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Design of Buried Rigid Pipes: Standards
Design of Buried Rigid Pipes: Standards
DN-STR-03016
December 2000
DN Design
Standards
TRANSPORT INFRASTRUCTURE IRELAND (TII) PUBLICATIONS
About TII
Transport Infrastructure Ireland (TII) is responsible for managing and improving the country’s
national road and light rail networks.
TII maintains an online suite of technical publications, which is managed through the TII
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National Roads Authority Volume 2 Section 2
Design Manual for Roads and Bridges Part 10 BD 82/00
Addendum
NRA ADDENDUM TO
BD 82/00
DESIGN OF BURIED
RIGID PIPES
Standard BD 82/00 - Design of Buried Rigid Pipes - is applicable in Ireland with the following amendments:
[Note: IS EN 1295-1:1998 has been adopted for use on national road schemes, in conjunction with the
UK established method of design which is presented in National Annex A of BS EN 1295-1:1998.]
GENERAL
1. At several locations:
For: “BS EN 1295-1” (except where used in conjunction with National Annex A of BS EN 1295-1)
Read: “IS EN 1295-1”;
For: “highway”
Read: “road”;
December 2000 1
National Roads Authority Volume 2 Section 2
Design Manual for Roads and Bridges Part 10 BD 82/00
Addendum
SPECIFIC
1. Page 1/1, Paragraph 1.2, line 7:
For: “BD 24”
Read: “NRA BD 24”.
December 2000 2
National Roads Authority Volume 2 Section 2
Design Manual for Roads and Bridges Part 10 BD 82/00
Addendum
December 2000 3
National Roads Authority Volume 2 Section 2
Design Manual for Roads and Bridges Part 10 BD 82/00
Addendum
…………………………………………
E O’CONNOR
Head of Project Management and
Engineering
December 2000 4
DESIGN MANUAL FOR ROADS AND BRIDGES
VOLUME 2 HIGHWAY
STRUCTURES: DESIGN
(SUBSTRUCTURES,
SPECIAL STRUCTURES
AND MATERIALS)
SECTION 2 SPECIAL STRUCTURES
PART 10
BD 82/00
SUMMARY
August 2000
DESIGN MANUAL FOR ROADS AND BRIDGES BD 82/00
Design of Buried
Rigid Pipes
REGISTRATION OF AMENDMENTS
Amend Page No Signature & Date of Amend Page No Signature & Date of
No incorporation of No incorporation of
amendments amendments
August 2000
Volume 2 Section 2
Registration of Amendments Part 10 BD 82/00
REGISTRATION OF AMENDMENTS
Amend Page No Signature & Date of Amend Page No Signature & Date of
No incorporation of No incorporation of
amendments amendments
August 2000
DESIGN MANUAL FOR ROADS AND BRIDGES
VOLUME 2 HIGHWAY
STRUCTURES: DESIGN
(SUBSTRUCTURES,
SPECIAL STRUCTURES
AND MATERIALS)
SECTION 2 SPECIAL STRUCTURES
PART 10
BD 82/00
Contents
Chapter
1. Introduction
2. Design Principles
3. Loading
4. Design Procedure
5. Durability Requirements
6. Materials
7. Construction
8. Contractual Arrangements
9. References
10. Enquiries
August 2000
Volume 2 Section 2 Chapter 1
Part 10 BD 82/00 Introduction
1. INTRODUCTION
General Scope
1.1 This Standard provides the design and 1.5 The design, bedding and installation
construction requirement for buried rigid pipe requirements given in this Standard are applicable
structures where the internal diameter of the rigid pipe to buried rigid pipes of internal diameter exceeding
exceeds 0.9m. 0.9m where the depth of cover, measured from the
finished road surface or final ground level to the
1.2 Those parts of the following Standards which external surface of the crown of the pipe, is equal
give requirements for buried rigid pipe structures are
to or greater than 0.6m but does not exceed 10m.
superseded by this Standard:
BE 1/73 Reinforced concrete for highway 1.6 In the context of this Standard rigid pipes
structures (clause 2.9) are defined as pipes manufactured of unreinforced
or reinforced concrete to BS 5911:Part 100,
BE 1/77 Standard highway loading (1)
prestressed concrete pipes to BS 5911:Part 103 and
BD 24 Design of concrete bridges. Use of vitrified clay pipes to BS EN 295-1. This Standard
BS 5400:Part 4:1990 covers the structural design and use of such pipes
in drainage structures.
