Prof. Dr.

Paolo Burlando
Chair of Hydrology and Water
Resources Management

Hydrology
-Collection of formulas-
(Aid for the Exam and the Assignments)

Zurich, 2011
Remark
This formulary is meant to be of assistance in working on the exam and the exercises. The
concepts which stand behind the here mentioned formulas are explained in the lecture and the
recommended literature. The students should be able to understand and to reproduce them.
1. Hydrologic Processes

1.1. Precipitation

Synthetic hyetographs

Triangular hyetograph: id t / ta 0 ≤ t ≤ ta

 [L/T]
 id ⋅ Td id t
=
i (t )  − ta ≤ t ≤ Td
 tb tb

0 t > Td
[-]
t
r = a . 0.3...0.48
Td

Alternating block method:

n −1
Pn = in ⋅ Tn − ∑ Pj [L]
j =1

1.2. Runoff

H-Q-relationship: =
Q a ( H − b) n [L3/T]

2
1 n  Qj − Qj 
Mean square error: mQ ( H ) = 100 ∑
n − 1 j =1  Q j


[L3/T]


Hydrograph analysis

Recession curve: ) Q0 ⋅ e − ( t −t0 )/ R

Q(t= [L3/T]

1/19
 1.3. Evaporation from Water Bodies

Aerodynamic or Dalton-Method

Evaporation: EW =f (v) ⋅ (es (T ) − e) (mm/d)

 17.62 ⋅ T 
Saturated Vapour Pressure e=
s (T ) 6.122 ⋅ exp  
(Magnus Formula):  243.12 + T  (hPa)
T (°C)

Wind function (2 m above ground): f (v ) = a + b ⋅ v c (mm/(d hPa))

v (m/s)

Parameter after WMO-guideline: = =

a 0.13 =
b 0.094 c 1.0

rH
Vapour Pressure of the air: =e es (T ) ⋅ (hPa)
100

Penman-Method

∆ ⋅ Rn / L + γ ⋅ f (v) ⋅ (es (T ) − e)
Evaporation: Ew = (mm/d)
∆ +γ

Psychrometer Constant: γ ≈ 0.67 hPa/K

Heat of evaporation at 20°C: L = 28.3 W d m-2 mm-1

Slope of the Saturation Vapour ∂es 4284 (hPa/K)

=
∆ = es (T ) ⋅
Pressure Curve: ∂T (243.12 + T ) 2

T (°C)

2/19
 1.4. Evaporation from Land Surfaces

Thornthwaite

(mm/month)
 10 ⋅ T j 
a

Potential Evapotranspiration: PET j = 16 ⋅ b j ⋅  

 I 
1.6
Coefficient: =a I + 0.5
100
1.514
12
 Tj 
Thermal annual index: I = ∑ 
j =1  5 

T (°C)
Coefficient b depending on month and  L  N 
latitude: b =   
 12   30  [-]

N Number of days per month

Daily sunshine duration: L= 12.3 + 4.3 ⋅ ς + 0.167 ⋅ ς ⋅ (ϕ − 51) (h)

ϕ (°)

=ς sin[ DOY (2π / 365) − 1.39]

DOY Day of the year

Penman method

Potential Evapotranspiration: ∆ ⋅ Er + γ ⋅ Ea (mm/d)

PET =
∆ +γ

Evaporation equivalent of the 0.6 ⋅ RG

Er = (mm/d)
global radiation:
L

RG (Wm-2) L ( W d m-2 mm-1)

Ventilation term: E= 0.063 ⋅ (1 + 1.08 ⋅ v2 ) ⋅ (es (T ) − e) ⋅ S R (mm/d)

a

v2 (m/s) S R (-)

3/19
Evapotranspiration for different vegetation cover

Potential Evapotranspiration: PET= f c ⋅ PETgras [L/T]

