This article elaborate the physical characteristics of water hyacinth which was stated that

can grow to a height of 3 feet tall, has a dark green, circular or eliptical leaves attached to a
spongy, inflated petiole, and underneath it is a thick heavily branch, dark fibrous root system.
These data and information will help the researchers and the future ones derive to an idea on how
they’ll use water hyacinth as a soil stabilizer. Its physical characteristics can give basic ideas on
how soil combined with water hyacinth will look like.

The author also stated the possible danger it can cause to rivers as it can cover up its
entire surface that can cause oxygen depletion that might lead to death of marine life or fish kills.
Water hyacinth should be controlled so they do not cover most part of the river.

http://nagacentralschool1-waterlily.blogspot.com/p/focus-study.html?m=1

It shows almost the same study the researchers did with the purpose of measuring the
density, moisture content, fiber content, and compressive strength of soil by compation test. The
difference between the two is that the researchers have a different soil sample. This study used
silty sand while the researchers used good soil. This also shows the difference between Multi-
gene Genetic Programming and Artificial Neural Networks by formulating its tests models. As
the author’s conclusion; MGGP is the best and is able to generalize the compressive strength of
reinforced soil beyond the given input range. The study stated that utilization of water hyacinth
fiber reinforced to soil will minimize negative impact of this species on environment and may
generate rural employment.

Bordoloi, S., Garg, A., and Screedeep, S., “Compressive strength analysis of soil reinforced
with fiber extracted from water hyacinth”.

Some limited natural fibers has been explored in this specific study specially water
hyacinth which was the researchers’ topic in this study with the same procedure of unconfined
compressive stress. The only difference between the two is the soil sample used to be stabilized
with the addition of dried pulverized water hyacinth. The study of the authors concluded to
increase of strength and ductility and was assumed that it is because of its cellulose content. The
effect of this inclusion of fiber is said to be significant in case of lower moisture content.

S. Bordoloi, S. Borah, “Study on the efficacy of harmful weed species Eicchornia crassipes for
soil reinforcement”.

This study told that using sustainable materials in the form of natural fibers for
reinforcements and improving strength of pavements or even soil is defenitely possible. The
researchers had derived in the same idea to use dried pulverized water hyacinth to stabilize our
soil sample. Natural fibers with biochemical properties are said that has been used for subgrade
reinforements in the past years and decades. This article also stated a vital record that the use of
water hyacinth has garnered popularity as it can reinforce soil with the advantage of waste
utilization. There was said to be a study that can make the life of natural fibers added to soil as
stabilized even much longer.

Bordoloi, S., Hussain, R., Sen, S., Garg, A. and S, S., “Chemically Altered Natural Fiber
Impregnated Soil for Improving Subgrade Strength of Pavements”.

This article stated the possibility of improvement of soil with the use of random
distributed fiber-reinforced soil. It is said that the effects of fiber stabilizer is dependent on
biochemical, physical, and mechanical properties of natural fibers. The study mainly focuses on
the impact of natural-fiber properties on the performance of natural fibers in subsoil conditions.
It is also said that more commonly important properties of natural fibers are its biochemical
composition such as cellulose content, lignin, hemicellulose, etc.

Bordoloi, S., Garg, A., and Sekharan, S., “A Review of Physio-Biochemical Properties of
Natural Fibers and Their Application in Soil Reinforcement”.
 Nowadays, construction of eco-friendly or green infrastructures is mainstream and on-
date. Therefore, some constructions uses sustainable natural fibers to mix with shallow depth
embankment reinforcement and study and investigate the potential increase in soil compaction
and capability to hold larger structures. The aim stated in this article is what’s the most effective
natural fibers that can stabilize embankment compared to other fibers. Percentage of fiber used
and added to soil is studied to what is the most effective mix. This article stated that the fiber
who can improve soil the most is jute as gives strength to the soil. We, the researchers, aimed to
know if our chosen soil sample will increase in compressive strength with the addition of water
hyacinth fibers in different volume percentage.

Andriyas, S., Bordoloi, S., “Measurement of mechanical characteristics of fiber from a novel
invasive weed: A comprehensive comparison with fibers from agricultural crops”

In this article it is stated that one of the most important parameters in adding some kind
of natural fibers is its infiltration rate. Infiltration rate may have significant effect in the
performance of soil in its erosion behaviour. Mini disk infiltrometer is used in laboratory
investigation to compare the infiltration rate of a normal soil versus the soil with added natural
fiber and in our case is water hyacinth. This article said that using mini disk infiltrometer and
testing jute, coir, and water hyacinth increase the infiltration rate of soil-fiber composite as
compared to bare soil.

