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Abstract - In the beginning of 21st century there has been a dramatic shift in the market dynamics of telecommunication services.
The transmission from base station to mobile or downlink transmission using M-ary Quadrature Amplitude modulation (QAM) and
Quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK) modulation schemes are considered in Wideband-Code Division Multiple Access (W-CDMA)
system. We have done the performance analysis of these modulation techniques when the system is subjected to Additive White
Gaussian Noise (AWGN) and multipath Rayleigh fading are considered in the channel. The research has been performed by using
MATLAB 7.6 for simulation and evaluation of Bit Error Rate (BER) and Signal-To-Noise Ratio (SNR) for W-CDMA system models. It
is shows that the analysis of Quadrature phases shift key and 16-ary Quadrature Amplitude modulations which are being used in
wideband code division multiple access system, Therefore, the system could go for more suitable modulation technique to suit the
channel quality, thus we can deliver the optimum and efficient data rate to mobile terminal.
Index Terms – Bit Error Rate, Code Division Multiple Access, Quadrature phase shift keying, and Quadrature Amplitude modulation
1 INTRODUCTION
This modulation can only transmit data rate of 1 bit
W ideband Code Division multiple Access (W-
CDMA) is being used by Universal Mobile
Telecommunication System (UMTS) as
per symbol. So it is quite sure that this kind of
modulation scheme is not suitable for the next
platform of the 3rd generation cellular generation communication system. So, there is a
communication system. W-CDMA uses noise-like need to study the performance of new modulation
broadband frequency spectrum where it has high technique that could deliver higher data rate
resistance to multipath fading where as this was effectively in a multipath fading channel.
not present in conventional narrowband signal of
2nd generation (2G) communication system. However, the implementation of high data rate
modulation techniques that have good bandwidth
High data rate signal transmission can be efficiency in W-CDMA cellular communication
transmitted over the air by using W-CDMA requires perfect modulators, demodulators, filter
system, thus enabling of multimedia rich and transmission path that are difficult to achieve
applications such as video streams and high in practical radio environment. Modulation
resolution pictures to end users. Thus, we need schemes which are capable of delivering more bits
suitable modulation technique and error correction per symbol are more immune to errors caused by
mechanism to be used in W-CDMA system. In 2G noise and interference in the channel. Moreover,
networks, Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying errors can be easily produced as the number of
(GMSK) modulation scheme is widely used in GSM users is increased and the mobile terminal is
(Global System for Mobile) Communication. subjected to mobility. Thus, it has driven many
researches into the application of higher order
• M. A. Masud is with Dept. of Computer Science & Information modulations [5]-[10]. Enhance Data Rate for the
Technology, Patuakhali Science and Technology University, GSM Evolution (EDGE) is proposed as a transition
Patuakhali, Bangladesh. to 3G as a new Time Division Multiple Access
• M. Samsuzzaman is with Dept. of Computer and
(TDMA) based radio access using the current (800,
Communication Engineering, Patuakhali Science and
Technology University,Patuakhali, Bangladesh. 900, 1800 and 1900 MHz) frequency bands. EDGE
• M. A. Rahman is with Faculty of Computer Science & enables significantly higher peak rates and
Engineering, Patuakhali Science and Technology University, approximately triples the spectral efficiency by
Patuakhali, Bangladesh.
© 2010 JOT
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JOURNAL OF TELECOMMUNICATIONS, VOLUME 1, ISSUE 2, MARCH 2010
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employing 8-Phase Shift Keying (8PSK) Special characteristics of QPSK are twice data can
modulation. be sent in the same bandwidth compared to Binary
PSK (BPSK) and QPSK has identical bit error
In cellular system, different users have probability to that of BPSK. When QPSK is
different channel qualities in terms of signal to compared to that of BPSK, QPSK provides twice
noise ratio (SNR) due to differences in distance to the spectral efficiency with the same energy
the base station, fading and interference. Link efficiency. Furthermore, similar to BPSK,QPSK can
quality control adapts the data protection be differentially encoded to allow non-coherent
according to the channel quality so that an optimal detection.