Note also that HA 40 ‘Determination of pipe and
bedding combinations for drainage works’ is not
1.7 Asbestos cement pipes are not covered by
generally applicable to pipes exceeding 0.9m in
this Standard. Whilst they are categorised as rigid
diameter. Those parts of that document that are relevant
to the larger pipe sizes are specifically mentioned in pipes in Annex B and National Annex A of BS EN
this Standard. 1295-1, the manufacture and importation of
products made of asbestos is not permitted in the
1.3 This Standard explains how BS EN 1295-1 UK for health and safety reasons.
‘Structural design of buried pipelines under various
conditions of loading – General requirements’ and BS
1.8 Rigid pipes installed either by thrust boring
EN 1610 ‘Construction and testing of drains and
techniques or jacking techniques or in heading or
sewers’ shall be used to produce a satisfactory design
and completed drainage structure. tunnel are not covered by this Standard.
Implementation
Symbols
Fm Bedding factor
Mandatory Requirements
2. DESIGN PRINCIPLES
Basis of Design
2.5 The design method described in the National
Annex to BS EN 1295-1 ensures that rigid pipes
2.1 Buried drainage structures constructed from designed using it do not crack in the ground so do
rigid pipes shall be designed in accordance with not reach the serviceability limit state.
the general requirements of BS EN 1295-1 and the
particular requirements of National Annex A of
that document. Where appropriate BS EN 1295-1 2.6 To reach the ultimate limit state, a pipe buried in
shall be supplemented with: the ground must develop at least four cracks before it
can collapse. The loading required to induce the
ultimate limit state exceeds that needed to cause the
(a) ‘A guide to design loadings for buried rigid serviceability limit state. From a test on an unreinforced
pipes’ (2), and/or concrete pipe, Trott et al (4) reported that the collapse
load required to do this was six times the design load.
Tests have not been carried out on the stronger
(b) ‘Simplified tables of external loads on reinforced concrete pipes buried in the ground and the
buried pipelines’ (3). loading needed to induce the ultimate limit state cannot
be quantified reliably. However, reinforced concrete
These will be referred to in this Standard as the pipes are potentially more ductile than unreinforced
‘Guide’ and the ‘Simplified tables’ respectively. concrete pipes and simple analysis and finite element
studies have indicated that such pipes should be capable
of sustaining loads in excess of the design loads derived
The ‘Guide’ and ‘Simplified tables’ are referenced using this Standard.
in BS EN 1295-1 Clause B1.12
Design Life
Limit States
2.7 The design life of a rigid pipe shall be 120
years.
2.2 In this Standard limit state principles have
been adopted for the design of rigid pipes. Both an
Ultimate Limit State and a Serviceability Limit Design of Pipe and Bedding
State are considered.
2.8 The design of a pipeline using rigid pipes
2.3 The Ultimate Limit State (ULS) is that involves the selection of an appropriate pipe
represented by the collapse of the rigid pipe. strength and bedding combination which is able to
sustain the most adverse permanent and transient
loads to which the pipeline will be subjected over
2.4 The Serviceability Limit State (SLS) is that its 120 year service life.
represented by the condition beyond which a loss
of utility or cause for public concern may be
expected and remedial action required. In
particular, crack widths are limited in structural
elements. Furthermore, there shall not be excessive
movement at the joints which could be capable of
seriously damaging the rigid pipe or the
carriageway above.
