Citation/Title Sampling Frame and Sample

Size
Fraud and Extravagant Life Styles Among Bank A total of 600
Employees: Case of participants were used
Convicted Bank Workers in Nigeria for the study.

Authers:-Shyngle K. Balogun*a, Morekwe Data was collected using

Selemogwea, Femi Akinfalab demographic
questionnaire and the
[a] Department of Psychology, University of Extravagant Lifestyle
1 Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana. Scale
[b] Department of Psychology, University of
Lagos, Lagos, Demographic Data
Nigeria. Questionnaire

Date:- 2013-06-17 Extravagant Life Style

Assessment Scale (ELAS).

BANK SIZE AND OCCUPATIONAL FRAUD RISK: A representative

EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE FROM sample of 30 banks out
COMMERCIAL BANKS IN KENYA of the 43 commercial
banks licensed by
Auther:-David Ndung’uKiragu Central Bank of Kenya by
June
Finance and Accounting, DedanKimathi 30, 2012 was used in this
2 University of Technology. study.

Vol.2, Issue 1, 2015

 Forensic Accounting and Fraud Prevention and The study adopted
Detection in Nigerian Banking Industry. the primary source of
data while the
Auther:- Ogundana Oyebisi, Okere Wisdom*, questionnaire was the
Ogunleye Olusogo and Oladapo Ifeoluwa research
instrument engaged.
Department of Accounting, Bells University of
Technology, Nigeria Sample size =100

Date:-May 21, 2018;

3
 A study to investigate the reasons for bank
A survey was
frauds and the administered to 253
implementation of preventive security controls
bank employees of the
in Indian banking area under study, which
industry. comprised of some
important districts of
Ashu Khanna Uttrakhand state of India
and adjoining areas.
Department of Management Studies, Graphic Closed ended
Era University. questionnaire was used
to
Date:- Issue 3, 2009 know the opinion of
bank employees

5 Of the total membership

of 124,000 professionals
Evaluation of Key Determinants of Fraud Free as stated above, we
Financial Report: a Focus on Nigeria made conservative
estimates of their
Nenyiaba Ile Charles1, Okoye Emma I.1 number in
each of the sector and
1Department of Accountancy, Nnamdi Azikiwe subsector from which we
University, Awka, Anambra State, Nigeria drew our sample size
(1,000 members) for
Vol. 1, No. 2; September 2015 examination
 IMPACT OF FORENSIC ACCOUNTING ON Data collected from
COMBATING FRAUD IN NIGERIAN BANKING sample of fifty five (55)
INDUSTRY respondents from
commercial banks in
Raymond A. Ezejiofor Awka, Anambra state
Nkiru Peace Nwakoby, Jane F. N. Okoye and were analyzed with
five point
Date:- 4 Sep 2016 likert’s scale.

The e-fraudster: a criminological perspective A total of 239 unique

suspects were selected
Author - E.R. Leukfeldt

University of Leicester
7 Department of Criminology

Fraudulent Advertising Susceptibility: A total of 254

An experimental Approach participants were used
for the study.
Auther:-authors : Patrick McAlvanah,Keith
Anderson,Robert Letzler,Jack Mountjoy Data was collected using
demographic
BUREAU OF ECONOMICS FEDERAL TRADE questionnaire and email.
8 COMMISSION WASHINGTON, DC
 DV and statistical Hypothesis
techniques
Bivariate linear H0 =bankers charged/convicted for
regression fraud would have significantly
higher scores in a measure of
extravagant lifestyle [Extravagant
Lifestyle Assessment Scale (ELAS)]
than nonfraudulent
bankers and non-bankers.

Bivariate linear H0 =There is no relationship

regression between bank size and
occupational fraud risk in
commercial banks in
Kenya.
Ordinary Least H1: There is significant relationship
Square between forensic
Regression accounting and fraud prevention
(OLS),Independent T- and detection in Nigeria banking
test ,Oneway industry.
Anova
H2 : There is significant difference in
the role forensic accounting
and external auditors in the
detection and prevention of fraud.

H3 : Forensic accounting has a high

level of awareness in
prevention and detection of fraud
in the Nigeria banking industry.
The selection of the H1: There will be no significant
respondents was difference in the compliance level
done through of employees of various banks
multistage random H2: There will be no significant
cluster sampling. relationship between training status
of employees and their level of
compliance
H3: There will be no significant
relationship between attitude
towards RBI procedure of the
employees and
their compliance level
H4: There will be no significant
difference in compliance level
between two categories of
employees at two
different hierarchal levels
H5: There will be no significant
difference in the attitude towards
RBI procedure of employees of
various
banks
H6: There will be no significant
relationship between training status
of employees and their awareness
level
toward type of bank frauds
H7: There will be no significant
difference in the awareness level of
various banks

The study adopted

the survey and
documentary
research techniques.
The primary data
used for the study
were obtained Ho: There is no significant
through the relationship amongst the following
administration of variables; Compliance with
structured Accounting Standards,
questionnaire to Sound Corporate Governance,
respondents. The Internal Controls, Auditors
questionnaire was Independence, Accountants
adapted from Iyoha Education, Whistle Blowing and
(2011). Fraud Free Financial Report.
The two hypotheses HO: Forensic accounting is not an
formulated were effective tool for addressing
tested using t-test financial crimes in the
statistical techniques Nigerian banking system.

2. HO: The forensic audit does not

necessitated in ensuring corporate
governance in
Nigerian banking system.