Table 1 Crop factor fc for different vegetation cover and seasons

Nov to
Vegetation Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct
Feb
mowing meadow 1.00 1.00 1.05 1.10 1.10 1.05 1.05 1.00 1.00
winter wheat 0.90 0.95 1.15 1.35 1.30 1.00 - - 0.65
spring barley - 0.75 1.30 1.40 1.30 - - - -
sugar beets - 0.50 0.75 1.10 1.30 1.25 1.10 0.85 -
potatoes - 0.50 0.90 1.10 1.40 1.20 0.90 - -

1.5. Infiltration and Net Precipitation

∂θ ∂  ∂θ 
Richard‘s Equation (1D): = D + kf  [1/T]
∂t ∂z  ∂z 

∂h
Darcy‘s law: q = −k f [L/T]
∂z

∂q ∂q
Continuity equation: + =
0 [1/T]
∂t ∂z

VWasser
Soil moisture content: θ= [-]
VGesamt

 ∂q 
Momentum equation: q=
−kf + D  [L/T]
 ∂z 

dψ
Soil water diffusivity: D = kf [L2/T]
dθ

Suction head: ψ= h − z [L]

4/19
Horton’s equation

Potential infiltration rate: f (t ) = f c + ( f 0 − f c )e − kt [L/T]

f0 − fc
Potential cumulative infiltration: F (t ) = f c ⋅ t + (1 − e − kt ) [L]
k

Ponding time under constant 1   f0 − fc 

=tp  f 0 − i + f c ln  
rainfall intensity i: i⋅k [T]
  i − fc  
fc < i < f0

Equivalent time origin for 1  f −f 

t0= t p − ln  0 c  [T]
potential infiltration after ponding: k  i − fc 

Infiltration rate after ponding: f (t ) = f c + ( f 0 − f c )e − k ( t −t0 ) [L/T]

Cumulative infiltration after f0 − fc

F (t ) = f c ⋅ (t − t0 ) + (1 − e − k (t −t0 ) ) [L]
ponding: k

SCS-CN-Method

[ P(t ) − I a ]2
Cumulative rainfall excess Pe (t ) = [L]
(actual runoff): [ P(t ) − I a + Smax ]

for P(t ) > I a P(t)…cumulative precipitation

 1000 
Potential maximum retention: S max = S0  -10 
 CN  [L]
S0 = 25.4 if Smax in mm

4.2 ⋅ CN II
Equivalent curve numbers for dry (I)
CN I =
10 − 0.058CN II
or wet(II) antecedent moisture [-]
conditions: 23 ⋅ CN II
CN III =
10 + 0.13CN II

5/19
Table 2 Classification of hydrologic soil groups [source: Maidment, 1992]

Hydrologic Soil Group Description

A Soils with high infiltration rates even when thoroughly wetted
e.g. deep sand or gravel
B Soils with moderate infiltration rates when thoroughly wetted,
moderately deep to deep soils, with moderately fine to
moderately coarse texture
e.g. moderate deep sands, loess
C Soils with low infiltration rates when thoroughly wetted,
moderately fine to fine texture or a layer that impedes
downward movement of water
e.g. shallow sandy loam, sandy clay loam
D Soils with very low infiltration rates when thoroughly wetted,
and high runoff potential, swell significantly when wet
e.g. clay

Table 3 Classification of antecedent moisture classes (AMC) [source: SCS, 1972]

Total 5 – day antecedent rainfall (mm)

AMC group Dormant season Growing season
I P < 12.7 P < 35.6
II 12.7 ≤ P < 27.9 35.6 ≤ P < 53.3
III P ≥ 27.9 P ≥ 53.3

Table 4 Curve numbers for AMC group II [source: Maidment, 1992 and DVWK Regeln 113/1984]

Cover type CNII for hydrologic soil group

A B C D
Fallow, bare soil 77 86 91 94
root and tuber crops, vine 70 80 87 90
Crops, forage crop 64 76 84 88
Pasture, grassland poor 68 79 86 89
fair 49 69 79 84
Meadow 30 58 71 78
Woods poor 45 66 77 83
fair 36 60 73 79
good 25 55 70 77
Urban areas with good condition (grass cover > 75%) 39 61 74 80
open space fair condition (grass cover 50 to 75 %) 49 69 79 84
(lawns, parks, golf poor condition (grass cover < 50%) 68 79 86 89
courses,
cemeteries, etc.)
Impervious/sealed areas 100 100 100 100

