Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Research
Research
I. METHODOLOGY
This chapter enumerates the overall processes that were conducted in quantifying non-
recurrent delay using probe-vehicle data. This chapter will overview the data sources used for
this study. It identifies the impact boundary, calculating delay, and background speed profile. It
will also detail the process of how the impact zone and VHD are calculated.
nonexperimental research in which the researcher measures two variables and assesses the
statistical relationship between them with little or no effort to control extraneous variables. It is
important to view the strength of correlation to discover which factors are strongly related to
each other
pair of categorical variables such as injury and weather have a significant effect in
explaining continuous variables such as VHD, duration, and queue length. ANOVA can
also determine if the relationships are linear or non-linear as well as detect if categorical
Where:
βi is the coefficients
II. PROCEDURE
Before diving into deeper modeling and analysis, it is important that the relationships
between the variables be explored. The reason being is because understanding how the
factors relate to each other will assist in interpreting the results of the models for the
queue length, duration, and VHD. To begin, a high-level look at the continuous variables
in the analysis will be conducted using Pearson correlation coefficients. Next, the
relationship between the continuous and categorical variables will be studied using
ANOVA analysis. Finally, the findings from the Correlation and ANOVA analyses will
be explored deeper by using Welch’s t-test to examine how the categorical variables
interact with each other when comparing the means of VHD as well as the other
continuous variables.
III. REFLECTION
Civil engineers play a huge role in road congestion, the enhancement of traffic flow,
construction of roadways, and installation of road signs and lights, civil engineers also work hard
to improve traffic calming in residential areas. This includes neighborhood traffic control, traffic
mitigation, neighborhood traffic safety plans, traffic abatement, roadway pavement marking, and
signing plans. Believe it or not, these are efforts taken to ensure that residents are safe in their
neighborhood–including children and the elderly. Mathematics in the Modern World teaches us
the real-life applications of mathematical formulas and strategies. This is very essential
especially for us future engineers, because engineering is the application of mathematics and
physics in the real world to make the lives of the people more convenient.
IV. BIBLIOGRAPHY
Price, P.C., Jhangiani, R. & Chiang I.A. (n.d.). Research Methods In Psychology. Retrieved from
https://opentextbc.ca/researchmethods/chapter/correlational-research/
Improving Transportation Investment Decisions
Through Life-Cycle Cost Analysis
Comparative LCCA of Bridges
Marco Ditrani (2009)
I. METHODOLOGY
This chapter enumerates the overall processes that were conducted in improving
transportation investment decisions through life-cycle cost analysis. This chapter will overview
the data gathered for the life-cycle cost analysis. It provides the information and documentation
necessary for successful public dialogue. LCCA also offers sophisticated methods to determine
and demonstrate the economical merits of the selected alternative in an analytical and fact-based
manner.
The researcher used a correlational research design. Correlation research is looking for
variables that seem to interact with each other, so that when you can see one changing, you have
an idea of how the other will change. This often entails the researcher using variables that they
can't control.
the linear relationship between two variables. It is referred to as Pearson's correlation or simply
as the correlation coefficient. If the relationship between the variables is not linear, then the
correlation coefficient does not adequately represent the strength of the relationship between the
variables.
Pearson's correlation coefficient between two variables is defined as the covariance of the
𝐶𝑂𝑉(𝑋, 𝑌)
𝜌𝑋, 𝑌 =
𝜎𝑋 𝜎𝑌
Societal costs
𝑇
𝐿 𝐿 1
𝐿𝐶𝐶𝑢𝑠𝑒𝑟 , 𝑑𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑦 = ∑ ( − ) 𝐴𝐷𝑇𝑡 ∙ 𝑁𝑡(𝑟𝐿𝑤𝐿 + 1 − 𝑟𝐿 𝑤𝐷) ∙
𝑣𝑟 𝑣𝑛 (1 + 𝑟)𝑡
𝑡=0
𝑇
𝐿 𝐿 1
𝐿𝐶𝐶𝑢𝑠𝑒𝑟 , 𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 = ∑ ( − ) 𝐴𝐷𝑇𝑡 ∙ 𝑁𝑡(𝑟𝐿(𝑜𝐿 + 𝑜𝐺) + 1 − 𝑟𝐿 𝑜𝐷) ∙
𝑣𝑟 𝑣𝑛 (1 + 𝑟)𝑡
𝑡=0
T : time interval
𝑇
𝐿 𝐿 1
𝐿𝐶𝐶𝑢𝑠𝑒𝑟 , 𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡 = ∑ ( − ) (𝐴𝑟 − 𝐴𝑛 )𝐴𝐷𝑇𝑡 ∙ 𝑁𝑡 ∙ 𝐶𝑎𝑐𝑐 ∙
𝑣𝑟 𝑣𝑛 (1 + 𝑟)𝑡
𝑡=0
II. PROCEDURE
The researcher expressed in details the different dependences of the cost items and the
service life on the total LCC and annuity cost, through the calculation of mean values, variance,
covariance and the Pearson’s correlation coefficient. The results of this Statistical Analysis
showed a high correlation between initial investment and user costs with total LCC and annuity
cost, where the Pearson’s Correlation Index reach 0,91 and 0,93 with the total LCC and 0.73 and
0.62 with the annuity cost. The inverse correlation between planning and design and total LCC,
and planning and design and annuity cost, equal respectively to -0.59 and -0.15 has no practical
meaning, but the other inverse correlation between service life and annuity cost, of -0.40 shows,
statistically, that when the service life increase, the annuity cost decrease.
III. REFLECTION
As aspiring future civil engineers, analyzing the costs of materials and structures is very
important. We need the right materials for the right structures, and the right structure for the right
place. It certainly involves critical thinking which is used in solving problems in mathematics.
Mathematics in the Modern World teaches us that math is a methodical application of matter. It
is so said because the subject makes a man methodical or systematic. Mathematics makes our life
orderly and prevents chaos. Certain qualities that are nurtured by mathematics are power of
reasoning, creativity, abstract or spatial thinking, critical thinking, problem-solving ability and
even effective communication skills. Mathematics is the cradle of all creations, without which
IV. BIBLIOGRAPHY
Kowalczyk, D. (n.d.). Correlational Research: Definition, Purpose & Examples. Retrieved from
https://study.com/academy/lesson/correlational-research-definition-purpose-examples.html
http://onlinestatbook.com/2/describing_bivariate_data/pearson.html