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A Cognitive View of L1 On L2
A Cognitive View of L1 On L2
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Second Language Research
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Second Language Research 8,3 (1992); pp. 232-250
In the first part of this article, I reflect on the role that the learner's
hypothesis-forming activity may assign to the LI during the course of the
acquisition process. These remarks are illustrated in the second part of the
article by observations from a longitudinal case study of the acquisition of
movement verbs.
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Jorge Giacobbe 233
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234 A cognitive view of the role of LI in the L2 acquisition process
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Jorge Giacobbe 235
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236 A cognitive view of the role of LI in the L2 acquisition process
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Jorge Giacobbe 237
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238 A cognitive view of the role of LI in the L2 acquisition process
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Jorge Giacobbe 239
In the first utterance (5), Berta uses the preposition en, which
LOCATES Charlie uniquely in relation to the police van, while the
theme (Charlie) does not move in relation to the RELATUM. In
the following utterance ((3) above), the preposition a situates the
girl both in relation to an implicit source position and to a goal
position, the police van. This double placing is what allows Berta to
represent the movement of entering the police van. The THEME
moves in relation to the two RELATA.
Let us now look at the lexical verbs used by Berta to refer to
movement at Time 1. In fact, the invariable form sorti (doubtless
derived from the French verb sortir 'go out') is practically the only
L2- related form used (3x) by Berta.
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240 A cognitive view of the role of LI in the L2 acquisition process
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Jorge Giacobbe 241
'B: et la femme avec Chaplin ont démarré (je ne sais pas comment
on dit) par la rue. NS: qu'est-ce qu'ils font? B: euh ils vont sortir de
la rue, oui.' (B: And the girl with Chaplin have taken off (I don'
know how to say it) through the street. NS: What do they do? B:
They are GOING TO LEAVE the street, yes. NS: They LEAVE
the street? B: Yes.)
Berta's second utterance contains two verbal forms [va] and
[sorti]. Notice, though, that [va] markes future time reference, and
it is precisely this future reference that allows Berta to transform the
meaning of [sorti] (which, remember, can only denote a movemen
in the context of a relocation) so that it may refer to the PATH
taken by the two characters, '[va sorti] de la rue' means that Chaplin
and the girl will soon leave the street, i.e., they have already started
moving. This corresponds to the meaning of the Spanish 'gloss' with
arrancaron. Reference is thus achieved for a referent in motion,
after the movement has started, and before it has finished. To
borrow an expression from Vandeloise (1987), this paraphrase
'anticipates the end of the trajectory of the mobile referent',15 i.e.,
describes a path. The subsequent interpretation proposed by NS
reduces Berta's meaning to L2 sortir and, despite her apparently
acquiescing - oui - the whole sequence represents a partial com-
municative failure for her. But for the analyst, it is precisely this
trouble which lays bare the cognitive constraints on the construction
of Berta's IL.
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242 A cognitive view of the role of LI in the L2 acquisition process
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Jorge Giacobbe 243
(c) Lack of movement: it has already been seen that in Berta's IL,
location and movement are closely related. To complete the lexical
system based on the notion of BOUNDARY, Berta needs a verbal
form (or forms) allowing her to locate the THEME at a single space.
This contrasts with, but depends on, boundary-crossing, and we will
call it nonmovement. It is expressed at Time 2 by [rest], or [restan]:
12) *y el los* deux [restan] (en) la maison *y* après [le/ lesorti] a la rue
'et les deux restent à la maison et après ils sortent et vont dans la rue'
(and the two of them stayed in the house and after they left and went out
into the street)
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244 A cognitive view of the role of LI in the L2 acquisition process
How can Berta incorporate these forms into her discourse? Ex-
ample (12) shows that movement and nonmovement are explicitly
marked. Restan expresses a single localization in relation to the
space defined by the BOUNDARY of sorti. Sorti defines a double
space separated by a BOUNDARY, and restan identifies with one
of these places, independently of the other. In other words, the
functioning of restan depends on the pre-existing subspaces of the
other verbs, here sorti. Chaplin and the girl are positioned at one of
the subspaces of the topological space (the subspace is denoted here
by maison ). This is why restan is part of the system of lexical verbs at
Time 2; Berta still does not have the lexical means to refer to
location independently of movement.