6/19
2. Runoff Concentration / Unit Hydrograph

2.1. Application
t

Convolution integral:
q (t=
) ∫ p(t ) ⋅ h(t − t )dt
0
h [1/T]; t [T]

Discrete convolution:
q ( tm )
= ∑p
i =1
m −i +1 ⋅ hi ⋅ ∆t

h [1/T]; t [T]
dim q = dim p
Attention! Convert to get Q in L3/T

2.2. Linear Reservoirs in Series (Nash-Cascade)

n −1
1 t
Pulse response function=
1
: hn (t )   ⋅ e−t / k [1/T]
k ⋅ Γ ( n)  k 

[( j − 0.5) ⋅ ∆t ]
n −1

Discrete version1: =hj ⋅ e − ( j −0.5)⋅∆t / k [1/T]

k ⋅ Γ ( n)
n

Characteristics:

Time to peak: =
t P k (n − 1) [T]

1. Moment/ time lag: M h1= t L= k ⋅ n [T]

2. Moment/ variance: M h=
2 k2 ⋅n [T2]

Parameter estimation:
Relationship of moments in =
M M Qm − M I m [Tm]
linear systems:
hm

m: order of the moments

h: transfer function
Q: output function
I: input function

1
Values for the Gamma function in Table A 2 (appendix)
7/19
1. Moment/ time lag: jmax [T]
∑Q
j =1
⋅t j j

=
M Q1 = jmax
tSP (Q )
∑ Qj
j =1

jmax

∑I⋅t 'j
j =1
j

=M I1 = tSP ( I )
jmax

∑Ij j =1

with: t ' j= t j − 0.5 ⋅ ∆t= ( j − 0.5) ⋅ ∆t

2. Moment jmax

∑ Q ⋅ (t − tSP (Q ) )
2
j j
j =1
M Q2 = jmax

∑Q
j =1
j

jmax
[T2]
∑ I j ⋅ ( t ' j − tSP ( I ) )
2

j =1
M I2 = jmax

∑I
j =1
j

with: t ' j= t j − 0.5 ⋅ ∆t= ( j − 0.5) ⋅ ∆t

2.3. Isochrones method

1 dA(t )
Pulse response function: h(=
t) ⋅ [1/T]
AE dt

1 ∆Aj
Discrete version: =
hj ⋅ [1/T]
AE ∆t

m
Discharge function: =
Qm ∑i
j =1
j ⋅ ∆Am − j +1 3
[L /T]

8/19
 2.4. Triangular Unit Hydrograph

hp t / t p 0 ≤ t ≤ tp

 hp ⋅ tUH hp t
=
h(t )  − t p ≤ t ≤ tUH
[1/T]
 tUH − t p tUH − t p
0 t > tUH


1
Time lag: =
tL (t p + tUH ) [T]
3

Base length: tUH = 2 / hp [T]

9/19
3. Probability and Statistics

3.1. Theoretical statistics of probability distributions

∞
µ x E=
= [X ] ∫xf X ( x)dx coitdipops
Mean / Expectation value: −∞

µ x E=
= [X ] ∑x
alle xi
i p X ( xi ) ddscµete

∞
σ Var[=
= ∫ (x − µ coitdipops
2
x X] X ) 2 f X ( x) dx
Variance: −∞

σ x2 Var
= = [X ] ∑ (x − µ
alle xi
i X ) 2 p X ( xi ) ddscµete

1/2
∞ 
Standard deviation: σ x ==
σ (+)  ∫ ( x − mX ) 2 f X ( x) dx 
2
x
 −∞ 

1 n
Skewness coefficient:
∑
n i =1
( xi − x )3
M3( X , µX )
= γ = 3
σX 3
σX

Theoretical moments

General: M=
r (a) E[( X − a ) r ]

