9-1 Science AQA Unit 1 – Cell structures

Eukaryotes
Animal cells and plant cells
Plant and animal cells are called
___________ cells. They have a cell
membrane, cytoplasm and genetic
material enclosed in a ________.

Prokaryotes

Bacterial cells are called ____________

cells, they are much smaller than
eukaryotic cells. They have cytoplasm
and a cell membrane surrounded by a cell
wall. The ________ material is not
enclosed in a nucleus. It is a single ____ Describe the role of the cell wall
and vacuole in plant cells RP1 - Give the range of size of
loop and there may be one or more small
structures that can be
rings of DNA called ________. observed using:

A light microscope:

[eukaryotic, plasmids, genetic, DNA,

prokaryotic, nucleus]
An electron microscope:

Describe the similarities and differences between animal and plant RP1 - What type of A red blood cell is 8 µm in diameter.
cells. A bacterial cell is 40 times smaller.
microscope is needed to see: Calculate the diameter of the bacterial
Similarities cell.
RP1 - This is an image of stomach
-------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1. Animal cell Tick one box.
muscle cells. Measure the scale bar
-------------------------------------------------------------------------- with a ruler and use it to give the
0.02 µm
2. Mitochondria approximate length of the cells.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
0.2 µm
Differences
3. Plant cell
-------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2.0 µm
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
4. Ribosomes
-------------------------------------------------------------------------- 20.0 µm
 9-1 Science AQA Unit 1 – Cell specialisation

Cells may be specialised to carry out a particular function. Identify each of these cells from the The drawing shows an animal cell, seen at a very high magnification using an electron
following list and describe how it is specialised for its function [phloem, root hair, muscle, xylem, sperm, microscope.
nerve]. 3) What happens in the mitochondria?
Specialised animal cells ------------------------------------------

------------------------------------------

4) What are chromosomes made of?

------------------------------------------
Cell Type:
------------------------------------------
Specialisation:
5) What controls the rate of chemical
Specialised plant cells
1) Label a mitochondrion [plural = reactions in the cytoplasm?
mitochondria].
2) Name and label the structure ------------------------------------------
where you would find
chromosomes. ------------------------------------------

Cell Type:
An electron microscope has much higher magnification and resolving power than a
Specialisation: light microscope. This enables biologists to see sub cellular structures.

magnification = size of image/size of real object

Use the diagrams to answer the questions 1. A micrograph of a plant cell in a book is 150 mm long. The plant cell measures
120 μm long. Calculate the magnification.
about cell specialism.
1. Which cell can photosynthesise? The total magnification of a light microscope can be calculated using:

total magnification = magnification of eyepiece x magnification of objective

2. Which cell is adapted for sending 2. What is the total magnification with an eyepiece magnification of x 15 and an
objective lens magnification of x 40?
messages?
3. What magnification would the objective lens need to be to give a total
magnification of x 300 with an eyepiece of x 15?
3. Which cell is adapted to respire
quickly?
Why is cell specialisation (differentiation)
important for the development and growth of a Self assessment
healthy baby from a fertilised egg? Red/Amber/Green/Gold:
As an organism develops, cells differentiate to form different types of cells.

Most types of animal cell differentiate at an early stage.

I need help with:
Many types of plant cell retain the ability to differentiate throughout life.
 9-1 Science AQA Unit 1 – Transport in cells

Transport in single celled Diffusion

organisms
Substances may move into and out of cells across the cell __________ 1 2
1) Explain why the large surface
area to volume ratio is via diffusion. __________ is the spreading out of the particles of any
beneficial?
substance in solution, or particles of a gas, resulting in a net Give four factors which
__________ from an area of higher _____________ to an area of increase the
effectiveness of an
lower concentration. exchange surface

2) Why doesn’t a single celled

organism need complex Some of the substances transported in and out of cells by diffusion are
structures such as lungs for gas
exchange? ________ and carbon dioxide in gas exchange, and of the waste product 3 4
urea from cells into the blood ________ for excretion in the _______.

[membranes, oxygen, plasma, movement, kidney, diffusion, concentration] Calculate the surface area to volume ratio for one cube and
eight cubes:
Surface area of large
cube =
How is this epithelial cell from the small How is this plant root adapted for
intestine adapted for transport? transport? Volume of Large cube =
SA/Vol =

1
Surface area of small
cube =
Volume of small cube =
SA/Vol =

Factors A multicellular organism needs an exchange surface with high surface area to
volume ratio for the most effective transport system.
which affect
the rate of
diffusion

2 3 Explain how the gills are adapted for

rapid absorption of oxygen.