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Wireless Energy Harvesting and Spectrum Sharing in Cognitive Radio
Wireless Energy Harvesting and Spectrum Sharing in Cognitive Radio
Wireless Energy Harvesting and Spectrum Sharing in Cognitive Radio
in Cognitive Radio
S. Ali Mousavifar† , Yuanwei Liu‡ , Cyril Leung† , Maged Elkashlan‡ , and Trung Q. Duong∗
† Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of British Columbia, Canada
‡ School of Electronic Engineering and Computer Science, Queen Mary University of London, UK
∗ School of Electronics, Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Queen’s University, Belfast, UK
consists of one source (S), one relay (R), and one desti-
nation (D) where information is transferred from an energy
Figure 1. System Model
constrained source to the destination only via an energy con-
strained relay. There is no direct link between the source and
destination. The source and the relay can harvest energy from (a)
Energy Harvesting Information Transmission from the
at the Source Source to the Relay
the PU. However, we assume that the SU network incapable of (S) S ------ > R
the source transmits information to the relay for a duration respectively. Flat Rayleigh fading channel is assumed for
equal to (1−α)T
2 . The relay then forwards, the information to all links. Hence, |h1 |2 , |h2 |2 , |g1 |2 , |g2 |2 , |f1 |2 , |f2 |2 , and
|f3 |2 are random variables (RV) distributed exponentially |g1 |2 , |g2 |2 , |f1 |2 , |f2 |2 , and |f3 |2 , with X1 , X2 , Y1 , Y2 ,
with parameters λ1 , λ2 , ω1 , ω2 , ν1 , ν2 , and ν3 . We have Z1 , Z2 , and Z3 hereafter. Conditioning the term P r{ΓR ≥
summarized the main used parameters for the derivation of γth , ΓD ≥ γth } in (7) on Z2 , we have
outage probability: ∞
• η: the energy efficiency (0 < η < 1). Pout = 1 − Pr{ΓR ≥ γth |Z2 = z2 } ×
• α: the fraction of a time slot in which relay and the source 0
harvest energy from PU transmitter signal (0 < α < 1). Pr{ΓD ≥ γth |Z2 = z2 }fZ2 (z2 )dz2 ,
• PI : the peak permissable interference power at the PU (10)
receiver
• γth : the threshold SNR at the relay and destination where Pr{ΓR ≥ γth |Z2 = z2 } and Pr{ΓD ≥ γth |Z2 = z2 }
• PP Utx : the primary user transmit power are two independent event probabilities for a given Z2 = z2 .
• Ps : the source transmit power The term P r{ΓR ≥ γth |Z2 = z2 } can be obtained as
• Pr : the relay transmit power
Pr{ΓR ≥ γth |Z2 }
• d1 , d2 , and d3 : the distances from the PU transmitter to
PI dm
4
X1 β2,6
the source, relay, and destination, respectively. = Pr min ρR Z1 , ≥ γth
2 2 2
• |f1 | , |f2 | , and |f3 | : the channel gain RVs for the links Y1 PP Utx Z2
from PU transmitter to the source, relay, and destination, Z2 PP Utx γth PI dm
4
= Pr X1 ≥ , Y1 ≤
respectively. Z1 ρR β2,6 Z1 ρR
• ν1 , ν2 , and ν3 : the exponential parameters corresponding
JR,I
to |f1 |2 , |f2 |2 , and |f3 |2 RVs, respectively.