Central moments for a = µ M r ( µ ) = E[( X − µ ) ] = ∫ (x − µ) ⋅ f ( x) dx coitdiuoun

r r

−∞
n
M r ( µ )= E[( X − µ ) r ]= ∑ (x − µ)
i =1
i
r
⋅ f ( xi ) ddncµete

M1 (µ ) = 0
M 2 (µ ) = σ 2
M 3 (µ ) = γ

Moments of origin for a = 0 M r= = ∫x ⋅ f ( x) dx coitdiuoun

r r
(0) E[ X ]
−∞
n
M=
r (0) E[=
Xr] ∑x
i =1
i
r
⋅ f ( xi ) ddncrete

10/19
 3.2. Statistics of a sample

1 n
Arithmetic mean: x= ∑ xi
n i =1

1 n
Sample Variance: =sˆ 2 ∑
n − 1 i =1
( xi − x ) 2

1 n
Sample Standard deviation: =sˆ =
sˆ 2 ∑
n − 1 i =1
( xi − x ) 2

sˆ
Sample Variation coefficient: Vx =
x

n
n
Sample skewness
= coefficient: γ
(n − 1)(n − 2) sˆ3
∑ (x − x )
i =1
i
3

Sample moments
n

General: ∑ ( x − b)
i
r

M r (b) = i =1
n

Central moments for b=x

Moments of origin for b=0

Correlation

1 n
Sample Covariance: =sxy ∑ ( xi − x ) ⋅ ( yi − y )
n − 1 i =1

sxy ∑ (x − x ) ⋅ ( y − y)
i i
Sample correlation =
rxy = i =1
coefficient: sx ⋅ s y n n

i
=i 1 =i 1
∑ (x − x ) ⋅ ∑ ( y − y)
2
i
2

11/19
 3.3. Sample Frequency Distributions / Plotting Position

i
Weibull: F ( x) =
n +1

i − 0.44
Gringorten: F ( x) =
n + 0.12
i … rank
n … sample size

12/19
 3.4. Probability distributions with continuous random variables

Table 5 Selection of probability distributions for fitting hydrologic data

Parameter estimation with the

Distribution Probability density function Distribution function Range
method of moments
 1  x − µ 2   x−µ  =µ x=
, s sx
=
1
exp  −  F ( x) = F   −∞ ≤ x ≤ ∞
Normal 2 f ( x)    σ 
σ 2p  2  σ  

 1 y−µ 
2

1 sˆx
= exp  −     y − µy  s y =+ V=
y
f ( x)
 ln(1 V 2 )
Log-Normal2 xσ y 2p  2 σy   F ( x) = F   x>0 x
   σy
  µ y ln x − 0.5s y2
=
mit y = ln x
1
Exponential f ( x) = λ e − λ x F ( x) = 1 − e − λ x x≥0 λ=
x

λ r x r −1e − λ x x≥0
f ( x, λ , x ) =
x
λ r x r −1e− λt x x2
Gamma 3 Γ(r ) F ( x, λ , r ) = ∫ dt λ >0 =λ = , r
Γ ( r ) sx2 sx2
mit Γ = Gammafunktion 0
r >0

  x − u  6
Gumbel 1  x −u  x − u  F ( x) = exp  − exp  − α= sx
(Extreme value Type I)
f ( x)=
α
exp  − − exp  −    α   −∞ < x < ∞ π
 α  α 
x − 0.5772 ⋅ α
u=

2
Values for the standard normal distribution in Table A 1 (appendix)
3
Values for the Gamma function in Table A 2 (appendix)

13/19
 3.5. Flood Statistics

1 1
Return Period: =R = [years]
1 − FU FO

HQi
Standardized runoff: HQi* = [-]
E[ HQ]

L [-]
 1
Relative risk: r =1 − 1 − 
 R

L (years)

3.6. Goodness-of-fit test

Kolmogorow – Smirnow – Test

Criterion: =Td max in=1{ Ftheor − Femp }

Kolmogorow-Smirnow statistic 4 : c(n, α )

Null hypothesis H0: The sample has the assumed distribution.

