tioned lighting is incandescent. Fixtures
Are
of the prismatic-glass type are used except
where the overhead floor is constructed of
grating. The use of fixtures of this type
eliminates the cavernous effect.
Lighting intensity in the control rooms
is of approximately 100-foot-candle power
at high level and 50-foot-candle power at
low level. In the turbine room it is
about 50 and in the boiler house it is about
20.
COMMUNICATION
Dial-type telephones operating through
the plants automatic exchange and con-
necting to the downtown office are located
at convenient points. A separate inter-
communicating system using sound-
powered cradle-type telephones connects
all control rooms and the plant super-
intendent's office. A private line con-
nects the electrical operator with the
system dispatcher. A paging system with
its own microphones at suitable locations
and able to reach any point in the plant
site is used for normal plant operation.
A 4-wire timer and calibrating circuit
is run to numerous points. This can be
used for self-powered telephones or for
various timing or signal purposes. Pro-
vision is made for telemetering and load
control circuits leading from the station.
ALARMS
A complete system of alarms is installed
in both steam and electric control rooms.
Each alarm has two lights. This permits
the operator to acknowledge the alarm
and still retain an indication of the trouble
until it is corrected.
CONTROL BATTERIES
Each unit has its own 60-cell control
battery. The control circuits for the
Discussion
E. F. Kratz and B. L. Lloyd (Westinghouse
Electric Corporation, East Pittsburgh, Pa.):
This type of valuable contribution to the
literature make it possible for station design
engineers to make a ready comparison of
their own practices with those of others.
The following are comments on some of the
features related to protection during ab-
normal conditions.
A loss-of-excitation relay is shown as part
of the protection provided for the generator.
This type of relay is a rather recent addition
to the relay family and there is considerable
interest in its application. Most modern
turbine generators can withstand a zero
excitation condition for 2 to 3 minutes
without damage while the system may not
be able to withstand the resulting added
AUGUST 1957 Paulus-Electrical Features of Eastlake Generating Station
various units are kept isolated although
provision is made for tying them together
if desired. Any battery can be taken off
the control bus for overcharging. The
batteries and their chargers and distrib-
uting boards are located in the electric
house along with the 2,300-volt boards
and excitation cubicles. Each battery
is equipped with a ground indicating re-
lay. Diverter pole chargers are used.
GROUNDING
All grounds are iron. The principal
grounds consist of groups of iron piling
which have been left in place. A 1,000,-
000-CM insulated-copper cable ties these
groups of piling to an all-welded copper
network which is welded to the structural
members. This network is overhead.
The aluminum cable rack system is an
integral part of the grounding network
and all connections in it are treated like
current-carrying busses.
Iron grounds are used in the trans-
mission substation as well as within the
plant. Here insulated cables are installed
underground to tie the structure to the
grounds. In all cases, test links are in-
stalled underground to tie the structure
to the grounds. In all cases, test links are
installed in the ties connecting each
group of piling to the grounding network.
Shallow buried cables are installed along
the fence. Grids are installed at all gates
and at switch-operating locations. All
joints and taps are welded.
Summary and Conclusions
At Eastlake every step has been
questioned: Is this the most reliable
method? Is it the lowest in first cost?
Does this give the lowest operating cost?
Is this the lowest over-all cost? Will this
. -
var load without loss of system stability.
If the system is stable during a loss-of-field
condition and an attempt is to be made to
restore the field immediately, the relay
should normally be connected to sound an
alarm rather than trip the unit. However,
if the system is expected to become un-
stable, the relay should be connected to trip
without any delay. Has the relay ever
had an occasion to operate and is it con-
nected to trip immediately or to sound an
alarm advising that corrective measures
are required?
Since no reverse power relays are shown
in Fig. 8, anti-motoring protection is appar-
ently obtained by interlocks with the tur-
bine valves or by exhaust hood thermostats.
It would be interesting to know exactly
how the motoring condition is detected and
what corrective measures are employed.