Time 3
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Jorge Giacobbe 245
15) * v * les deux [son entre de kurir] + *>'" après [se va el] + les deux [sor] + les
deux + [se son martfe]
'et les deux sont en train de courir et après elle s'en va, les deux sortent,
ils sont partis'
(and both are running and then she goes away, both leave, both run
away)
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246 A cognitive view of the role of LI in the L2 acquisition process
Thus Berta still has access to the lexical and discourse strategies she
used at earlier stages of her IL development to express movement.
These means are now part of a richer repertoire whose organization
is based on the most complex (and most recent) organization for
referring to space that Berta has constructed: Euclidian space.
Hence, (ii)-type verbs are no longer used to paraphrase PATH.
the LI verb reveals a gap which will only be filled after 18 months'
conceptual and linguistic construction. This initial borrowing deter-
mines the trajectory that Berta's hypothesis testing will take,
through the paraphrases of Time 1 and Time 2 and the lexical
development of Time 3.
This appearance of an LI item in Berta's discourse reveals to the
analyst the discrepancy between the concrete task requirements and
Berta's IL development. If task requirements were the only factor
determining development, then Berta's IL could only develop by
immediately constructing a Euclidian schema. But it does not do so;
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Jorge Giacobbe 247
instead she develops a topological schema, and this fact allows other
factors to be identified determining the construction of her IL
system - her LI in particular.
The basic prepositional system from which Berta's development
starts contains the three forms a, de, en, which are found both in LI
and L2. One could therefore postulate a twofold origin for this
system (or rather, as Zobl, 1980: 74, puts it 'a synthetic perception
of the genesis of developmental and transfer errors'), and speculate
that the formal identity and the overlap in meaning of both systems
has a facilitating effect on a learner's hypothesis-formation.
The role of Ll-derived hypotheses may be sought in the way that
this minisystem of three prepositions functions within Berta's IL.
In their spatial uses, Spanish a, which almost always relates the
mobile THEME and the RELATUM at GOAL, is in opposition to
Spanish en, which always relates the stative THEME to one
RELATUM, thus expressing its location. This opposition allows
verbless utterances in Spanish to convey directional or stative
meaning respectively. And it is this LI opposition which allowed
Berta, in her IL, to represent movement and location with verbless
utterances. In French, movement and location are expressed by the
verb, not the preposition, a fact which precludes the use of such
verbless utterances.
However, this initial system is not identical to the Spanish system,
where a can be used in co-occurrence with ir in a verbal construction
expressing a path. This Berta cannot do in her IL, since its
organization is indeed idiosyncratic, though we do observe Ll-
derived hypotheses in it. Bertha therefore dissociates prepositional
use from use of verbs, and this is central to future development for
two reasons. First, this dissociation allows her to construct an
extremely simple and economical system representing movement.
Even with such a simple repertoire, Berta can express spatial
information without having to ask for words, and without having to
resort to Spanish. Secondly, this dissociation allows her to test
hypotheses. Keeping the prepositional system constant allows her to
express relations between entities, while devoting her attention to
constructing a system of verbs. This system of verbs is developed
from Time 2 to Time 3 and its limitations push her eventually to
express PATH, i.e., to develop a Euclidian schema for space. This
hypothesizing about French lexemes is also informed by her LI, as
her Spanish paraphrases testify.
It may be concluded that it is the LI which is the principal driving
force behind Berta's notional and linguistic development, and the
significance of the items and structures which are introduced into
her discourse to fulfil the communicative needs of the time can only
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248 A cognitive view of the role of LI in the L2 acquisition process
Ill Conclusion
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Jorge Giacobbe 249
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250 A cognitive view of the role of LI in the L2 acquisition process
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