3. LOADING
3.1.1 Dead Load of Pipe Field loading applies to fields, gardens, lightly
trafficked access tracks and the like. It may also be
The self-weight of the pipe is disregarded in this considered adequate to cater for random heaps or
method of design. stacks of materials on the ground: where large
heaps or stacks are likely which could impose a
heavier loading, these more adverse conditions
3.1.2 Superimposed Dead Load should be specially designed for as described in the
‘Guide’ (2). The combined loading on pipes
This is the load imposed on the pipe by the backfill installed in fields due to superimposed dead load,
together with any road construction materials in two 3 tonne wheel loads enhanced by an impact
the overlying pavement. The rules and formulae factor of 2 (i.e. total load 2 x 60 kN) and
for estimating the superimposed load on rigid pipes equivalent water load (see Clause 3.2.2(a) ) are
are briefly described in NA.4.1.1, NA.4.1.2 and listed in Table F of the ‘Simplified tables’ (3).
NA.4.1.3 of BS EN 1295-1 and are elaborated in
the ‘Guide’ (2). These rules and formulae are (c) Construction Loads
different for the different conditions of installation
Construction loads may occur on any highway
including the ‘narrow trench’ condition and the
construction site where heavy construction plant is
‘embankment or wide trench’ condition (pipe in
used and they will often exceed the loads imposed
trench covered by embankment). The appropriate
by main road traffic. In addition the depth of fill or
loads are tabulated in the ‘Simplified tables’ (3).
cover over the pipes may be less than in the
completed installation and for which the pipes
3.2 TRANSIENT LOADS would normally be designed. To allow for the
effects of this construction phase, pipes should be
designed to carry the heaviest plant likely to be
3.2.1 Live Loads used on site at the minimum likely cover. In the
‘Simplified tables’ (3) the additional effect of a 30
These are referred to as the ‘concentrated tonne wheel load enhanced by an impact factor of
surcharge load’ in NA.4.1.4 of BS EN 1295-1 and 2.0 is listed in Table C. To obtain the total loading
those relevant to highways are shown in Figures on the pipe the value given in this table must be
NA.6 and NA.7 of that document: again more added to the corresponding loads in Table M.
information is given in the ‘Guide’ (2). Three types Although a 30 tonne wheel load is likely to
of loading are applicable. represent the most adverse loading on the majority
of sites, this assumption needs to be confirmed
prior to the initiation of the construction phase and
(a) Main Road Conditions (Trunk Roads and
measures taken to remedy any deficiency in the
Motorways)
design.
The live loading to be considered for Trunk Roads
At some sites it may be advantageous to limit plant
and Motorways is 45 units of HB loading: further
crossings to various points along a pipeline, and at
details are given in Section 2.6 of the ‘Guide’ (2).
these points to incorporate, for example, a
The combined loading on pipes installed under
permanent or temporary overlying reinforced
Trunk Roads and Motorways due to superimposed
concrete slab which would better distribute the
dead load, HB loading and the equivalent water
loads imposed by construction traffic. Details of
load (see Clause 3.2.2(a) ) are listed in Table M of
such slabs are given in BD 12 (DMRB 2.2.6).
the ‘Simplified tables’ (3).
4. DESIGN PROCEDURE
4.1 The National Annex ‘Calculation procedure 4.4 The bedding factors to be used in the design
for the UK established method’ of BS EN 1295-1 of buried drainage structures constructed from
provides details of the design method for rigid rigid pipes are given in Table 4.1.
pipes, but a more comprehensive treatment is given Bedding Class Description Bedding Factors for
in the ‘Guide’ (2). The ‘Guide’ and the ‘Simplified Narrow & Wide Trench
Conditions (Fm)
tables’ (3) are regarded as two of the ‘primary
N Granular or Sand Bed 1.1
sources’ of information for the standard UK
procedures (see BS EN 1295-1, Clause B.12). F Granular Bed 1.5
B Granular Bed & Haunch 1.9
S Granular Surround 2.2
4.2 The ‘Guide’ (2) gives more comprehensive
design procedures than the ‘Simplified tables’ (3). A unreinforced Concrete Bed 2.6
Because of this, worthwhile economies may well be A reinforced Concrete Bed 3.4
possible in the larger pipe diameters and on major
highway projects by applying the ‘Guide’ procedures. Table 4.1 Bedding factors
External Loads, Pipe Strength and Bedding (i) Pipe type (a) in Tables M and F - Asbestos
Combination cement pipes shall no longer be used on highway
works.
