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Hispd Notes08 PDF
Hispd Notes08 PDF
Hispd Notes08 PDF
Van Dyke: Hypersonic flow is flow past a body at high Mach number, where
nonlinearity is an essential feature of the flow.
Also understood, for thin bodies, that if is the thickness-to-chord ratio of the body,
M is of order 1.
Special Features
Thin shock layer: shock is very close to the body. The thin region between the shock and
the body is called the Shock Layer.
http://www.onera.fr/conferences/ramjet-scramjet-pde/images/hypersonic-funnel.gif
Velocity-Altitude Map For Re-Entry
Altitude
Typical
T i l re-entry
t case:
Very little deceleration until
Vehicle reaches denser air
(Deliberately so - to avoid
large fluctuations in aerodynamic
loads and landing point )
Velocity
Atmosphere
Thermosphere:
p z > 80km
Ionosphere 65 < 365 km Contains ions and free electrons
dp gdz
Rˆ T
p
Mˆ
Neglect
g dissociation and ionization – Molecular weight
g is constant
Assume isothermal (T = constant) poor assumption
dp
p gMˆ
d
dz
p Rˆ T
gMˆ
0 loge z
ˆ
T
R
High Angle of Attack Hypersonic Aerodynamics
www.galleryoffluidmechanics.com/shocks/s_wt.htm
http://www.scientificcage.com/images/photos/hypersonic_flow.jpg
Crocco’s Theorem:
Ts h0 u
Implies vorticity in the shock layer.
layer
Viscous Layer:
Thick boundaryy layer,
y , merges
g with shock wave to pproduce a merged
g shock-viscous layer.
y
Coupled analysis needed.
High Temperature Effects:
Very large range of properties (temperature, density, pressure) in the flowfield, so that
specific heats and mean molecular weight may not be constant.
Knudsen No. =
= ratio of Mean Free Path to characteristic length
L
Above 120 km, continuum assumption is poor. Below 60 km, mean free path is less than 1mm.
http://www.aerospace-technology.com/projects/x43/images/X-43HYPERX_7.jpg
Summary of Theoretical Approaches
Newtonian Aerodynamics: Flow hits surface layer, and abruptly turns parallel to surface. Momentum
normal to the surface is transferred to normal force on the body. Normal force on body = drag of
normal flow component.
component
Normal force is decomposed into lift and drag.
Modified Newtonian Aerodynamics: Account for stagnation pressure drop across shock.
Local Surface Inclination Method : Cp at a point is calculated from static pressure behind an oblique
shock
h k causedd by
b local
l l surface
f slope
l att ffreestream
t M
Machh number.
b
“Tangent Cone”approach: similar to local surface slope arguments.
Mach number independence: Shock/expansion relations and Cp become independent of Mach
number at very high Mach number.
Blast wave theory: Energy of Disturbance caused by hypersonic vehicle is like a detonation wave.
Hypersonic similarity: Allows developing equivalent shock tube experiments for hypersonic
aerodynamics.
Hypersonic Aerodynamics Roadmap
Non-Equilibrium Gas Dynamics
Supersonic
Aero Stagnation Point: CFD
Local Surface
Inclination
Methods
N t i
Newtonian
Newton
Aerodynamics Buseman
Newtonian Aerodynamics: Flow hits surface layer, and abruptly turns parallel to surface.
Momentum normal to the surface is transferred to normal force on the body.
body
Normal force on body = drag of normal flow component.
Normal force is decomposed into lift and drag.
•No
N info
i f on shock.
h k or viscous
i drag
d
•No influence of body shape
D
L
N
Local Surface Inclination Methods
Approximate methods over arbitrary configurations, in particular,
where Cp is a function of local surface slope.
Newtonian Aerodynamics
Newton (1687) concept was that particles travel along straight lines without
Interaction with other particles, let pellets from a shotgun. On striking a surface,
they would lose all momentum perpendicular to the surface
surface, but retain all tangential momentum
– i.e., slide off the surface.
Net rate of change of momentum U 2Sin 2A
Cp 2Sin 2
In 3D flows we replace U Sin with
U n
2
U n
Cp 2 2
U
Shadow region: Cp 0
Shadow region is where U n 0
Remarks on Newtonian Theory:
Poor in low speed flow. Predicts . Cl 2
(1) Works well as Mach number gets large and specific heat ratio tends towards 1.0
Why? Because shock is close to surface, and velocity across the shock is very large – most of the
normal momentum is lost.
(2) Tends to overpredict cp and cd (CD) see
C p C pmax sin2
p02 12 M 2 1 1 2M 2
p 4M 2 2 1 1
p02
Then 1
p
cp
M 2
2
In the limit as M , We get
2
1 1 4
cp
1 1
4
As 1 .4 , c pmax 1.839
Why?
M12 sin 2 1
tan 2 cot
M12 cos 2 2
M12 sin 2
tan 2 cot M1 >>1, small
M12 1
M1 >>1, small 2
1
Pressure jump: p2 2
1 M12 sin2
p1 1
M1 >>1 p2 2
M12 sin2
p1 1
p2 2
1 M1 sin 1
2 2
p1 1
2
1 M12 2 1
1
p2 1 2 1 1
2
1 K K2
p1 4 4 K2
p2
Defining
g pressure
p coefficient 1
Cp 1
p
2
M
p2 2 1
1 1
C p p1 1 2 1
2 2
2 4 4 K
K2
2
4Sin 2 M1 1
Cp
1
Next
u2
1
i 2 11
M12 sin
u1 1M12
In the hypersonic limit, u2 2sin2
1
u1 1
Also
u2
2 M12 sin2 1 Cot
u1 1M12
u2 sin 2
u1 1
Density Jump Across Shock
2 1M12 sin2
1 1M12 sin2 2
2 1
1 1
Then the temperature jump is:
M12 sin2 1
tan 2 cot
M12 cos2 2
becomes
1 12 1
4 16 M12 2
1 1 1 2
1
tan
1
M 1
tan1 M 2 1
For M1 1 M12 1 M12
1
Also tan1 x tan1
2 x
1 1 1 1
tan1 ..
x x 3x 3
5x 5
1 1 1 1
1 2 M 1 M 2
1 2
2 1 1M 2
Then 2 1 1
2 1
1 M1 M2
2
p2 1
1 M12 1
M1 1
p1 1
1 M22
M2
2 2
p2 1 1 1 1
1 M1 1 K
p1 2 2
Note that
p2 2
1 Cp
K , )
f ((K
C p p1
2 1 1 K 1 1 2
2 2
2 K 2
2
K
Mach Number Independence
p2 p2 p 2 2 1
M sin
2
2
U 2 p U 2 1 M
2
sin2
1
Why nondimensionalize by U 2
2
Because p2 ~ O U And it allows cancellation of Mach number
Examine other relations for properties downstream of the shock – freestream Mach
number
b ddoes nott appear anywhere.
h
Non-lifting body moving at velocity U, which is inclined at angle to the x-axis:
D
d 2x
m 2
DCos
dt
2
d z U
m 2
DSin mg
dt
d 2z 1
m U 2CDS sin mg
dt 2 2
m
is the “Ballistic Parameter”.
CDS
Assuming that the drag force is >> weight and that is constant because gravitational force is
too weak to change the flight path much
U 1 0CDS gMz
Loge exp
e
U 2 m sin RT