The Eastlake Station appears to be well
scheme lend itself to expansion?
we investing money for future work only
to restrict ourselves in such a way that
when future additions become necessary
we will feel this restriction?
In addition to this questioning, a check
with others was also conducted, and it is
felt that the decisions made have a broad
base. The co-operation obtained from
the many people, both in the company
and outside, is directly proportional to
the data and background given these
people and the co-operation offered them.
No suggestion should be evaluated on the
basis of its origin. It is hoped that every-
body associated with this project feels he
has a worth-while contribution to it.
The electrical facilities at Eastlake
from generator terminals to existing
transmission lines 2'/2 miles away cost
less than $10 per kilowatt net capability.
No other extension of the transmission
system is required for this increase of 30%
in system generating capacity. It is con-
fidently felt that good progress has been
made in economy of design and that every
advantage of the new plant's location has
been capitalized.
This paper was written before the first
unit was placed in service and has been
brought up to date for publication.
This explains the fact that certain of the
references were published subsequent to
the date of the original paper.
References
1. ELECTRICAL UTILIZATION EQUIPMENT IN THE
POWESR PLANT, C. P. Paulus. Minutes, Edison
Electric Institute, New York, N. Y., Feb. 17, 1953.
2. EASTLAKE PLANT FEATURES A HIGH GENBRAT-
ING CAPABILITY IN A MOST CONSERVATIVE UNIT
BUILDINC VOLUME, S. B. Rock, N. F. Gill. Com-
bustion, New York, N. V., Mar. 1955.
3. EASTLAKE REDAPPRAISED, Clarence F. Paulus.
AIEE Transactions, vol. 75, pt. III, Dec. 1956, pp.
1099-1108.
equipped with oscillographs and high-speed
recording instruments for measuring elee-
trical quantities during abnormal condi-
tions. These devices are invaluable in
reconstructing the events following an
emergency condition, and greatly facilitate
applying corrective measures to assure that
any untoward events will not be repeated.
Has the experience at Eastlake altered the
author's opinion about the number of such
devices required?
Clarence F. Paulus: It was kind of Mr.
Lloyd and Mr. Kratz to discuss a paper
originally written several years ago. It has
had wide circulation since that time. Many
of the questions raised by the paper have
been subsequently covered (see reference 3
of the paper).
The question of whether field failure
651
should trip a nmachine or sound ani alarm is
not easy to answer. To me it does not
appear to be a matter of maxinmum im-
portance. At times, a machine should be
tripped immediately upon field failure, and
at times an alarm would be adequate. The
total number of machine trips from this
cause in the life of a machine in cases where
the sounding of an alarm would be adequate
is extremely small, too small, in fact, to
Estimating Kw Demand ror Future Loads
on Rural Distri6ution Systems
STANLEY J. VEST
ASSOCIATE MEMBER AIEE
SINCE 1939 REA (Rural Electrifica-
tion Administration) distribution bor-
rowers have been estimating the capacity
needed for future loads on the basis of
curves relating kw demand to the number
of consumers and the average kw-hr
(kilowatt-hour) usage. This method has
proved reliable and the curves have been
revised when necessary because of chang-
ing conditions. Prior to the l)resent re-
vision the values desired were read from a
family of curves or from tables made up
from these curves. A method has now
been developed for determining kw de-
mand by the multiplication of two factors
corresponding to the number of consumers
and kw-hr usage. These factors may be
read from tables or determined math-
ematically. This paper outlines the
history of the demand curves, the tech-
niques used in preparing the latest re-
vision, and the manner in which the curves
and factor tables are used.
History
The first kw-demand curves used by
REA distribution borrowers were pre-
pared in 1939 for a maximum of 2,000
consumers and 120 kw-hr/mo/con-
sumer (kw-hr per month per consumer).
They were revised in 1945 to provide for
5,000 consumers and 500 kw-hr/mo/
consumer, and again in 1949 for 10,000
consumers and 1,000 kw-hr/mo/con-
Paper 57-600, recommended by the AIEEE System
Engineering Committee and approved by the
AIEE Technical Operations Department for
presentation at the ATEE Great Lakes District
Meeting, Des Moines, Iowa, April 15-17, 1957.