4.5 In design the maximum total external load
on the pipeline, We, must not exceed the minimum (ii) Pipe type (b) in Tables M and F - Currently
vitrified clay pipes are generally manufactured to
value of the pipe strength, Wt, multiplied by the
BS EN 295-1 and the minimum crushing strength
appropriate value of the bedding factor, Fm, given
values are given in Clause 2.9 Table 5 of that
in Clause 4.4 and divided by an appropriate factor document. As a consequence the vitrified clay
of safety, Fs. pipes now available differ from those covered in
Tables M and F and the range of sizes covered
Thus We < Wt x Fm/Fs has been increased to 1200DN. Because of this
pipe designers must ignore the values of safe
The value of Fs, in the above equation shall supporting strengths in the ground given in
be 1.25 (see BS EN 1295-1 sub-Clause Tables M and F for this type of pipe.
B2.12.1.7) for unreinforced and reinforced
concrete pipes to BS 5911:Part 100 and (iii) Minimum trench widths, related to the nominal
vitrified clay pipes to BS EN 295-1, whilst pipe size (DN), are now specified in Table 1 of
for prestressed concrete pipes to BS EN 1610. These widths are invariably greater
than the lower values of trench width given in
BS 5911:Part 103 the value of Fs shall be
Tables M and F and indeed are at times quite
1.40, unless otherwise agreed with the
close to the maximum values used in the
Overseeing Organisation. preparation of those tables. Modest extrapolation
In the case of unreinforced and reinforced of the external loads, We, to greater trench widths
concrete pipes to BS 5911:Part 100 the proof may, therefore, be required in some such
load, Wp = Wt/1.25, while for prestressed circumstances; the number of situations where
the wide trench loading is the appropriate design
concrete pipes to BS 5911:Part 103 the proof
load will increase as a result.
load, Wp = Wt/1.4. Thus if Wp is substituted
for Wt and these recommended factors are
applied, the above equation reduces to: Differential Settlement
Notes
5. DURABILITY REQUIREMENTS
5.1 Concrete in the ground is liable to attack by 5.5 In some circumstances there may be
chemicals, including acids and sulfates, present in chemical residues which may attack the materials
effluent carried by the pipe, and in groundwater from which rigid pipe joints and seals are made
and soil surrounding the pipe. Concrete pipes, and specialist advice should be sought from the
manufactured in accordance with BS 5911: Part pipe or joint manufacturer. Such a situation may
100, used in such conditions, shall comply with the arise for example when pipes have to be laid in
recommendations given in BRE Digest 363 ground contaminated by previous industrial
‘Sulphate and acid resistance of concrete in the activities.
ground’ (5).
5.6 Both precast concrete pipes to BS 5911:Part 100
5.2 Concrete pipes in the ground may also be and Part 103 and vitrified clay pipes to BS EN 295-1
susceptible to the thaumasite form of sulfate are considered to provide a 120 year life in normal
attack. Concrete pipes, manufactured in conditions.
accordance with BS 5911:Part 100, used in such
conditions, shall comply with the
recommendations of the Thaumasite Expert Group
Report (6).
6. MATERIALS
7. CONSTRUCTION
8. CONTRACTUAL ARRANGEMENTS
9. REFERENCES
9.1 Design Manual for Roads and Bridges BS 8301. Building drainage.
BD 12 - Design of corrugated steel buried BS EN 295-1. Vitrified clay pipes and fittings
structures with spans not exceeding 8m and pipe joints for drains and sewers -
(including circular arches) (DMRB 2.2.6). Requirements.
9.5 Bibliography
10. ENQUIRIES
All technical enquiries or comments on this Standard should be sent in writing as appropriate to:
Transport Directorate
The Chief Highway Engineer
The National Assembly for Wales
Cynulliad Cenedlaethol Cymru
Crown Buildings
Cathays Park J R REES
Cardiff CF1 3NQ Chief Highway Engineer
Director of Engineering
Department for Regional Development
Roads Service
Clarence Court
10-18 Adelaide Street V CRAWFORD
Belfast BT2 8GB Director of Engineering
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