Y1 Z2 γth PP Utx PI dm4
• d4 and d5 : the distances from the source and relay to the + Pr X1 ≥ , ≤ Z1
PU receiver, respectively. PI β2,6 Y1 ρR
2 2
• |g1 | and |g2 | : the channel gain RVs for the links from JR,II
the source and relay to the PU receiver, respectively. (11)
• ω1 and ω2 : the exponential parameters corresponding to
|g1 |2 and |g2 |2 RVs, respectively. Conditioning JR,I in (11) on Z1 and taking the expected value
• d6 and d7 : the source-relay and the relay-destination of the results over the distribution of Z1 , we have
distances, respectively. ∞ Z2 PP U γth
1 − tx P dm
− I 4
z1
2 2
• |h1 | and |h2 | : the channel gain RVs for the links JR,I = e z1 ρR λ1 β2,6 (1 − e z1 ρR ω1 )e− ν1 dz1 (12)
from the PU transmitter to the relay and destination, ν1 0
respectively. Similarly, we condition JR,II in (11) on Y1 and we take the
• λ1 and λ2 : the exponential parameters corresponding to expected value of the result over the distribution of Y1
|h1 |2 and |h2 |2 RVs, respectively.
∞ y1 Z2 γth PP Utx
1 − P mλ β P dm
− I 4
y1
JD,I
where
γth PP Utx Y2 Z3 PI dm
PI dm4
|h1 |2 β2,6 + Pr X2 ≥ , Y2 ≥ 5
(14)
ΓR = min ρR |f1 |2 , , (8) PI β3,7 dm Z2 ρD
|g1 |2 PP Utx |f2 |2 5
JD,II
and
PI dm5
|h2 |2 β3,7 Since JD,I is conditioned on Z2 , the joint probability can be
ΓD = min ρD |f2 |2 , , (9)
|g2 |2 PP Utx |f3 |2 presented as the product of two independent probabilities
are functions of RV |f2 |2 and therefore, ΓR and ΓD are PP Utx γth Z3 PI dm
5
2ηPP Utx α JD,I = Pr{X2 ≥ } Pr{Y2 ≤ }
dependent. Note that we have replaced the constants dm (1−α) , ρD Z2 β3,7 ρD Z2
2ηPP Utx α dm dm
1
, d2m ,
and d3m with ρR , ρD , β2,6 , and β3,7 . respec- I1 I2
2 (1−α)
dm 6 7
tively. For notation simplicity, we will replace |h1 |2 , |h2 |2 , (15)
1
where
∞
1 γth PP U Z3
− ρ Z β tx λ z3 0.9
I1 = e D 2 3,7 2 e− ν3 dz3
ν3 0
0.8
ρD Z2 β3,7 λ2 0.7
= (16)
γth PP Utx ν3 + ρD Z2 β3,7 λ2
out
0.6
P
P dm
− ρ IZ 5ω 0.5
and I2 = 1 − e D 2 2 . We condition JD,II on Z3 [Theo.] Scenario 1
[Sim.] Scenario 1
0.4
PP Utx Y2 Z3 γth PI dm
5
[Theo.] Scenario 2
JD,II |Z3 = Pr{X2 ≥ , Y2 ≥ } 0.3
[Sim.] Scenario 2
PI β3,7 dm5 ρD Z2 [Theo.] Scenario 3
∞ [Sim.] Scenario 3
1 PP U y2 Z3 γth
− P λtx β dm y
− ω2
0.2
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
= m
e I 2 3,7 5 e 2 dy
2
X−coordinante of PUtx (XPU )
