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Chapter 5 Amplitude Modulation
Chapter 5 Amplitude Modulation
Chapter 5 Amplitude Modulation
Amplitude Modulation
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Analog Communication System
Transmitter Æ Modulator
Receiver Æ Demodulator
2
Modulation: The process by which some characteristics of a carrier
signal (i.e. modulated signal) is varied in accordance with message
signal (i.e. modulating signal)
3
Why is Modulation Required?
? λ/4=25000m!!
? λ/4=75cm
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Why is Modulation Required? (Cont’d)
s1
f
fC1
s2
f
fC2
s3
f
fC3
5
Why is Modulation Required? (Cont’d)
C = B ⋅ log 2 (1 + SNR )
SNR = 2 − 1
B
Objectives:
• To study different amplitude modulation scheme
• To study generation and detection of AM signals
• To study application of AM
We will study
• Double Sideband Large Carrier (DSB-LC) Modulation: Commercial
broadcast stations use this type and it is commonly known as just
amplitude modulation (AM).
• Double Sideband Suppressed Carrier (DSB-SC) Modulation
• Single Sideband (SSB) Modulation
• Vestigial Sideband (VSB) Modulation
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Double Side Band Large Carrier (DSB-LC)
(5.2 in Textbook)
f (t ) Modulator φ (t ) = ( f (t ) + Ac ) cosωc t
= f (t )cosωc t + Ac cosωc t
c(t ) = Ac cosωc t
F (ω ) = F { f (t )} Φ (ω ) = F {φ (t )}
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f(t) F(ω)= F [f(t)]
F(0) baseband
t ω
-2πB 2πB
f(t) cosωct
F [f(t) cosωct]
passband
F(0)/2
t ω
-ω c ωc
ω c-2πB ω c+2πB
Ac cosωct
F [Ac cosωct]
pA pA
t ω
-ω c ωc
t ω
-ω c ωc
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baseband F(ω)= F [f(t)] passband Φ(ω)= F [Ac cosωct + f(t)cosωct]
Observations:
• Modulation shifts the content of F(ω) to the neighbourhood of ωc .
• F(ω) for ω∈[-2πB, 0] is shifted to Φ(ω) for ω∈[ωc-2πB, ωc] and called as
lower sideband.
• F(ω) for ω∈[0, 2πB] is shifted to Φ(ω) for ω∈[ωc, ωc+2πB] and called as
upper sideband.
• Let B denote the highest frequency component of f(t).
Assume fc >> B ? φ(t) is defined as a narrowband signal (i.e. its spectral
content is located in the immediate vicinity of some high center frequency)
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F(ω)= F [f(t)] Φ(ω)= F [Ac cosωct + f(t)cosωct]
Observations (cont’d)
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Envelope has the
same shape of f(t)
Envelope distortion
Zero crossings
Observations (cont’d)
• If Ac+f(t)>0 for all t, the envelope of φ(t) of has essentially the same shape
as the f(t).
• If Ac+f(t)<0 for any t, the carrier wave becomes over-modulated, resulting
in carrier phase reversal whenever Ac+f(t) crosses zero.
? φ(t) has envelope distortion 12
13
overmodulated
? envelope dist.
φ (t ) = Ac cos(ωc t ) + f (t ) cos(ωc t )
φ 2 (t ) = Ac2 2 + f 2 (t ) 2
1 +T / 2 2 1 +T / 2 1
cos (ωc t ) = lim
2
∫ cos ωc t dt = lim ∫ (1 + cos 2ωc t )dt
T →∞ T −T / 2 T →∞ T − T / 2 2
T /2
1 t 1 1 +T / 2 1
= lim + lim ∫ (1 + cos 2ω c t )dt =
2 T →∞ T −T / 2 2 T →∞ T −T / 2 2
15
=0
φ 2 (t ) = Ac2 2 + f 2 (t ) 2
f 2 (t ) 2
= 2
Ac 2 + f 2 (t ) 2
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Example (Cont’d)
mAc mAc
φ (t ) = Ac cos(ωc t ) + cos[(ωc + ωm )t ] + cos[(ωc − ωm )t ]
2 2