Bordoloi, S., and Wan-Huan Zhou, “Infiltration characteristics of natural fiber reinforced
soil”

The article state that natural fibers’ age, origin and decomposition might give a
significant effect either stabilizes or weakens the soil. Sets of samples were tested, as told in this
article, with different age of decomposition. Barley root exudation might therefore disperse soil
and this could facilitate nutrient release. The maize root and chia seed exudates gelled soil,
which could create a more stable soil structure around roots or seeds.
M. Naveed, L. K. Brown, A. C. Raffan, T. S. George, A. G. Bengough, T. Roose, I. Sinclair, N.
Koebernick, L. Cooper, C. A. Hackett, and P. D. Hallett. “Plant exudates may stabilize or
weaken soil depending on species, origin and time”

In this study, they try to use root of living plants as reinforcements for soil stabilization to
describe its behaviour and whether it increase or decrease in tensile and compressive strength.
Just like us, the researchers, proceed with the same idea of using decomposed living plant
organism as an addition to bare soil to know its characteristics and possible improvements. In
this particular study, they test Willow, Gorse, and Festulolium grass with different root
architecture and woodiness. The samples were cultivated for period of 2-3months to decompose.
It is also concluded that all of the samples give the soil increase in strength. The study also
suggested that the best scale suitable is 1:15 for studying slope failure in a geotechnical
centrifuge.

T. Liang, and G. J. Meijer, “Scaling of the reinforcement of soil slopes by living plants in a
geotechnical centrifuge”

Water hyacinth and jute fibers were used in this study to know the effects when it is used
to reinforce soil. Same with us, the researchers use compaction test to conduct and analyze under
different ratio and volume percentage to be applied. It is concluded that fiber reinforced soil does
not show post failure strength and also stated that water hyacinth fiber reinforced soil showed
higher peak strength rather than jute fiber reinforced soil.

V. Patil, S. Pachauri, A. Chouksey, B. Jakhar, V. Kashyap , A. Garg, “Utility of using fibers

extracted from Eicchornia crasipes and Corchorus plant as a natural reinforcement material”

In the past years, synthetic fibers were used to reinforce soil for improving properties to
make it efficient for use as a subgrade. But nowadays, innovators think of an idea to use natural
fibers for the same purpose. The use of different types of fibers reduces the overall percentage of
fiber required. Natural fibers were used tested at different percentages such as 0.25% ,0.5%,
0.75%, 1% and 1.25%. Knowing the best volumetric percentage to be used is the main objective
of this research. It is said that compaction test and unconfined compression test were used to
satisfy the objective. We, the researchers use the same testing of soil samples with added natural
pulverized water hyacinth fibers. It showed that 0.75% water hyacinth fiber is the most essential
addition to bare soil.

Susan Sunny Kocheril and Arya Vimal “Improving Efficiency of Compressible Clay as a
Subgrade”

Sometimes, solid waste is also used as soil stabilizer but results shows potential shrinking
or swelling under changing moisture conditions. Severe damages occur to structures like light
building, pavements, retaining walls, canal beds and linings founded on the expansive soil. The
article defines the purpose why engineers are trying to use soil stabilizers and that is because to
improve its bearing capacity, increase in soil strength, durability under adverse moisture and
stress conditions. Solid wastes used as soil stabilizers are defined in four category; Industrial
solid wastes, Agricultural solid wastes, Domestic solid wastes, and mineral solid waste.
Stabilization using solid waste is one of the different techniques to improve the engineering
properties of soil to make them suitable for construction although it came with different
negativities that might occur such as diseases from waste and such.

Akshaya Kumar Sabat, Subasis Pati, “A Review of Literature on Stabilization of Expansive

Soil Using Solid Wastes (2014)”

This study focuses on the cost of soil reinforcements that has significant impact on the
bearing capacity, stability, and compressive strength of bare soil. Methods includes stabilization
with chemical additives, rewetting, soil replacement, compaction control, moisture control,
surcharge loading, and thermal methods. In our case, researchers use the soil replacement
method. All of these methods may have the disadvantages of being ineffective and expensive. It
is stated that soil is often weak and has not enough stability in heavy loading. In this regard, it is
necessary to reinforce or stabilize the soil. Water hyacinth which was we utilized as stabilizer is
available mostly in riverbanks and such place, without any cost.

Amin Esmaeil Ramaji, “A Review on the Soil Stabilization Using Low-Cost Methods (April
2012)”

This article focuses on using recycled materials as soil stabilizers. Waste materials
such scraps tires, ash, waste-water sludge, offer a cheaper method for stabilizing marginal soils.
The author points out that using these recycled materials will have benefits such as keeping these
wastes to be dumped on landfills and it cost not much. We, the researchers have inclined study
with this as we use water hyacinth as soil stabilizer. Although it is different and not a recycled
material, using low cost materials for the soil to have a better characteristics is same with this
specific study. Recycled materials such as paper mill sludge and scrap roof shingles show
potential for use in geotechnical engineering applications. These materials can be processed to a
more desirable product or used in their natural state as a suitable construction material. Part of
the driving force for pushing recycled materials research is the fact that these materials possess
equivalent or even better engineering properties typical for the conventional construction
materials. The other part would be the fact that reusing these materials ultimately keeps them out
of landfills. This is paramount due to the fact that landfill space is constantly and rapidly
depleting.

Stabilization of Marginal Soils Using Recycled Materials by Delfin G. Carreon Jr.

This study focuses on using cement to treat bare organic soil. It appears that some organic
compounds delay or even inhibit the hydration process of cement, while others do not affect the
reaction at all. This paper presents some results of a laboratory study in which 13 different
organic compounds were added separately to two different soils, and then treated with 10%
cement. The result shows that no strength gain was noted.

Hélène Tremblay, Josée Duchesne, Jacques Locat, and Serge Leroueil, “Influence of the
nature of organic compounds on fine soil stabilization”