MEASURES

Rate
# 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑠
𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 (%) = 𝑥100
𝑃𝑜𝑝 𝑎𝑡 𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑘

# 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑏𝑖𝑟𝑡ℎ𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑎 𝑦𝑟.

Ex: 𝐶𝐵𝑅 = 𝐴𝑣𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑝
𝑥𝐹

Ratio (Examples)

# 𝑜𝑓 𝑀𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝐷𝑒𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜

𝑆𝑒𝑥 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 = 𝑥 100 # 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝑎𝑔𝑒𝑑 0 − 14 + 65 𝑦𝑟𝑠 & 𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟)
# 𝑜𝑓 𝐹𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑠 = 𝑥100
# 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝑎𝑔𝑒𝑑 15 − 64

MORBIDITY
Prevalence
# 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑐𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑎 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑎 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒
= 𝑥𝐹
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑜𝑝 𝑎𝑡 𝑎 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒
Example:
# 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑠𝑚
PP = 𝑥𝐹
Point Prevalence 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠
25
= 𝑥100
250

= 10%

# 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑑𝑢𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑎 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒

= 𝑥𝐹
𝑀𝑖𝑑 𝑌𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑃𝑜𝑝
Example:
# 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝐽𝑎𝑛−𝐷𝑒𝑐
Pdp= 𝑥100
Period of Prevalence 𝑀𝑖𝑑 𝑌𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑃𝑜𝑝
50
= 𝑥100
250
= 20%

Incidence
# 𝑜𝑓 𝑁𝑒𝑤 𝑐𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑠 𝑖𝑓 𝐷𝑠𝑒. 𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟 𝑎 𝑝𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒
= 𝑥𝐹
𝑃𝑜𝑝 𝑎𝑡 𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑘

FERTILITY RATES
Crude Birth ate (CBR)
# 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑏𝑖𝑟𝑡ℎ𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑎 𝑦𝑟
= 𝑥𝐹
𝐴𝑣𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑝
General Fertility Rate (GFR)
# 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑏𝑖𝑟𝑡ℎ𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑎 𝑦𝑟
= 𝑥𝐹
# 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛 15 − 44 𝑦𝑟𝑠
 KINDS OF MORTALITY RATE
Crude Death Rate (CDR)
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑒𝑎𝑡ℎ𝑠, 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑐𝑎𝑢𝑠𝑒𝑠
= 𝑥𝐹
𝐴𝑣𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑝
Cause Specific Death Rate (CSDR)
# 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑒𝑎𝑡ℎ𝑠, 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐 𝑐𝑎𝑢𝑠𝑒
= 𝑥𝐹
𝐴𝑣𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑝
Specific Death Rate
# 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑒𝑎𝑡ℎ𝑠 𝐹𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑙𝑒
Sex SDR = 𝑥𝐹
𝑀𝑖𝑑 𝑌𝑟 𝑃𝑜𝑝 𝐹𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑙𝑒
# 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑒𝑎𝑡ℎ𝑠, 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑐𝑎𝑢𝑠𝑒𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑔𝑟𝑝
Age SDR = 𝑥𝐹
𝐴𝑣𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑝 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑒 𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑔𝑟𝑝

#𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑒𝑎𝑡ℎ𝑠 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑢𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑎𝑔𝑒 & 𝑠𝑒𝑥 𝑔𝑟𝑝

Age & Sex SDR = 𝑥𝐹
𝐴𝑣𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑝 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑒 𝑎𝑔𝑒 & 𝑠𝑒𝑥 𝑔𝑟𝑝

# 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑒𝑎𝑡ℎ𝑠 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑐𝑎𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑒𝑥&𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑔𝑟𝑝

Age-Sex & CSDR = 𝑥𝐹
𝐴𝑣𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑝 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑒 𝑎𝑔𝑒 & 𝑠𝑒𝑥 𝑔𝑟𝑝
Proportionate Mortality Rate (PMR)
Swaroop's Index
# 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑒𝑎𝑡ℎ𝑠 50 𝑦. 𝑜. 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑣𝑒
𝑆𝐼 = 𝑥100
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 # 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑒𝑎𝑡ℎ𝑠 (𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑐𝑎𝑢𝑠𝑒𝑠)
Infant Mortality Rate (IMR)
# 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑒𝑎𝑡ℎ𝑠 𝑏𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑤 1 𝑦𝑟
= 𝑥𝐹 (1000)
# 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑏𝑖𝑟𝑡ℎ𝑠
Neonatal Mortality Rate (NMR)
# 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑒𝑎𝑡ℎ𝑠 𝑏𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑤 28 𝑑𝑎𝑦𝑠
= 𝑥𝐹 (1000)
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑙𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑏𝑖𝑟𝑡ℎ𝑠
Post-Neonatal Mortality Rate (PNMR)
𝐼𝑛𝑓𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑑𝑒𝑎𝑡ℎ𝑠 28 𝑑𝑎𝑦𝑠 𝑡𝑜 < 1 𝑦𝑟
= 𝑥𝐹 (1000)
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑙𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑏𝑖𝑟𝑡ℎ𝑠
Fetal Death Ratio (Stillbirth rate)
𝐹𝑒𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑒𝑎𝑡ℎ𝑠 28 𝑤𝑘𝑠 & 𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟 𝑔𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
= 𝑥𝐹 (1000)
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑙𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑏𝑖𝑟𝑡ℎ𝑠
Perinatal Mortality Rate
𝐹𝑒𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑒𝑎𝑡ℎ𝑠, 28 𝑤𝑘𝑠 & 𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟 𝑔𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 + 𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑑𝑒𝑎𝑡ℎ𝑠 < 7 𝑑𝑎𝑦𝑠
= 𝑥𝐹
# 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑏𝑖𝑟𝑡ℎ𝑠
Maternal Mortality Rate
𝐷𝑒𝑎𝑡ℎ𝑠 𝑎𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑔 𝑤𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑙𝑦 𝑑𝑢𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑔𝑛𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑡, 𝑙𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑟, 𝑜𝑟 𝑝𝑢𝑒𝑟𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑢𝑚
= 𝑥𝐹
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑙𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑏𝑖𝑟𝑡ℎ𝑠
Case Fatality Rate
# 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑒𝑎𝑡ℎ𝑠 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒
= 𝑥𝐹 (100)
# 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