Algol (Algorithmic Language)

-First appeared: 1958

-Paradigm: Procedural, imperative, structured
-Designed by: Friedrich L. Bauer, Hermann Bottenbruch

-is a family of imperative computer programming languages

-it was arguably the most influential of the four high-level programming languages
among which it was roughly contemporary: FORTRAN, Lisp, and COBOL

-introduced code blocks and the begin … end pairs for delimiting them. It was also
the first language implementing nested function definitions with lexical scope.
THREE MAJOR SPECIFICATIONS: (named after the year they were first published)

 ALGOL 58 – originally proposed to be called IAL, for International Algebraic

Language.
 ALGOL 60 – first implemented as X1 ALGOL 60 in mid-1960. Revised 1963.
 ALGOL 68 – introduced new elements including flexible arrays, slices, parallelism,
operator identification. Revised 1973.

Basic (Beginner's All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code)

-First appeared: May 1, 1964; 54 years ago

-Paradigm: Non-structured, later procedural, later object-oriented

-Designed by: John G. Kemeny, Thomas E. Kurtz, Mary Kenneth Keller

-Influenced: COMAL, Visual Basic, Visual Basic .NET, Xojo, GRASS, AutoIt, Ring

-Influenced by: ALGOL 60, Fortran, JOS

-is a family of general-purpose, high-level programming languages whose design

philosophy emphasizes ease of use.

-an easy-to-learn language on early personal computers

Lisp
-Typing discipline: dynamic, strong

-Designed by: John McCarthy

-Developer: Steve Russell, Timothy P. Hart, and Mike Levin

-Paradigm: Multi-paradigm: functional, procedural, reflective, meta

-Influenced by: Information Processing Language

-is the second-oldest high-level programming language in widespread use today.

-was originally created as a practical mathematical notation for computer

programs, influenced by the notation of Alonzo Church's lambda calculus.
UNIVAC (Universal Automatic Computer)

-is a line of electronic digital stored-program computers starting with the products
of the Eckert–Mauchly Computer Corporation.

MODELS:

 UNIVAC I (Universal Automatic Computer I) - March 31, 1951.

 UNIVAC II – 1958
 UNIVAC III – 1962
 UNIVAC Solid State – December 1958
 UNIVAC 1100/2200 series – 1962-1981

ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer)

-was amongst the earliest electronic general-purpose computers made. It

was Turing-complete, digital and able to solve "a large class of numerical problems"
through reprogramming.

- designed and primarily used to calculate artillery firing tables for the United
States Army's Ballistic Research Laboratory.

-completed in 1945 and first put to work for practical purposes at the end of that
year.

- introduced on February 15, 1946

-First appeared: 1972; 46 years ago

-Paradigm: Imperative (procedural), structured

- is a general-purpose, imperative computer programming language,

supporting structured programming, lexical variable scope and recursion, while a static
type system prevents many unintended operations.

C++

-First appeared: 1985; 33 years ago

-Paradigm: Multi-paradigm: procedural, functional, object-oriented, generic

-is a general-purpose programming language. It has imperative, object-

orientedand generic programming features, while also providing facilities for low-
level memory manipulation.

-It was designed with a bias toward system programming and embedded,
resource-constrained and large systems, with performance, efficiency and flexibility of
use as its design highlights.

-used in desktop applications, servers (e.g. e-commerce, web

search or SQL servers), and performance-critical applications (e.g. telephone
switches or space probes).
Modula

-First appeared: 1975

- programming language is a descendant of the Pascal programming language.

-It was developed in Switzerland in the 1970s by Niklaus Wirth, the same person
who designed Pascal.

Concurrent ML

-is a concurrent extension of the Standard ML programming language.

Fortran (Formula Translation)

-Paradigm: multi-paradigm: structured, imperative (procedural, object-

oriented), generic

-First appeared: 1957; 61 years ago

-Stable Release: Fortran 2008 (ISO/IEC 1539-1:2010) / 2010; 8 years ago

-is a general-purpose, compiledimperative programming language that is

especially suited to numeric computation and scientific computing.

Cobol (Common Business-Oriented Language)

-Paradigm: Procedural, imperative, object-oriented

-First appeared: 1959; 59 years ago

-is a compiled English-like computer programming language designed for

business use.

- is primarily used in business, finance, and administrative systems for

companies and governments.

Haskell

-Paradigm: functional, lazy/non-strict, modular

-First appeared: 1990; 28 years ago

-Stable release: Haskell 2010 / July 2010; 7 years ago

-is a standardized, general-purposecompiled purely functional

programming language, with non-strict semantics and strong static typing.

-features a type system with type inference and lazy evaluation.

Smalltalk

-Paradigm: Object-oriented

-First appeared: 1972; 46 years ago(development began in 1969)

-Stable release: Smalltalk-80 version 2 / 1980; 38 years ago

-is an object-oriented, dynamically typed, reflectiveprogramming language.