Td < cα → <ccept H0
Td > cα → Reject H0

4
Values in Table A 3 (appendix)
14/19
4. Erosion and Sediment Transport

4.1. Hillslope erosion

Universal Soil Loss Equation

A = R ⋅ K ⋅ L ⋅ S ⋅C ⋅ P (t/(ha a))
(U.S.L.E.)

Erosivity-Index for the Rev= E ⋅ I 30 ((MJ mm)/ (ha h))

rainfall event:
I 30 maximum 30-Minutes Intensity
(mm/h)

Energy associated individual (MJ/ha)

rainfall event:
=E ∑ e ⋅ hr
∆t r

=
e 0.119 + 0.0873 ⋅ log i i ≤ 76 mm/h (MJ/ha mm)
=e 0.283 i > 76 mm/h

N
Annual – Erosivity - Index: R = ∑ ( Rev )i ((MJ mm)/ (ha h))
i =1

Erodibility-Index: K = 2.77 ⋅10−7 M 1.14 ⋅ (12 − a) + 4.3 ⋅10−3 ⋅ (b − 2) + 3.3 ⋅10−3 ⋅ (c − 3)

b = 1...4
c = 1...6
K (t ha-1 MJ-1 mm-1 ha h)

Parameter that considers soil =M a Schluff / Sand ⋅(100 − γ Schluff /Ton ) (-)
particle size:

15/19
 4.2. Sediment transport

Bed shear stress: τ 0 = ρw ⋅ g ⋅ R ⋅ S [M/(LT2)]

R hydraulic radius [L]

Slope: =S sin aa
≈ tan [°]

3/2
k 
Bed shear stress (Meyer-Peter): τr
0 = w ⋅ g ⋅ R ⋅ S ⋅ 
 kr  [M/(LT2)]
k Strickger cofficient (m1/3 /s)

Grain roughness (Müller): 26

kr = (m1/3/s)
d m1/6
d m avemage gmadn sdze (m)

Critical shear stress (Mayer-Peter

and Müller):
= τ c 0.047( ρ s − ρ w ) ⋅ g ⋅ d m [M/(LT2)]

8
=
Bed load transport: gs (ττ
0 − c)
3/2
[M/(LT)]
ρ (1 − ρ w / ρ s ) ⋅ g
0.5
w

ρw v2
Shields’ parameter: =τ* ⋅ * [-]
ρs − ρw g ⋅ dm

Shear velocity: v* = τ 0 / ρ [L/T]