Manuscript submitted December 20, 1956; made
available for printing February 18, 1957.
STANLEY J. VEST is with the Rural Electrification
Administration, Washington, D. C.
652 5Iest-Estimating Kw Demand for Rural Distribution Systems
justify loading another duty on the oper-
ator. We have not had an operation of
these relays to trip the machine following
field failure.
It is true that there is no protection
against machine motoring as such. In an
attempt to protect against damage in as
direct a method as possible there are two
thermostats which sense shell temperatures.
The first one to operate sounds an alarm.
sumer. As a result of numerous requests
for demand informnation corresponding
to consumptions above 1,000 kw-hr/
mo/consumer, curves were prepared in
1955, based on 1949 information, extend-
ing the previous curves to 2,000 kw-hr/
mo/consumer. These curves were used
only as an interim measure until current
information could be assembled and new
curves prepared.
Basic Information
The information used in preparing the
revised curves and factor tables, except
for the smaller numbers of consumers (less
than 50), was taken from operating re-
ports and power bills furnished by REA
borrowers. A 255% sample was taken,
representing as far as possible 25% of
those in each state. One substation was
selected from each system avoiding those
with unusual loads, such as army installa-
tions, large industrial plants, and seasonal
cottages. In several cases it was neces-
sary to discard a sample because of un-
usual conditions which were not represen-
tative of a rural system, resulting in a
reduction of the sample to approximately
23%.
To avoid irregularities in meter-reading
times, the 4-month peak demand period
(4 consecutive months) was selected for
determining monthly usage and demand.
The values used in preparing the curves
were the average monthly usage and the
average monthly demand during this 4-
month peak period of maximum demand.
Therefore, the kw-demand data are those
which may be expected for any particular
monthly usage. To obtain the maximum
yearly demand, the maximum monthly
usage rather than the average usage
If the slhell temiiperature increases to the
setting of the second thermostat the
generator is tripped.
Our experience with the oscillographs
and highi-speed chart recorders has been
such that we are installing similar types of
equipmenit on subsequent machines. They
have proved very valuable in trouble
analysis. The instrumentation of our newer
units is inuch the same as that described.
should be applied in reading the factor
tables prepared from the curves. The
kw-hr values used are based on kw-hr
sold at the consumer's meter, making it
unnecessary to correct for losses.
Information available in REA for small
numbers of consumers could not be used,
since it was found that substations with
only a few consumers were those with
unusual loads and not representative of a
typical rural area. The data in this range
were obtained from a studv made on 42
farms by the Agricultural Experiment
Station, Iowa State College, and the Farm
Electrification Section, Agricultural Re-
search Service, U. S. Department of Agri-
culture.,
Method of Plotting Data
The data were plotted as kw-hr/mo/
kw versus consumers, the ordinate being
a measure of diversity. A notation was
made at each point indicating the area
from which it was taken. The peak
month and density were also noted on a
separate sheet. An examination of the
points showed no noticeable difference
because of area or density. However, a
spot check indicated that about three
fourths of the summer peaking systems
will have a lower demand than the average
and one fourth higher than average.
From p)ast experience and by inspection
it could be seen that the plot of kw-hr/
mo/kw versus consumers would be a
family of curves, each curve representing
a particular value of kw-hr/mo/con-
sumer. Knowing this to be true, one
curve would have been sufficient, but to
prove the point three curves were plotted.
Because of the lack of sufficient points to
plot specific values ot usage, curves were
plotted for three ranges: 100 to 200, 201 to
400, and 401 to 600 kw-hr/mo/con-
sumer.
Fig. I shows the spread of points for
401 to (600 kw-hr/mo/consumer. A
curve was drawn through these points by
the method of moving averages. The
original curve was carried to 10,000 con
sumers but, as a matter of convenience,
Fig. 1 has not been reproduced beyond
AUGUST 1957