that time shear area has yielded.
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AISC, (J4.3) on Block Shear
• The available strength Rn for the block shear rupture design strength is:
17
• Example 5 : Rn= 0.6 Fu Anv + Ubs Fu Ant ≤ 0.6 Fy Agv + Ubs Fu Ant
• The A572 Grade 50 (Fu=65ksi) tension member is connected with three ¾ in bolts.
Determine the LRFD block-shear rupture strength and design tensile strength.
– Agv= (10 in) (1/2 in) =5.0 in2
– Anv= [10 in –(2.5)(3/4 in +1/8 in) ]*(1/2in) = 3.91 in2
– Ant = [2.5 in –(1/2)(3/4 in +1/8 in) ]*(1/2in) = 1.03 in2
– Rn = (0.6) (65 Ksi) (3.91 in2) + (1.0) (65 ksi) ( 1.03 in2)= 219.44 K
≤ (0.6) (50 Ksi) (5 in2) + (1.0) (65 ksi) ( 1.03 in2)= 216.954 K
– Rn = 216.95 K
– Block shear strength:
• ΦRn = (0.75)(216.95K ) = 162.7 K
– Nominal tensile strength:
• ΦPn = (0.9)(FyAg ) =
(0.9)(50 Ksi) (4.75 in2) = 213.75 K
– Tensile rupture strength:
• An= 4.75 in2 – (3/4in + 1/8in)(1/2)
= 4.31 in2
L = (2)*(4)= 8 in , u= 1-x/L= 0.88
Ae=U An= (0.88)(4.31 in2)=3.79in2
ΦPn = (0.75)(FuAe ) = 0.75(65 ksi)(3.79 in2) =184.8 k
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Design of Tension Members
Selection of Sections
• Freedom in selecting
– Compactness
• No possibility of local flange or web bucking- No local failure
– Dimensions that fit into the structure with reasonable relation to the
dimensions of the other members
– Connection to as many parts of the sections as possible to minimize
shear lag.
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Slenderness Ratio
• Slenderness ratio: The ratio of its unsupported
length to its least radius of gyration.
– To ensure the use of section with stiffness sufficient to
• Prevent undesirable lateral deflection
• Prevent undesirable lateral vibration
• Prevent undesirable buckling (During shipping and erection or wind and
earthquake)
L
≤ 300
r
AISC Specification
• The design strength of a tension member (φ Pn ) is the lesser of
φ Fy Ag
φ Fu Ae
The block shear strength
Pu
– min Ag =
Φ Fy
Pu min Au Pu
– min Ae = min An = =
Φ Fu U Φ FuU
Pu
min Ag = + estimated area of holes
Φ FuU
– The third expression can be evaluated , once a trial shape has been selected
CEE 451 Design of Metal Structures
20
• Example 6 :
• Select a 30-ft-long W12 section of A992 steel to support a tensile
service dead load PD = 130 K and a tensile service live load PL =
110 K. Two lines of Bolt in each flange 7/8 –in (at least 3 in a line)
a. Load combinations:
Pu = 1.4 D = (1.4)(130 K)= 182 K
Pu = 1.2 D + 1.6 L = (1.2)(130 K) + (1.6)(110 K)= 332 K
Pu 332 k
1- min Ag = = = 7.38 in2
Φ Fy (0.9) (50 ksi)
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Built-up tension members
• Example 7 :
• Two C12x30s, have been selected to support DL=120 K & LL = 240 k
• The member is 30 ft long (A36), and has a one line of three 7/8 in bolts in
each channel flange 3 in in center. Determine the member is satisfactory
and design the necessary tie plates.
• C12x30 : Ag =8.81 in2, tf = 0.501 in, Ix= 162 in4,
Iy = 5.12 in4, y axis 0.674 in, ry= 0.762in
a. Load to be resisted:
Pu = 1.2 D + 1.6 L = (1.2)(120 K) + (1.6)(240 K)= 528 K
b. Gross section yielding:
ΦPn = (0.9)(FyAg ) = (0.9)(36Ksi) (2x8.81in2)
= 570.9k > 528K OK
C. Tensile rupture strength:
An= 2[8.81 in2 – (2)(7/8in + 1/8in)(0.501in)]= 15.62 in2
u= 1- (x/L) = 1- [0.674/(2X3)] = 0.89 table 3.2 case 2
ΦPn = (0.75)(Fu UAn ) = 0.75(58 ksi)(15.62 in2)(0.89)
= 604.7 k > 528k OK
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d. Slenderness ratio:
Ix= (2)(162 in4 ) = 324 in4
Iy= (2)(5.12 in4 ) +(2)(8.81in2 )(5.326in) 2 = 510 in4
rx= √(324 in4 / 17.62 in2)= 4.29 in < ry= √(510 in4 / 17.62 in2)= 5.38 in
rmin= rx= 4.29 in
Ly (12 in/ft) (30 ft)
= = 83.9 < 300 OK
rx 4.29 in
Example 7 Fig
3/16 X6X1 ft
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Rods and Bars
• Circular rod are simplest tension members.
• Use frequently in the past but not anymore
– Bad reputation (used improbably)
– Difficulty in connection
Pu
– AD ≥ Φ = 0.75
Φ 0.75 Fu
• Example 8 :
• Select a standard threaded rod of A36 steel to support a tensile
working DL of 10 k and a tensile working LL of 20.
• Pu = 1.2 D + 1.6 L = (1.2)(10 K) + (1.6)(20 K)= 44 K
Pu 44 k
AD ≥ = = 1.35 in2
Φ 0.75 Fu (0.75) (0.75) (58)
• Try 1 3/8 in diameter rod from AISC table 7-17 using the gross area of the
rod 1.49 in2.
• Rn = 0.75 Fu AD = (0.75)(58 Ksi)(1.49 in2 )= 64.8 K
• ΦRn = (0.75) (64.8 k)= 48.6 > 44 K OK
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Connection design
• Connection design will not be covered until the end of
the quarter
u= 1- (x/L) x = distance from centroid of element being connected eccentrically to plane of load transfer
L = length between first and last bolts in line.
Table D3.1, p.16.1-28
Rn= 0.6 Fu Anv + Ubs Fu Ant ≤ 0.6 Fy Agv + Ubs Fu Ant Φ = 0.75
Pu
– Design: min Ag =
Φ Fy
Pu
min Ag = + estimated area of holes
Φ FuU
CEE 451 Design of Metal Structures
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