-It was designed and created in part for educational use, more so
for constructionist learning, at the Learning Research Group (LRG) of Xerox
PARC by Alan Kay, Dan Ingalls, Adele Goldberg, Ted Kaehler, Scott Wallace, and
others during the 1970s.

Prolog
-First appeared: 1972

-Paradigm: Logic programming

-Influenced by: Planner

-Influenced: Visual
Prolog, Mercury, Oz, Erlang, Strand, KL0, KL1, Datalog, Constraint Handling
Rules, XSB

-is a general-purpose logic programming language associated with artificial

intelligence and computational linguistics.

-is intended primarily as a declarative programming language: the program logic is

expressed in terms of relations, represented as facts and rules.

Scheme

-Paradigm: Comparison of multi-paradigm programming languages

-is a programming language that supports multiple paradigms, including functional

programming and imperative programming,[1] and is one of the two
main dialects of Lisp.

-It was the first dialect of Lisp to choose lexical scope and the first to require
implementations to perform tail-call optimization, giving stronger support for functional
programming and associated techniques such as recursive algorithms.

Imperative Programming

-is a programming paradigm that uses statements that change a program's state.

-consists of commands for the computer to perform.

Functional Programming

-is a programming paradigm—a style of building the structure and elements

of computer programs—that treats computation as the evaluation of mathematical
functions and avoids changing-state and mutable data.

-it is a declarative programming paradigm, which means programming is done

with expressions or declarations instead of statements.

Logic Programming

-is a type of programmingparadigm which is largely based on formal logic.

-any program written in a logic programming language is a set of sentences in

logical form, expressing facts and rules about some problem domain.

Object-Oriented Programming

-is a programming paradigm based on the concept of "objects", which may

contain data, in the form of fields, often known as attributes; and code, in the form of
procedures, often known as methods.

Concurrent and Distributed Programmings

Concurrent Programmings

- is a form of computing in which several computations are executed during

overlapping time periods—concurrently—instead of sequentially (one completing before
the next starts).

Distributed Programmings

-is a field of computer science that studies distributed systems.

 BASIC was developed in 1963 at Dartmouth College in Hanover, New
Hampshire as a teaching language. The acronym BASIC stands
for Beginner's All-Purpose Symbolic Instruction Code. In 1964, John G.
Kemeny and Thomas E. Kurtz designed the original BASIC language at
Dartmouth College in New Hampshire.
Contents
[hide]

 1Programming Preliminaries
o 1.1Programming Languages
 2Basic BASIC
o 2.1Control Structures
 3Intermediate BASIC
 4Advanced BASIC
 5Further reading

Programming Preliminaries[edit]
Anybody can write a program. A background in mathematics or science is
not required. Patience, practice, and an interest in the subject matter should
suffice, along with the required software and hardware.
Understanding programs can appear daunting at first, but their reliance on
logical operations allow for easy learning of commands which you will
commonly see in many programs.
A program itself is merely a series of commands in the order in which they
are to be executed. That is to say, that the first line is the beginning of the
program!
All programs a user uses from day to day, including browsers (Internet
Explorer, Firefox, etc.) and operating systems (Windows, *nix and MacOS)
are separate sets of lines of code, which aim to fulfill tasks. the amount of
code is dependent on how simple the task generally, and different types of
code may be used for the advantages they give. BASIC is considered an
excellent starting point for moving onto other languages, and can be useful
for simple programs.
Programming Languages[edit]
Programming languages allow people to give instructions to a computer with
commands that both the computer and the programmer can understand.
Different programming languages use different commands and different rules
for entering those commands; similar to the way people speak different words
to each other with the same meaning. One person may say "hello", while
another says "hola", which appear different but express the same thought.
Computer programming languages can be similar to each other in the same
way that human languages, such as French and Spanish, can be.
Programming languages that are similar are usually referred to as related
languages. Once a person learns a programming language, it is easier to then
learn other programming languages, especially those related to the first one,
as many similarities in structure are shared between languages, especially
those with a common ancestor.

The language taught here, BASIC, is easier to learn than others as its
commands are similar to English and it has a simple set of rules for entering
them.

DEFINITION OF A PROGRAM
A program is defined as an instruction set that
describes the logical steps the computer will
follow to solve a particular problem.

Basic BASIC[edit]
Section for chapters detailing the basics of BASIC; i.e. data types, control
structures...

1. Your First Program

2. PRINT, CLS, and END
3. Variables and Data Types
4. User Input
5. Documentation
Control Structures[edit]

1. IF...THEN...ELSEIF...ELSE
2. WHILE...WEND
3. FOR...NEXT
4. DO...LOOP
5. GOTO

Intermediate BASIC[edit]

1. Random Number Generation

2. Subroutines and Functions

Advanced BASIC[edit]

1. External Libraries

Further reading[edit]

 Chipmunk Basic Wikibook

 FreeBASIC manual and wiki
 Gambas Wikibook
 QB64 website
 Visual Basic Classic Wikibook