bit rate is obtained for all the channel qualities [5]-
[8]. Thus, the system adopts AMC to suit the link
quality. W-CDMA systems can employ the high QAM is a modulation technique where its
order modulation (8PSK or M-QAM) to increase amplitude is allowed to very with phase. QAM
the transmission data rate with the link quality signaling can be viewed as a combination of
control. Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK) as well as Phase
Shift Keying (PSK). The general form of M-ary
This research has been focused on the study signal can be defined as
and the performance measurement of high data
rate modulation schemes at those channels which
are subjected to Multipath Rayleigh Fading and
Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN).
Modulation Schemes that will be studied are 16-ary
QAM (Quadrature Amplitude Modulation) and Where Emin is the energy of the signal with the
QPSK (Quadrature Phase Shift Keying). AWGN is lowest amplitude integers chosen according to the
the effect of thermal noise generated by thermal location of the particular signal point.
motion of electron in all dissipative electrical
components i.e. resistors, wires and so on [11]. A DSSS system spreads the baseband data by
Mathematically, thermal noise is described by a directly multiplying the baseband data pulses with
zero-mean Gaussian random process where the a pseudo-noise sequence that is produced by a
random signal is a sum of Gaussian noise random pseudo-noise (PN) code generator [4]. The PN
variable and a dc signal that is sequence is usually generated using sequential
logic circuits (i.e. feedback shift register). A single
Z = a + n……………………………… (1) pulse or symbol of the PN waveform is called chip.
Spread spectrum signals are demodulated at
Where probability distribution function (pdf) for receiver through cross-correlation with locally
Gaussian noise can be represented as follows generated version of the pseudo random carrier.
where σ2 is the variance of n. Cross-correlation with the correct PN sequence de-
spreads the spread spectrum signal and restores
P(z)=1/б exp[ -1/2{z-a/б}2]…………(2) the modulated message in the same narrow band
as the original data, whereas cross-correlating the
The effect can cause fluctuations in the received signal from an undesired user results in a very
signal's amplitude, phase and angle of arrival, small amount of wideband noise at the receiver
giving rise to terminology multipath fading. output.
QPSK is one example of M-ray PSK modulation
technique (M = 4) where it transmits 2 bits per The performance study will be carried out by
symbol. The phase carrier takes on one of four varying the chip rate of pseudo noise (PN)
equally spaced values, such as 0, π/2, π and 3π/2, generator. W-CDMA (Wideband Code Division
where each value of phase corresponds to a unique Multiple Access) scheme will also be studied by
pair of message bits as it is shown in figure 3.2. The comparing some certain number of users under
basis signal for QPSK can be expressed as static and dynamic environment that are subjected
to AWGN and multipath Rayleigh fading. The
SQPSK(t)={ √Es cos[(i-1) ]Ф1(t)-√Es sin[(i-1) ] performance of fading channels in W-CDMA
system is based on Bit Error Rate (BER) W-CDMA
Ф2(t)} i=1,2,3,4 ………………... (3)
© 2010 JOT
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JOURNAL OF TELECOMMUNICATIONS, VOLUME 1, ISSUE 2, MARCH 2010
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2 SYSTEM MODEL
© 2010 JOT
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JOURNAL OF TELECOMMUNICATIONS, VOLUME 1, ISSUE 2, MARCH 2010
25
There are many different ways to characterize linear binary shift register of n sections is described
CDMA codes, but nothing can be more intuitive by a generator polynomial, which is a binary
and effective than the auto-correlation function polynomial of degree n. n, in this case, is the
(ACF) and cross-correlation function (CCF). The number of register of the shift register.