Literature review Ho = The use of police files has

Semi structured some drawbacks. The police files
expert interviews only present a narrow view of
reality

Demographic Data Ho=individuals with greater

consumer literacy
Questionnaire would deem implausible
advertisements as less credible
than would individuals with less
consumer literacy less impulsivity
and more numeracy would be
associated with lower credibility
ratings for implausible ads, in fact,
these traits were associated with
higher credibility ratings.
 Findings and Conclusions Gaps/Limitation?Scale/Measure

The results suggest that All of the items that did not load up to 0.4
fraudsters are likely to have on a particular factor in ELAS were
extravagant dropped for further analysis.
lifestyles as a result of their
fraudulent acts and this is also On the 34-item scale, five items did not
supported by the findings from load on any factor and were thus removed
the prior studies. The findings from further analysis.
have implications
for bank management and law
enforcement, and as such
recommendations are
provided.

There is a negative and The major drawback to this study is that it

significant relationship between used likert scaled measures of perception
bank size and occupational of the bank
fraud risk in staff on the trends and intensity of
commercial banks in Kenya. occupational fraud in commercial banks.
This implies that the intensity
of occupational frauds per unit The study is
of limited to commercial banks in Kenya and
asset is higher in smaller banks concentrated on one player in the financial
than it is in medium to large sector.
commercial banks.
There is a low The researcher presumes that banks
level of the awareness of in Nigeria have adopted various forensic
forensic accounting in the accounting practices
Nigeria banking which include litigation support, fraud
industry. investigation, and expert
consultancy.
A firm wishing to grow with
minimized level of fraud
must therefore put into place
sufficient resources to be able
to
properly practice forensic
accounting in its different
departments.
The results indicate that the
security control measures
prescribed by RBI are not fully
complied with.
The study established that
there is a significant
relationship amongst the
following variables; CS, CG and
IC in
determining Fraud Free
Financial Report
The study is limited to commercial banks.
Weighted average given by bank
employees to the various reasons for
perpetration of fraud on
ten point scale
The rating scale was based on the level of
importance that they attach to each of the
items listed. A five-point Likert scale was
used with a rating of (5) indicating
very strong, (4) = strong, (3) = fairly strong,
(2) = weak and (1) = very weak.
the study discovered that
Forensic accounting is an
effective tool for addressing
financial crimes in the banking
system. Also
the forensic audit necessitated
in ensuring corporate
governance in corporate
organizations.
Following elements must be
present in
the e-fraud cases:
(1) aimed at individuals or
companies,
(2) ICT is essential for the
execution, and
(3) individually operating
criminals.
Positive relationship of
numeracy
and overconfidence with the
credibility D4ratings of
plausible ads, and a negative
relationship of
impulsivity and skepticism
Data collected for the study were analyzed
by the researcher using five point likert
scales.
Using SPSS, 5% is considered a normal
significance level. The accept reject
criterion was based
on the computed t-Value.
If t-value is equal or greater than “Sig”
value there is significant interaction effect
or significant
difference i.e. t-value value > sig value we
reject Null and accept alternate hypothesis
There is also a chance that a distorted
picture of the
perpetrators is drawn
police records are not
always complete
fraud victims may distorttheir memories
lmitation on our SAT score is that only 40 %
of oursubject reported on SAT score.
 SCALE
Index
8 7 6 5
Assigned
Terminology WF PP SL RF

Obtain Unauthorised Stolen Something Returning stolen

Stealing
Examples means to obtain from their nearby things for a
Something
something area refund

Access to server
The data is
room which is
Converting it accessed from Stealing floppy Returning the
biometrically
to rating scale personla system drive from a same drive to he
protcted w/o
in Corporate when the other colleagues other person for
somebody's help for
fraud person has gone for drawer some x bucks
obtaining project
a coffee
data
ALE
4 3 2 1

SCF DRF CCF WR

Claiming
Stealing something in Deliberately Utilised fully
something
excess for which they damaging and and then
which is
are not guilty then paying for it return
already gone

Access to secret
Using Last
project details from a
project profit All data copied
file in Senior's cabin Destroying the
in the next from drive and
when there is a hard disk and
project to get then returning
camera which is then paying for it
loan from it
installed at entry and
banks
exit of the gate
Q1

Q2

Q3

Q4
Q5
Q6
Q7
Q8

Q9
Q10
Q11
Q12
Q14

Q15
Q16
Q17
Q18

Q19

Q20
Q21
Q22
Survey Questions Options
Your age falls in this bracket 10_15 15_20
Private
Which of the following belons to you Bank
company
What is your primary work Area

Strongly
Think about your work domain and answer Questions Disagree
disagree

Our systems are good in preventing errors from happening 1 2

We work in a fast manner sometimes 1 2
we work in a sytematic manner 1 2
we set daily priorities according to the boss 1 2
we set daily priorities according to the organization goals 1 2

Strongly
Indicate information about your immediate Manager Disagree
disagree
My manager apparaises on seeing a good job 1 2
He is satisfied on giving me a certain task 1 2
He does not gives me actual data 1 2
He hides the data in the folder 1 2
I have access to his data by some means 1 2
Strongly
Events reported & reasoning Disagree
disagree
There was no data leakage happened in my unit 1 2
It happens due to illfated data provided by superiors 1 2
They do not want to share their knowledge with us 1 2
Access to server room is allowed to selected people 1 2
We do not return the respective drive /disk after copying to the concerned
1 2
person
we were underpaid 1 2
we were not promoted as per companies policies 1 2
Options
20_25 25_30 >30

Corporate Start up Self

Strongly
Neither Agree
Agree

3 4 5
3 4 5
3 4 5
3 4 5
3 4 5

Strongly
Neither Agree
Agree
3 4 5
3 4 5
3 4 5
3 4 5
3 4 5
Strongly
Neither Agree
Agree
3 4 5
3 4 5
3 4 5
3 4 5

3 4 5

3 4 5
3 4 5
reliability testing multiple constructs
balance scorecard
Attributes