7(a) A ton of refrigeration (TR), also called a refrigeration ton (RT), is a unit of power to describe

the heat-extraction capacity of refrigeration and air conditioning equipment. It is defined as the rate
of heat transfer that results in the melting of 1 short ton (2,000 lb; 907 kg) of pure ice at 0 °C (32 °F)
in 24 hours.

7(b) MAIN FUNCTIONAL REQUIREMENT: Remove heat from an enclosed region.

DESIGN PARAMETER: Compression refrigeration systems.

GEOMETRY/STRUCTURE:

Refrigerant, compressor, expansion valve (flow control device), evaporator, condenser, pipes and
tubes.

Skematic of Compression Refrigeration System

EXPLANATION OF HOW IT WORKS/ IS USED:

Refrigerant flows through the compressor, which raises the pressure of the refrigerant. Next the
refrigerant flows through the condenser, where it condenses from vapor form to liquid form,
giving off heat in the process. The heat given off is what makes the condenser "hot to the touch."
After the condenser, the refrigerant goes through the expansion valve, where it experiences a
pressure drop. Finally, the refrigerant goes to the evaporator. The refrigerant draws heat from the
evaporator which causes the regrigerant to vaporize. The evaporator draws heat from the region
that is to be cooled. The vaporized refrigerant goes back to the compressor to restart the cycle.

More Detail:
Compressor: Of the reciprocating, rotary, and centrifugal compressors, the most popular among
domestic or smaller power commercial refrigeration is the reciprocating. The reciprocating
compressor is similar to an automobile engine. A piston is driven by a motor to "suck in" and
compress the refrigerant in a cylinder. As the piston moves down into the cylinder (increasing
the volume of the cylinder), it "sucks" the refrigerant from the evaporator. The intake valve
closes when the refrigerant pressure inside the cylinder reaches that of the pressure in the
evaporator. When the piston hits the point of maximum downard displacement, it compresses the
refrigerant on the upstroke. The refrigerant is pushed through the exhaust valve into the
condenser. Both the intake and exhaust valves are designed so that the flow of the refrigerant
only travels in one direction through the system.

Diagram of Compressor (Belt Driven In This Instance)

Detail of Compressor Valve Function

 Condenser: The condenser removes heat given off during the
liquefication of vaporized refrigerant. Heat is given off as the
temperature drops to condensation temperature. Then, more heat
(specifically the latent heat of condensation) is released as the
refrigerant liquefies. There are air-cooled and water-cooled
condensers, named for their condensing medium. The more
popular is the air-cooled condenser. The condensers consist of
tubes with external fins. The refrigerant is forced through the
condenser. In order to remove as much heat as possible, the tubes
are arranged to maximize surface area. Fans are often used to
increase air flow by forcing air over the surfaces, thus increasing
the condenser capability to give off heat.

Components of Compresion
Refrigeration In A Dorm
Refrigerator

Evaporator: This is the part of the refrigeration system that is doing the actual cooling. Because
its function is to absorb heat into the refrigeration system (from where you don't want it), the
evaporator is placed in the area to be cooled. The refrigerant is let into and measured by a flow
control device, and eventually released to the compressor. The evaporator consists of finned
tubes, which absorbs heat from the air blown through a coil by a fan. Fins and tubes are made of
metals with high thermal conductivity to maximize heat transfer. The refrigerant vaporizes from
the heat it absorbs heat in the evaporator.

Flow control device (expansion valve): This controls the flow of the liquid refrigerant into the
evaporator. Control devices usually are thermostatic, meaning that they are responsive to the
temperature of the refrigerant.

7(c)

(i) Humidity ratio: x = mw / ma (1)

where

x = humidity ratio (kgwater/kgdry_air, lbwater/lbdry_air)

mw = mass of water vapor (kg, lb)

ma = mass of dry air (kg, lb)

(ii) Vapour pressure: ln(P1/P2) = (ΔHvap/R)((1/T2) - (1/T1))

 (iii)
(iv) Dew point temperature: Td = T - ((100 - RH)/5.)

8(a) dry air is a theoretical sample of air that has no water vapor. dry air is air that
has a low relative humidity.

8(b) dry air:

dry air that has a low amount of moisture.

the air has only a small amount of moisture.

Air that is dry will have either a low relative humidity or a small value of
moisture.

At very cold temperatures, air can have a high relative humidity but have
a small amount of moisture.

Moist air:

air that has a high amount of moisture.

The air contains large amount of moisture than dry air.

Air that is wet have high relative humidity.

At very cold temperature, air can have a high relative humidity and at high
temperature, it has low relative humidity.

Saturation air:

Air that has a moderate amount of moisture.

The air contains medium amount of moisture content.

Air that is saturated at saturation level.

8(c)
Partial pressure: ppi = P × Fi

(i) Dew point temperature: Td = T - ((100 - RH)/5.).