ω2 PρI dZ5 tx
D 2
PI λ2 β3,7 dm
5 Figure 3. The outage probability as a function of the P Utx X-cooridinate.
=
5 + γth Z3 PP Utx ω2
PI λ2 β3,7 dm
P Iλ2 β3,7 dm
5 +γth Z3 PP Utx ω2
−
×e ρD Z2 λ2 β3,7 ω2
. each scenario, the outage probability increases as X-coordinate
(17) of P Utx increases because P Utx interference power at the
relay and destination increases. In addition, as the distances
Averaging JD,II over the PDF of Z3 we have, from the P Utx to the source and the relay increase, the
∞ amount of energy which can be harvested from the PU signal
JD,II = JD,II |Z3 fZ3 (z3 )dz3 decreases. For XP Utx = 0.75, the outage probability in
0
∞ Scenario 2 surpasses that of Scenario 1. In Scenario 1 at
1 PI λ2 β3,7 dm
5
= XP Utx = 0.75, the PU receiver is located farther from both the
ν3 0 PI λ2 β3,7 dm + γth 3 PP Utx ω2
Z
5
P Iλ2 β3,7 dm
relay and the destination compared to Scenario 2 and therefore,
5 +γth Z3 PP Utx ω2
− z3
×e ρD Z2 λ2 β3,7 ω2
e− ν3 dz3 the relay can transmit at higher transmit power (i.e. without
imposing higher than PI interference power at P Urx ) than in
(18)
Scenario 2. Fig. 4 shows the outage probability as a function
Using (12), (13), (15), and (18), we can obtain the outage
1
probability as [Theo.] γth=0dB
∞ 0.9
[Sim.] γth=0dB
1 [Theo.] γ =5dB
0.5
0.4
IV. N UMERICAL R ESULTS
0.3
In this section, numerical and analytical results are pre-
0.2
sented. The outage probability with respect to η, γth , PI ,
0.1
P Urx location, and P Utx location is studied here. The analyt- 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
η (%)
ical results are validated via computer simulations. The noise
power is assumed to be negligible in the following simulations. Figure 4. The outage probability as a function of η
A two dimensional network topology is assumed, where the
locations of nodes are denoted by (X, Y ). The source, relay, of η for γth = 0, 5 and 10 dB. The parameter values used
and destination are located at (0, 0), (0.5, 0), and (1, 0) on for the results in Fig. 4 are: PP Utx = 2 dB, PI = 20 dB,
the X-Y plane. The mean of all the channel gain coefficients and the P Utx and P Urx locations are (0.5, 0.5) and (1, 0.5),
are assumed to be equal to 5, i.e. λ1 = 5, λ2 = 5, ω1 = 5, respectively. For a given γth , the outage probability decreases
ω2 = 5, ν1 = 5, ν2 = 5, ν3 = 5, and they remain the same as η increases. As η increases, more wireless energy is being
hereafter, unless it is stated otherwise. Fig. 3 shows the outage harvested at the source and the relay and therefore, more
probability in the SU network as a function of the X-coordinate energy is available for wireless transmission to the next hop.
of P Utx location (denoted by XP Utx on Fig. 3), where Y- For a given value of η, the outage probability increases as the
coordinate remains constant at 0.5. We show the results for minimum SIR requirement (i.e. γth ) at the source and the relay
three P Urx location scenarios: increases. Fig. 5 shows the outage probability as a function of
• Scenario 1: P Urx at (0, 0.5). PI for PP Utx = 2, 5 and 10 dB. The parameter values used for
• Scenario 2: P Urx at (0.5, 0.5). the results in Fig. 5 are: η = 20%, γth = 5 dB, and the P Utx
• Scenario 3: P Urx at (1, 0.5). and P Urx locations are (0.5, 0.5) and (1, 0.5), respectively.
The parameter values used for the results in Fig. 3) are: For a given value of PP Utx , the outage probability decreases as
η = 10%, PP Utx = 2 dB, PI = 20 dB, and γth = 5 dB. For PI increases. The relay and the source can transmit at higher
1 constraints on the primary user network, and an interference
0.95
[Theo.] PPU = 2 dB
tx
imposed by primary user network on the secondary user cog-
0.9
[Sim.] PPU = 2 dB
tx
nitive network. A sensitivity analysis for the outage probability
0.85
[Theo.] PPU = 5 dB
tx
was presented and validated using computer simulations. The
0.8
[Sim.] P
PU
tx
= 5 dB results demonstrate that as the energy conversion efficiency
out
[Theo.] P
PU
= 10 dB rate is improved, the outage probabilities below 20% can be
P
0.75 tx
[Sim.] PPU = 10 dB
tx
achieved.
0.7
0.65
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
0.6
0.55
This work was supported in part by the Natural Sciences
−10 −5 0 5 10 15 20
Maximum Interference SU may Incure at PU [P ] (dB)
rx I
and Engineering Research Council (NSERC) of Canada under
Grant RGPIN 1731-2013.
Figure 5. The outage probability as a PI
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