ACF is defined as the result of chip-wise
convolution, correlation or matched-filtering
H(x)=hnxn+hn-1xn-1+....h1x1 +1( hi {0,1}..(5)
operation between two time-shifted versions of the
same code, which can be further classified into two
sub-categories: periodic ACF and aperiodic ACF, Also, in this case, three-stage M-sequence and a
depending on the same and different signs of two random sequence with a code length of 7 will be
consecutive bits. Usually the periodic and aperiodic used. M-sequence is a sequence generated by a
ACFs appear equally likely due to the fact that the single LFSR where a sequence of possible period,
binary data of ‘+1’ and ‘−1’ always appear with (Nc= 2n -1), is generated by an n-stage binary shift
equal probability in binary bit streams. The cross- register with linear feedback. To generate an M-
correlation function (CCF) is defined as the result sequence, the generator polynomial must be of
of a chip-wise convolution operation between two degree n. Thus, the periodic autocorrelation
different spreading codes in a family of codes. For a function of an M-sequence is given by
similar reason to that mentioned earlier for the
ACF, there are also two different types of CCF, i.e. The system is configured based on
periodic and aperiodic CCF. The argument of this synchronous W_CDMA system. Each user employs
function is the number of periods of the code for their own sequence to spread the information data.
which the autocorrelation function is to be In this downlink transmission, the information data
obtained. The equation-4 is used to calculate the are modulated by modulation scheme.
value of cross-correlation function between two
distinct codes X(t) and Y(t).
© 2010 JOT
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JOURNAL OF TELECOMMUNICATIONS, VOLUME 1, ISSUE 2, MARCH 2010
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1 11334 5.667000e-002
2 7520 3.760000e-002
3 4481 2.242000e-002
4 2489 1.444000e-002
© 2010 JOT
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JOURNAL OF TELECOMMUNICATIONS, VOLUME 1, ISSUE 2, MARCH 2010
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The simulation of 16-QAM modulation technique A sound approach is needed to be used in 16-QAM
using m files cannot be done because it is suspected of W- CDMA system to ensure zero or minimal
that the variation of amplitude with phase causes interference between adjacent carriers phase in the
errors in the constellation of 16-QAM signal. The constellation of 16-QAM. It is suggested that error
reason behind this poor performance of 16-QAM of correction coding such as convolution coding or
W-CDMA system in multipath fading channel is turbo coding is used in this system to ensure better
basically due to the interference between adjacent performance of 16-QAM modulation technique of
carriers phase in the constellation of 16-ary QAM. W-CDMA system. Also, it is possible to consider
the use of a RAKE receiver or a smart antenna
(MIMO) in this system to exploit the delayed
signals generated in multipath fading channel. It is
discovered, as well, that the performance of multi-
user in the m file is limited to a maximum of 7
users. Thus, this system needs to be improved to
simulate more number of users so that the
performance of multiple accesses in W-CDMA can
be studied more dynamically.
5 CONCLUSION
© 2010 JOT
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found when the channel is subjected to multipath accuracy and precision simulation model of W-
Rayleigh fading with Doppler shift. The CDMA system.
performance of QPSK and 16-QAM modulation
technique in W-CDMA system degrades as the
mobility is increased from 60kmph to 120kmph for ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
both QPSK and 16-QAM. However, QPSK shows
better performance compared to that of 16-QAM in We would like to cordial thanks to dean, faculty of
LOS channel and multipath Rayleigh fading Computer Science and Engineering, chairman,
channel. dept. of Computer Science and Information
Technology. The research work supported by
In other words, 16-QAM suffers signal communication laboratory and its annual
degradation and error probed when the allowance of Patuakhali Science and Technology
simulations are done in these channels. As the University, Bangladesh.
number of users is increased, the QPSK modulation
technique performs poorly in W-CDMA system.
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© 2010 JOT
http://sites.google.com/site/journaloftelecommunications/
JOURNAL OF TELECOMMUNICATIONS, VOLUME 1, ISSUE 2, MARCH 2010
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© 2010 JOT
http://sites.google.com/site/journaloftelecommunications/