QUALITY

 Guideline of drinking water quality

 WHO published- vol 1 1993
vol 2 1996

 Acceptability aspects
 Microbiological aspects
 Chemical aspects
 Radiological aspects
 Physical parameters

 Turbidity- <5 NTU

 Colour - upto 15 TCU

 Taste & odour

 Temperature
 Chlorides- std 200mg/l
max 600mg/l

 Hardness- calcium- 100-300 mg/l

 Ammonia- NH3 & NH4+

upto 1.5mg/l

 pH - 6.5-8.5
<7 -corrosion & incrustation
>8- compromise efficiency of disinfection
 H2S - 0.05-0.1mg/l
 Fe - 0.3mg/l
 Na - 200mg/l
 Total dissolved salts

TDS level <600mg/l [good]

< 1000mg/l [acceptable]

 Sulphate <250mg/l CaSO4 – 270mg/l

MgSO4 – 90mg/l

 Zn 3mg/l

 Mn 0.1mg/l

 Dissolved O2 indirect effects

 Cu 1mg/l

 Al 0.2mg/l
 Bacteriological indicators
 Coliforms- faecal groups -E coli
Non faecal –klebsiella aerogens
 Faecal streptococci - recent faecal pollution
 Clostridium perfringes - remote infection

 Virological aspects
 Cl2 - 0.5mg/l , 30min ,pH - 8
 O3 - 0.2-0.4mg/l , 4min

 Biological aspects
 Protozoa- E.histolytica ,giardia ,balantidium coli
 Helminths –
 Free living organisms – algae , fungi
inorganic constituents
organic constituents

inorganic constituents

arsenic – 0.01mg/l
dissolution of mineral ores ,industrial effluents
cadmium – 0.003mg/l
accumulate in kidney, long T1/2- 10-35y
chromium -0.05mg/l
cyanide – 0.07mg/l
processed cassava ,thyroid and CNS effects
fluoride – 1.5mg/l
dental & skeletal flurosis
production of Al ,manufacture of phosphate fertilizers (4%)
Lead Pb – 0.01mg/l , plumbing systems

placental transfer -12th week and continues

interfere with Ca2+ metabolism, renal tumors
subencephalopathic neurological &behavioural effects

Hg - 0.001mg/l ,target organ- kidney, methylHg- CNS effects

nitrate & nitrite – nitrate- 50mg/l

nitrite – 3mg/l
concent of nitrate + concent of nitrite = < 1
G.value of nitrate G.value of nitrite

selenium Se- 0.01mg/l

ORGANIC CONSTITUENTS UPPER LIMIT OF CONCENT
( microgm/l )
Chlorinated alkanes

CCl4 2
dichloromethane 20
Chlorinated ethenes

Vinyl chloride 55
1.1-dichloroethene 30
1.2-dichloroethene 50
Aromatic hydrocarbons

benzene 10
toluene 700
xylene 500
Ethyl benzene 300
styrene 20
 TDI- tolerable daily intake

 NOAEL- no- observed –adverse- effect level

 LOAEL- lowest- observed- adverse -effect level

 UF - uncertainty factor

 TDI = NOAEL/LOAEL
UF
 GV =TDI x BW x P
C
P=Fract of TDI allocated to drinking water
C=daily drinking water consumption
BW= body wt
 Somatic
 Hereditary

 Stochastic ef fect - carcinogenesis

 Non-stochastic ef fect - severity
 Aim- prevent NSE &reduce probability of SE
 DW- safe limits + reasonably low
 Becquerel- 1 disintegration/sec

 GV- gross alpha activity 0.1Bq/L

gross beta activity 1Bq/L
 Activities in surveillance
function
 approval of new sources
 watershed protection
 approval-construction & operating procedures of WW

disinfection of plant & distribution
system
 periodic flushing programmes & cleaning
 of water storage facilities
 certification of operators
 regulation of chemical substances
 Cross-connection control ,back flow
control ,leaK detection control
 Sanitary surveys
 Monitoring programmes
 Development of codes of practice for well construction ,pump
installation and plumbing
 Inspection quality control in bottled water
Elements of surveillance
programme
 SANITARY SURVEY
 SAMPLING
 BACTERIOLOGICAL SURVEILLANCE
presumptive coliform test- MULTIPLE TUBE METHOD
MEMBRANE FILTER TECHNIQUE
Confirmatory tests
 DETECTION OF FAECAL STREP & Cl.PERFRINGES
 COLONY COUNT
 BIOLOGICAL EXAMINATION
 CHEMICAL SURVEILLANCE
THANK U