v* ⋅ d m
Reynolds number: Re* = [-]
υ

µ
Kinematic viscosity: υ= [L2/T]
ρ

16/19
Appendix
 1 
z
1
Φ(z)
Table A 1 Values of the standardized normal distribution =
∫ exp  − t 2  dt
−∞ 2  2 
z 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09
0.0 0.5000 0.5040 0.5080 0.5120 0.5160 0.5199 0.5239 0.5279 0.5319 0.5359
0.1 0.5398 0.5438 0.5478 0.5517 0.5557 0.5596 0.5636 0.5675 0.5714 0.5753
0.2 0.5793 0.5832 0.5871 0.5910 0.5948 0.5987 0.6026 0.6064 0.6103 0.6141
0.3 0.6179 0.6217 0.6255 0.6293 0.6331 0.6368 0.6406 0.6443 0.6480 0.6517
0.4 0.6554 0.6591 0.6628 0.6664 0.6700 0.6736 0.6772 0.6808 0.6844 0.6879
0.5 0.6915 0.6950 0.6985 0.7019 0.7054 0.7088 0.7123 0.7157 0.7190 0.7224
0.6 0.7257 0.7291 0.7324 0.7357 0.7389 0.7422 0.7454 0.7486 0.7517 0.7549
0.7 0.7580 0.7611 0.7642 0.7673 0.7704 0.7734 0.7764 0.7794 0.7823 0.7852
0.8 0.7881 0.7910 0.7939 0.7967 0.7995 0.8023 0.8051 0.8078 0.8106 0.8133
0.9 0.8159 0.8186 0.8212 0.8238 0.8264 0.8289 0.8315 0.8340 0.8365 0.8389
1.0 0.8413 0.8438 0.8461 0.8485 0.8508 0.8531 0.8554 0.8577 0.8599 0.8621
1.1 0.8643 0.8665 0.8686 0.8708 0.8729 0.8749 0.8770 0.8790 0.8810 0.8830
1.2 0.8849 0.8869 0.8888 0.8907 0.8925 0.8944 0.8962 0.8980 0.8997 0.9015
1.3 0.90320 0.90490 0.90658 0.90824 0.90988 0.91149 0.91309 0.91466 0.91621 0.91774
1.4 0.91924 0.92073 0.92220 0.92364 0.92507 0.92647 0.92785 0.92922 0.93056 0.93189
1.5 0.93319 0.93448 0.93574 0.93699 0.93822 0.93943 0.94062 0.94179 0.94295 0.94408
1.6 0.94520 0.94630 0.94738 0.94845 0.94950 0.95053 0.95154 0.95254 0.95352 0.95449
1.7 0.95543 0.95637 0.95728 0.95818 0.95907 0.95994 0.96080 0.96164 0.96246 0.96327
1.8 0.96407 0.96485 0.96562 0.96638 0.96712 0.96784 0.96856 0.96926 0.96995 0.97062
1.9 0.97128 0.97193 0.97257 0.97320 0.97381 0.97441 0.97500 0.97558 0.97615 0.97670
2.0 0.97725 0.977784 0.978308 0.978822 0.979325 0.979818 0.980301 0.980774 0.981237 0.981691
2.1 0.98214 0.982571 0.982997 0.983414 0.983823 0.984222 0.984614 0.984997 0.985371 0.985738
2.2 0.98610 0.986447 0.986791 0.987126 0.987455 0.987776 0.988089 0.988396 0.988696 0.988989
2.3 0.98928 0.989556 0.98983 0.990097 0.990358 0.990613 0.990863 0.991106 0.991344 0.991576
2.4 0.99180 0.992024 0.99224 0.992451 0.992656 0.992857 0.993053 0.993244 0.993431 0.993613
2.5 0.99379 0.993963 0.994132 0.994297 0.994457 0.994614 0.994766 0.994915 0.99506 0.995201
3.0 0.9986501
3.5 0.9997674
4.0 0.99996833
4.5 0.99999660
5.0 0.999999713
5.5 0.999999981

17/19
Table A 2 Values of the Gamma function for the interval 1 < α ≤ 2:

α Γ (α ) α Γ (α ) α Γ (α ) α Γ (α ) α Γ (α )
1.01 0.9943 1.21 0.9156 1.41 0.8868 1.61 0.8947 1.81 0.9341
1.02 0.9888 1.22 0.9131 1.42 0.8864 1.62 0.8959 1.82 0.9368
1.03 0.9835 1.23 0.9108 1.43 0.8860 1.63 0.8972 1.83 0.9397
1.04 0.9784 1.24 0.9085 1.44 0.8858 1.64 0.8986 1.84 0.9426
1.05 0.9735 1.25 0.9064 1.45 0.8857 1.65 0.9001 1.85 0.9456
1.06 0.9687 1.26 0.9044 1.46 0.8856 1.66 0.9017 1.86 0.9487
1.07 0.9642 1.27 0.9025 1.47 0.8856 1.67 0.9033 1.87 0.9518
1.08 0.9597 1.28 0.9007 1.48 0.8857 1.68 0.9050 1.88 0.9551
1.09 0.9555 1.29 0.8990 1.49 0.8859 1.69 0.9068 1.89 0.9584
1.10 0.9514 1.30 0.8975 1.50 0.8862 1.70 0.9086 1.90 0.9618
1.11 0.9474 1.31 0.8960 1.51 0.8866 1.71 0.9106 1.91 0.9652
1.12 0.9436 1.32 0.8946 1.52 0.8870 1.72 0.9126 1.92 0.9688
1.13 0.9399 1.33 0.8934 1.53 0.8876 1.73 0.9147 1.93 0.9724
1.14 0.9364 1.34 0.8922 1.54 0.8882 1.74 0.9168 1.94 0.9761
1.15 0.9330 1.35 0.8912 1.55 0.8889 1.75 0.9191 1.95 0.9799
1.16 0.9298 1.36 0.8902 1.56 0.8896 1.76 0.9214 1.96 0.9837
1.17 0.9267 1.37 0.8893 1.57 0.8905 1.77 0.9238 1.97 0.9877
1.18 0.9237 1.38 0.8885 1.58 0.8914 1.78 0.9262 1.98 0.9917
1.19 0.9209 1.39 0.8879 1.59 0.8924 1.79 0.9288 1.99 0.9958
1.20 0.9182 1.40 0.8873 1.60 0.8935 1.80 0.9314 2.00 1.0000

The values of the Gamma function for α > 2 can be calculated by using Table A 2 and the
following equation:

Γ (α + 1)= α ⋅ Γ (α )

Furthermore, for α ∈ * is Γ (α ) =(α − 1)!

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Table A 3 Kolmogorow-Smirnow statistic c (α , n ) for the complete specified Kolmogorow-Smirnow test with level
of significance α and sample size n

n α = 0.01 α = 0.02 α = 0.05 α = 0.1 α = 0.2

1 0.995 0.990 0.975 0.950 0.900
2 0.929 0.900 0.842 0.776 0.684
3 0.829 0.785 0.708 0.636 0.565
4 0.734 0.689 0.624 0.565 0.493
5 0.669 0.627 0.563 0.509 0.447
6 0.617 0.577 0.519 0.468 0.410
7 0.576 0.538 0.483 0.436 0.381
8 0.542 0.507 0.454 0.410 0.358
9 0.513 0.480 0.430 0.387 0.339
10 0.489 0.457 0.409 0.369 0.323
11 0.468 0.437 0.391 0.352 0.308
12 0.449 0.419 0.375 0.338 0.296
13 0.432 0.404 0.361 0.325 0.285
14 0.418 0.390 0.349 0.314 0.275
15 0.404 0.377 0.338 0.304 0.266
16 0.392 0.366 0.327 0.295 0.258
17 0.381 0.355 0.318 0.286 0.250
18 0.371 0.346 0.309 0.279 0.244
19 0.361 0.337 0.301 0.271 0.237
20 0.352 0.329 0.294 0.265 0.232
21 0.344 0.321 0.287 0.259 0.226
22 0.337 0.314 0.281 0.253 0.221
23 0.330 0.307 0.275 0.247 0.216
24 0.323 0.301 0.269 0.242 0.212
25 0.317 0.295 0.264 0.238 0.208
26 0.311 0.290 0.259 0.233 0.204
27 0.305 0.284 0.254 0.229 0.200
28 0.300 0.279 0.250 0.225 0.197
29 0.295 0.275 0.246 0.221 0.193
30 0.290 0.270 0.242 0.218 0.190
31 0.285 0.266 0.238 0.214 0.187
32 0.281 0.262 0.234 0.211 0.184
33 0.277 0.258 0.231 0.208 0.182
34 0.273 0.254 0.227 0.205 0.179
35 0.269 0.251 0.224 0.202 0.177
36 0.265 0.247 0.221 0.199 0.174
37 0.262 0.244 0.218 0.196 0.172
38 0.255 0.241 0.215 0.194 0.170
39 0.252 0.238 0.213 0.191 0.168
40 0.249 0.235 0.210 0.189 0.165
n > 40 1.63 / n 1.52 / n 1.36 / n 1.22 / n 1.07 / n

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